Anaglyph Method Research Articles

Microanatomia cirúrgica relevante na amigdalohipocampectomia seletiva

Introdução: O lobo temporal é o mais heterogêneo do cérebro humano, tendo em sua composição alocórtex e estruturas do sistema límbico. Crises convulsivas parciais complexas com origem no lobo temporal correspondem a 70% dos pacientes refratários ao tratamento clínico que são encaminhados a centros de cirurgia de eplipsia. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos utilizados no tratamento da epilepsia do lobo temporal tiveram forte impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O conhecimento anatômico profundo é fundamental para ressecções cirúrgicas seguras das estruturs do lobo temporal. Ao serem estudados diferentes ângulos de visão, não somente e anatomia convencional, mas também a anatomia microcirúrgica e técnicas não convencionais de dissecção, como a dissecção de fibras brancas cerebrais, a segurança do procedimento é aumentada à medida que aumenta a chamada "visão de raios X" do cirurgião. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a anatomia relevante na amigdalohipocampectomia seletiva com técnicas de dissecção convencionais e não-convencionais, bem como documentar com fotografias convencionais e estereoscopia. Métodos: Vinte cérebros fixados em formalina e seis cadáveres fixados em Carolina's perfect solution (Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington, NC) foram dissecados com microscópio cirúrgico com aumentos de 3 a 40 vezes. Cada crânio foi colocado no fiador tipo Mayfield e a cabeça estendida e rodada para simular a posição cirúrgica. Craniotomia pterional e amigdalohipocampectomia seletiva transilviana foram realizados a seguir. As dissecções anatômicas foram documentadas com estereoscopia. Resultados: A amigdalohipocampectomia seletiva transilviana é documentada por etapas e a dissecção de fibras brancas utilizada para ilustrar esta antomia. A discussão é centralizada na comparação entre este procedimento com as vias transcorticais e lobectomia anterior. Conclusão: A complexa anatomia do lobo temporal relacionada à amigdalohipocampectomia seletiva e suas variantes podem ser totalmente entendidas mediante diferentes perspectivas anatômicas.

Anatomia Microcirúrgica e abordagens ao seio cavernoso

O seio cavernoso é uma das regiões mais complexas do corpo humano e pode ser acometido por diversas patologias. Atualmente, diversos tipos de tratamento podem ser usados para tratar doenças nesta região, porém o conhecimento anatômico ainda é fundamental para estabelecer o melhor manejo. Nosso objetivo é apresentar a anatomia microcirúrgica do seio cavernoso, as abordagens cirúrgicas (incluindo a abordagem endonasal endoscópica), a correlação radiológica desta anatomia, bem como uma série inicial de casos. As fotos são apresentadas pelo método convencional e anaglífico estereoscópico. São descritas as estruturas neurovasculares do seio cavernoso bem como suas relações ósseas e durais, as paredes e os triângulosda base do crânio relacionados ao seio cavernoso. As abordagens crânio-órbito zigomática, transpetrosa, zigomática e endonasal endoscópica são apresentadas, sendo as estruturas anatômicas identificadas também nos exames de imagem. Casos ilustrativos ilustram esta anatomia.

Determining optimum red filter slide distance on creating 3D electron microscope images using anaglyph method

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is a proven instrument for analyzing material in which a 2D image of an object is produced. However, the optimization of a 3D image in the SEM system is usually difficult and costly. There is a simple method to produce a 3D image by using two light sources with a red and a blue filter combined in a certain angle. In this experiment, the authors conducted a simulation of the 3D image formation using anaglyph method by finding the optimum point of shifting the red and blue filters in an SEM image. The method used in this experiment was an image processing that employed a digital manipulation on a certain deviation distance of the central point of the main object. The simulation result of an SEM image with a magnification of 5000 times showed an optimal 3D effect that was achieved when the red filter was shifted by 1 μm to the right and the blue filter was shifted by 1 µm to the left from the central position. The result of this simulation can be used to understand better the viewing angle and the optimal position of the two light sources, i.e. red and blue filter pairs. The produced 3D image can be clearly seen using 3D glasses.

3D VIDEO STREAMING FOR VIRTUAL EXPLORATION OF PLANET SURFACE

Human perception is far superior then vision analysis by computer. The visual objects like distant planet surface (terrain) are not accessible to observer. This could be presented to human analyst in most natural representation like virtual 3D anaglyph for browsing and visual analysis. The paper represents development of a stereoscopic 3D viewer application for planetary surface. For 3D stereo visualization of virtual 3D geo-based data model, Anaglyph Method is most cost-effective as compared to other method like paired epipolar images, Multi-view display, integral imaging display. 3D anaglyph scene generated using Digital Elevation Map (DEM) and satellite imagery data sets for this study. The objective is to use the planetary optical remote sensing data which is available in the public domain database to create an application to study the formation of specific planet surface. Implementation for 3D animated anaglyph DirectX library is used. 3D Terrain generation and rendering is vastly used in computer games, but here we use 3D terrain generation for scientific use like, studies of relative and absolute surface (age), Analysis of Planetary Surface and its formation, Analysis of specific crater for scientific purpose, for safe landing site identification, Mineralogical mapping of planet, Ejecta mapping.

애너글리프(Anaglyph)를 이용한 3차원 입체영상 제작 사례에 대한 분석

ABSTRACT The study analyzes how to create stereoscopic image in 3-dimension animation ‘Yggdrasil’, produced in Autodesk Maya(3D animation software), using Anaglyph method that is the oldest in 3-dimension stereoscopic video production. The anaglyph method help to produce stereoscopic images easily and to give effective 3D effect encoding each eye's image using filters of different colors. In addition, space direction applied visual perception theory expresses necessary distance, depth and speed effectively in ‘Yggdrasil’ Keywords : 3-dimensional stereoscopic animation(3차원 입체영상), Computer Graphics Received: Mar. 29, 2013 Accepted: Jun. 12, 2013Corresponding Author: Hyun-Jong Kang(Yuhan College)E-mail: hkang@yuhan.ac.krISSN: 1598-4540 / eISSN: 2287-8211Ⓒ The Korea Game Society. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.otg/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Three-dimensional microsurgical anatomy of cerebellar peduncles

The microsurgical anatomy of cerebellar peduncles and their relationships with neighbouring fasciculi were investigated by using a fibre dissection technique. As the dissection progressed, photographs of each progressive layer were obtained and stereoscopic images were created using the 3D anaglyphic method. These findings provided the anatomical basis for a conceptual division of cerebellar peduncles into segments. The middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) was divided into two segments: cisternal and intracerebellar segments. The inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) was divided into three segments: cisternal, ventricular and intracerebellar segments. The superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) was divided into three segments: intracerebellar, intermediate and intrategmental segments. The fibre dissection technique disclosed a constant course of peduncular fibres inside the white core of the cerebellum. The pontocerebellar fibres of the MCP pass over and laterally to the bundles of the ICP and SCP. The centripetal fibres of the ICP wrap around the radiation of the SCP and the dentate nucleus, directed towards the cortex of the vermis. The centrifugal bundle of the SCP ascends towards the mesencephalon where it sinks passing below the fibres the lateral lemniscus. The knowledge gained by studying the intrinsic anatomy of the cerebellum is useful to accomplish appropriate surgical planning and, ultimately, to understand the repercussions of surgical procedures on the white matter tracts in this region.

Stereopsis Based Information Identification on Real World

Over the past decade stereoscopy image has been very popular. A major drawback in traditional system is low accuracy on stereo based application. To address these problems we estimate disparity between stereo images using high resolution camera and also to view the stereo images Intraocular distance measurement is made. In this paper we propose a system based real time applications for 3D images. By using anaglyph method 3D depth information has been obtained.

Introducing Experimental Stereoscopic into Networked Live Performance with Very Limited System Resources

Stereoscopic and its wide application are recently getting popular. In this paper, we examine potential limitations that might hinder the direct introduction of stereoscopic into networked live performance. This paper also suggests a plausible example of simple and general configuration that supports stereoscopic networked live performance with very limited system resources. As a result, experiment quality of stereoscopic networked performance was acquired with minimal resources by using the anaglyph method.

A full-color anaglyph three-dimensional display system using active color filter glasses

Presented herein is a novel stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) display system with active color filter glasses. This system provides full-color 3D images by applying the time-multiplexing technique on the original anaglyph method. By switching between the opposite anaglyph statuses, a full-color anaglyph is presented. A liquid crystal panel from a 3D monitor serves as an active color filter operating at 120 Hz. A display panel and a color filter are connected to one graphic card as a dual-link system, for synchronization. To test the quality of this system, a left/right-eye image separation test and an experiment with stereoscopic images were carried out. Although there was some crosstalk and blur, the system, as expected, provided full-color 3D display. This system overcomes a monochromatic 3D image, which is the major weakness of the original anaglyph system.

Characterizing crosstalk in anaglyphic stereoscopic images on LCD monitors and plasma displays

Abstract— In 1853, William Rollman developed the inexpensive and easy to use anaglyph method for displaying stereoscopic images. Although it can be used with nearly any type of full‐color display, the anaglyph method compromises the accuracy of color reproduction, and it often suffers from crosstalk (or ghosting) between the left‐ and right‐eye image channels. Crosstalk degrades the ability of the observer to fuse the stereoscopic image, and hence reduces the quality of the 3‐D image. Crosstalk is present in various levels with most stereoscopic displays; however, it is often particularly evident with anaglyphic 3‐D images. This paper summarizes the results of two projects that characterized the presence of anaglyphic crosstalk due to spectral issues on 13 LCD monitors, 14 plasma displays, and a CRT monitor when used with 25 different pairs of anaglyph 3‐D glasses. A mathematical model was used to predict the amount of crosstalk in anaglyphic 3‐D images when different combinations of displays and glasses are used, and therefore highlight displays, glasses, and combinations thereof which exhibit lower levels of crosstalk when displaying anaglyphic 3‐D images.

Subjective evaluation of visual fatigue caused by motion images

A questionnaire was developed to subjectively assess visual fatigue caused by viewing various types of motion images. The questionnaire was evaluated using four types of moving images; playing a TV game using an HMD or a TV, viewing images with and without stabilization of camera shake, viewing a movie with and without colour break-up and viewing either a stereoscopic movie (anaglyph method) or a nonstereoscopic movie. Factor analysis revealed five factors: (1) Eye Strain, (2) General Discomfort, (3) Nausea, (4) Focusing Difficulty and (5) Headache, which were effective for classifying motion images.

Microanatomy and Surgical Approaches to the Infratemporal Fossa: An Anaglyphic Three-Dimensional Stereoscopic Printing Study

The infratemporal fossa (ITF) is a continuation of the temporal fossa between the internal surface of the zygoma and the external surface of the temporal bone and greater wing of the sphenoid bone that is sitting deep to the ramus of the mandible. The principal structure to understanding its relationships is the lateral pterygoid muscle. Other important structures are the medial pterygoid muscle, the maxillary artery, the pterygoid venous plexus, the otic ganglion, the chorda tympani nerve and the mandibular nerve. In this study, we describe the microsurgical anatomy of the ITF, as viewed by step-by-step anatomical dissection and also through the perspective of three lateral approaches and one anterior surgical approach. Eight cadaver specimens were dissected. In one side of all specimens, an anatomical dissection was done in which a wide preauricular incision from the neck on the anterior border of the sternoclidomastoid muscle at the level of the cricoid cartilage to the superior temporal line was made. The flap was displaced anteriorly and the structures of the neck were dissected followed by a zygomatic osteotomy and dissection of the ITF structures. On the other side were the surgical approaches to the ITF. The combined infratemporal and posterior fossa approach was done in two specimens, the subtemporal preauricular infratemporal fossa approach in two, the zygomatic approach in two, and the lateral transantral maxillotomy in two. The anatomical dissections were documented on the three-dimensional (3D) anaglyphic method to produce stereoscopic prints. The lateral pterygoid muscle is one of the principal structures to enable understanding of the relationships into the ITF. The tendon of the temporal muscle inserts in the coronoid process at the ITF. The maxillary artery is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery that originates at the neck of the mandible and runs into the parotid gland. In our dissections the maxillary artery was lateral to the buccal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves. We found the second part of the maxillary artery superficial to the lateral pterygoid muscle in all specimens The anterior and posterior branches of the deep temporal artery supply the temporal muscle. In two cases we found a middle deep temporal artery. The different approaches that we used provided different views of the same anatomical landmarks and this provides not only safer surgery but also the best choice to approach the ITF according with the pathology extension. The ITF is a complex region on the skull base that is affected by benign and malignant tumors. The study through different routes is helpful to disclose the relationship among the anatomical structures. Although the authors have shown four approaches, there are a variety of approaches and even a combination of these can be used. This type of anatomical knowledge is essential to choosing the best approach to treat lesions in this area.

Anaglyphic three-dimensional stereoscopic printing: revival of an old method for anatomical and surgical teaching and reporting

The authors describe how to use the three-dimensional (3D) anaglyphic method to produce stereoscopic prints for anatomical and surgical teaching and reports preparation by using currently available nonprofessional photographic and computer methods. As with any other method of producing stereoscopic images, the anaglyphic procedure is based on the superimposition of two slightly different images of the object to be reproduced, one seen more from a left-sided point of view and the other seen more from a right-sided point of view. The pictures are obtained using a single camera, which following the first shot can be slid along a special bar for the second shot, or by using two cameras affixed to a surgical microscope. After the images have been distinguished from each other by applying different complementary color dyes, the images are scanned and superimposed on each other with the aid of nonprofessional imaging-manipulation software used on a standard personal computer (PC), and are printed using a standard printer. To be seen stereoscopically, glasses with colored lenses, normally one red and one blue, have to be used. Stereoscopic 3D anaglyphic prints can be produced using standard photographic and PC equipment; after some training, the prints can be easily reproduced without significant cost and are particularly helpful to disclose the 3D character of anatomical structures.

Some Notes for Anaglyph Stereo Method in the Presentation of Moving Objects

The human visual system perceives three-dimensional structures by using all kinds of means, such as perspective, binocular parallax, motion parallax, texture gradient, etc[2]. Among these, binocular stereo viewing based on binocular parallax is one of the most important means in perceiving the three-dimensional structures of objects. In recent years, in the field of computer graphics, the three-dimensional presentation method based on binocular stereo viewing is widely used. In research on the elucidation of the human visual mechanism, studies with the use of three--dimensional presentation methods based on binocular stereo viewing as applied to computer graphics are being , carried out actively. These studies have led to new discoveries which were never anticipated in the past, and to new knowledge concerning the human visual system. For three-dimensional presentation based on binocular viewing, various methods are used; the anaglyph method is one of them (Fig.1). According to the anaglyph method, the images of the left eye and the right eye are depicted in different colors and are observed after they are separated by means of filters corresponding to these colors. For this reason, the anaglyph method is an extremely effective one for conducting a simple experiment on binocular stereo viewing[1]. However, in the observation of moving objects which the present authors have recently conducted, a strange phenomenon was observed that a triangle rotating on a plane with a uniform depth is perceived as if it were moving in a slanted way. When this phenomenon was examined, it was confirmed that it was due to the Pulfrich effect based on the difference in brightness between red and blue colors[4]. This fact indicates that it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to the existence of this phenomenon as long as the anaglyph method is used for the presentation and observation of moving objects. The present report is intended to introduce several of phenomena observed in the course of the study on the cause of this phenomenon.

Evidence of pericentral stereopsis in random dot VECP.

Dynamic random dot patterns generated on a TV screen by a special pattern generator are proven to be adequate stimuli for testing stereopsis. In our experimental set-up we use red-green coded striped or checkered patterns of various size and disparity as stimuli, which are viewed through red-green glasses (anaglyph method). The registration of transient visual evoked cortical potential (VECP) to these random dot stimuli offers objective proof of stereopsis. There is a typical amplitude behavior with maximum amplitudes at medium disparities. By recording the specific stereo VECP while masking the central retinal areas stepwise (artificial central scotoma) we can objectively show intact stereopsis of corresponding pericentral retinal areas. This peripheral stereopsis is demonstrable in the VECP by central scotomas up to eight degrees.

The Effects of 3D Imagery on Managerial Data Interpretation

The new technology of computer graphics makes it possible to create images on the screen that literally appear to pop out into the room. This is accomplished by creating separate images for the left and right eye and filtering them so that each eye receives the appropriate image. In the context of a scattergram, the binocular disparity information is interpreted by the brain as the z axis of a three dimensional x-y-z scattergram. In this article a convenient anaglyph method of accomplishing this on a standard IBM PC is presented. Also, a multi-color method using polarized projection is described and tested. The effectiveness of stereoscopic presentations is investigated within the context of managerial decision-making problems. When used to present continuous data in an x-y-z scattergram, the stereoscopic presentation resulted in greater accuracy and faster answers. However, when used with 3-D block diagrams to present semi-discrete data of the type usually presented by crosstab tables, the technique was less successful than a conventional crosstab presentation.

Interocular suppression in adults and infants using anaglyphic stimuli: visually evoked potential measures

Interocular suppression, assessed by monocular VEP amplitude reduction, was investigated in 3 infants, average age of 3 months, and 8 adults. A dichoptic simultaneous masking paradigm was employed, the two eyes being disassociated by red and green filters which transmitted non-overlapping wave lengths of light (anaglyphic method). One eye was continuously presented with either darkness, a diffuse green light, or two green dot patterns, containing either 20′ or 80′ dots. The other eye was flashed with either red diffuse light, a red 20′ dot pattern, or a red 80′ dot pattern. In both adults and infants, monocular VEP amplitude was reduced as the size of the continuously presented dots increased (pattern suppression) and a smaller amplitude response occurred when dots of equal size were presented than when data of different size were presented (size-specific suppression). The relative and absolute magnitudes of interocular pattern suppression were similar for adults and infants. However, the relative and absolute magnitudes of size-specific suppression were larger for adults than for infants. Pattern interocular suppression was inferred to be relatively more mature in 3 month olds than size-specific suppression. The relative lack of size-specific suppression suggests a relative immaturity of binocular spatial frequency or size channels.