Ether Anesthesia Research Articles

Anti-atherosclerotic Effects of Oats (Avena Sativa) on Blood Vessels of Albino Rats’ Tongue

Objective: To investigate anti-atherosclerotic effect of oats against increased fat diet which result in atherosclerosis in albino rats. Methodology: 30 adult male albino rats divided into three groups, 10 rats each: group I: negative control take basal diet, group II take diet with increased cholesterol level for 8 weeks, group III fed on diet with increased cholesterol level for 60 days then given oats-supplemented diet (20% b/w) besides the same diet of cholesterol for another 4 weeks. The animals were euthanized under mild ether anesthesia at the end of 8th week for group II and at the end of 12th week for group III. and the blood was taken from inner canthus of the eye, total serum cholesterol level has been observed and each animal has cholesterol level more than 250 mg/dl was estimated to be hyperlipidemic rat. Rats’ tongue carefully dissected out and processed for Haematoxylin & Eosin and alpha smooth muscle actin staining. Results: histological examination revealed that atherosclerosis would lead to endothelial damage of the blood vessels of the tongue; rats received oats in their diet showed regeneration of the endothelial cells. Immuno-histochemical study showed increase positive immunoreactivity in blood vessels of tongue of group II rats that received high fat diet compared with rats of negative control group or rats of oat groupConclusion: including oats in diet can be effective in reducing serum cholesterol.

Dual-degree Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Training in the United States: “Back to the Future”

In the present report, we trace the history of education and training of oral and maxillofacial surgeons as it has evolved from the mid-19th century to the present. We consider the effects of the discovery of ether anesthesia, the separation of medicine and dentistry, and other milestones such as antisepsis (Lister), antibiotics (Fleming) and surgical progress during wartime. The main emphasis, however, is on the background, development, and implementation of current dual-degree oral and maxillofacial surgery training programs, the first 5 programs, the pioneer advocates for this training, and progress and challenges for the future.

Founding Physicians of the Medical College of Georgia and Their Connections to Crawford Long and the First Surgical Anesthetic

Milton Antony (1789-1839), an apprenticed trained physician, began educating medical apprentices in 1826 and helped to establish the Medical College of Georgia (MCG) in 1829. Antony recruited additional faculty, Louis Dugas (anatomy and physiology), and Paul Eve (surgery), and together they worked to promote the dissemination of new medical knowledge and enhance and reform medical education. As a result of their efforts, the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal (SMSJ) was established in 1836. The SMSJ became the most successful and widely read regional medical journal. Unfortunately, upon the death of Milton Antony because of the Augusta yellow fever epidemic, the SMSJ ceased publication in 1839. Paul Eve then became Dean of MCG and revived the SMSJ in 1844.Crawford Long (1815-1878) administered ether anesthesia for surgical removal of a neck tumor to James Venable in 1842. For several possible reasons, he did not publish his experience with ether until after Morton’s demonstration of ether in Boston in 1846. Crawford Long did meet with Paul Eve, in Augusta at MCG, and was encouraged to publish his experiences with ether in the revived SMSJ, which he did in 1849.It is quite possible that if Milton Antony had lived, and the SMSJ had been continuously published, that Crawford Long may have published his use of ether well in advance of Morton’s ether demonstration in 1846. Had that occurred, the great controversy during the mid-nineteenth century over who first used ether for surgical anesthesia would not have existed, and Crawford Long would have received appropriate credit during his lifetime.

Adaptogenic effect of phlojodicarpus sibiricus extract on cerebral ischemia

The aim of the study was to determine the adaptogenic effect of the extract from the roots of Phlojodicarpus sibiricus during ischemic influence on the left hemisphere of the brain. Experiments were conducted on Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 200-220 g. Unilateral cerebral ischemia was induced by permanent occlusion of the left common carotid artery under ether anesthesia. Adaptogenic anti-ischemic effect of Ph. sibiricus was determined by the number of desquamated endotheliocytes, nitrogen oxide metabolites – nitrites in the blood, by the content of lipid peroxidation products – malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the antioxidant defense system in the brain tissue. It is established that Ph. sibiricus has an anti-ischemic effect, reduces the number of endotheliocytes desquamated, increases the level of nitric oxide in the blood (p ≤ 0.05), stimulates SOD and catalase activity, reducing the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the accumulation of MDA in the brain during ischemic exposure (p ≤ 0.05). Preventive administration of Ph. sibiricus extract has an adaptogenic effect in unilateral cerebral ischemia, which consists in reducing desquamated endotheliocytes, increasing the production of nitric oxide by endothelium, increasing the antioxidant defense system and reducing the intensity of oxidative reactions in the brain. Adaptogenic effect of Ph. sibiricus extract is caused by endothelium protective and antioxidant effects.

Modern Anesthetic Ethers Demonstrate Quantum Interactions with Entangled Photons

Despite decades of research, the mechanism of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness remains incompletely understood, with some advocating for a quantum mechanical basis. Despite associations between general anesthesia and changes in physical properties such as electron spin, there has been no empirical demonstration that general anesthetics are capable of functional quantum interactions. In this work, we studied the linear and non-linear optical properties of the halogenated ethers sevoflurane (SEVO) and isoflurane (ISO), using UV-Vis spectroscopy, time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations, classical two-photon spectroscopy, and entangled two-photon spectroscopy. We show that both of these halogenated ethers interact with pairs of 800 nm entangled photons while neither interact with 800 nm classical photons. By contrast, nonhalogenated diethyl ether does not interact with entangled photons. This is the first experimental evidence that halogenated anesthetics can directly undergo quantum interaction mechanisms, offering a new approach to understanding their physicochemical properties.

Protective effect of Myrtle (Myrtus communis) on burn induced skin injury

Thermal skin burns cause local injury as well as triggers acute systemic inflammation response where the imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative system occurs.As an alternative treatment, various medicinal herbs are used to treat burn injuries in many countries. In this study, the possible protective role of oral or topical Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) treatment against burn-induced damage was investigated. The dorsum of the Wistar Albino rats was shaved and exposed to 90 °C water bath in burn group or 25 °C water bath in control group for 10 s under ether anesthesia. Myrtle extract was applied 100 mg/kg/day for 2 days either orally or topically. In skin samples; malondialdehyde and glutathione levels, catalase, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide and tissue factor activities were determined. Skin tissues were also examined by light microscopy. Severe thermal skin burn injury caused a significant decrease in glutathione level, superoxide dismutase, catalase and tissue factor activities as well as nitric oxide level, which was accompanied with significant increases in skin malondialdehyde level. Myrtle treatment reversed all these biochemical indices except topical Myrtle treated group’s nitric oxide level, as well as histopathological alterations, which were induced by thermal trauma. Both oral and topical Myrtle extract treatment was found to have protective role in the burn induced oxidative injury, which may be attributed to the potential antioxidant effect of Myrtle. As a conclusion, Myrtle significantly diminishes burn-induced damage in skin.

NO-ERGIC SYSTEM IN RENAL TISSUE DURING BURN DISEASE

This research aimed at studying the state of the NO-ergic system in renal tissue of rats in modelled burn disease. Materials and methods. The series of experiments were carried out on pubescent male rats. Burn disease was modeled according to the Dovgansky method: the shaved and depilated area of a hind limb of test animals was dipped into hot water (t = 70 – 75 0С) under ethereal anesthesia for 7 sec. The size of the site damaged was determined depending on the area of ​​the skin, which averaged 12-15% of the animal’s body surface. The area of the skin damaged was calculated using the special Kochetygov’s table. Histological study of the damaged skin showed that under the above conditions there was a burn of IIIA-B degree that, according to modern conceptions, is considered as a standard model of the development of burn disease in the experiment. The rats were decapitated under ethereal anesthesia in 1, 7, 14, 21 days that in accordance with the modern ideas is commensurate with shock phases, early and late toxemia, and septicotoxemia. To evaluate the status of NO-ergic system, we assessed the NO-synthase activity and the nitrites content in the renal tissues. Results. Depending on the stage of burn disease, the NO-ergic system changed its characteristics. On the 1st day, at the stage of burn shock, the activity of NOS in renal tissues increased to its maximal level, while the peak increase in the content of nitrites was observed on the 7th day, at the stage of early toxemia. Conclusions. Thus, during the course of long-term burn disease, there is an increase in the activity of the NO-ergic system in kidney of rats. This can be explained by the enhancement of inflammatory processes in the kidneys under burn disease and by NO2– accumulation of in the renal tissues.

Морфологическое исследование лимфоидных органов на ранних этапах экспериментального канцерогенеза простаты

the aim of our study was to identify of structural transformations in the thymus and lymph nodes at the early stages of the development of an experimental prostate cancer. Experiments were performed on 60 adult male CBA mice weighing 28-30 g. An experimental model of a prostate cancer was created by inoculating a diluted cell strain of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells into the prostatic parenchyma through midline laparotomy under ether anesthesia. The animals were divided into three groups of 20 each: 1) control (intact animals) 2) animals on the 5th day of experimental prostate tumor growth and 3) animals on the 18th day of experimental prostate tumor growth. The pathological examination of the prostate, thymus, and pelvic lymph nodes was performed. The selection of structural components and cellular elements in the thymus and lymph nodes was carried out according to the International histological nomenclature. According to the results, there was an increase in the percentage of connective tissue elements and glandular tissue increased in the thymus and the number of immunoblasts increased on the 5th day of the experiment. However, disorganization of the thymus structure was detected on the 18th day as well as an increase in the cortical substance, the number of epithelial reticular cells and decrease in the number of immunoblasts. On the 5th day, paracortical hyperplasia, sinus histiocytosis and activation of the blast transformation were detected in lymphatic nodes. On the 18th day, metastases, follicular reaction and activation of the transport function were determined. Our data suggest that the accidental thymus involution and impairment of transport and immune functions of pelvic lymph nodes in experimental prostate cancer. The severity of disturbances depends on the stage of prostate carcinogenesis.

Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 on Heart, Lung, and Testis of Male Albino Rats: Histopathology Study

The current study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 exposure on heart, lung, and testis of male Albino rats. Twelve healthy male Albino rats were used in the current study. They were divided equally into 2 groups (control and treated groups). The treated group was given aflatoxin B1 orally by a gastric tube at concentration 0.5 mg per kg of body weight for 7 day. The control group was given distilled water alone. At the end of experiment (1 week), the rats were killed under ether anesthesia and the internal organs(heart, lung, and testis) were collected immediately for histological examination. The histopathology examination in heart revealed that there is oedema between myocardial. In lung, there is a large number of inflammatory cells and dilated the alveolar sac with exudates. The testis revealed the excessive vacuolated cells and suppression spermatogenesis. In conclusion, oral dose of aflatoxin B1 exposure could induce a deleterious effect on the histological structure of the heart, lung, and testis of male Albino rats. High level of attention must be taken to prevent the possible contamination of our food with aflatoxin B1.

Патофизиологические механизмы иммунной реактивности печени в условиях длительного экспериментального воздействия на организм фторида натрия

В условиях непрерывного воздействия неблагоприятных факторов окружающей и производственной среды на человека особую актуальность приобретает изучение механизмов, поддерживающих гомеостаз организма. Длительное поступление фторидов в организм приводит к формированию хронической фтористой интоксикации, патогенез которой вызывает многочисленные споры и дискуссии. До сих пор недостаточно внимания уделяется изучению висцеральной патологии, обусловленной нарушениями иммунного статуса в условиях воздействия на организм соединений фтора. Практически отсутствуют исследования по изучению иммунной реактивности, определяющей морфофункциональный характер ответной реакции печени на ранних стадиях развития фтористой интоксикации. Цель работы - изучение действий патофизиологических механизмов иммунной реактивности печени при субхроническом действии на организм соединений фтора. Методика. Опыты проведены на 210 лабораторных крысах-самцах массой 180-220 г., разделенных на 2 группы: контрольную (n=80) и группу животных с субхроническим действием фторида натрия (n=130). Экспериментальные животные в течение 12 нед имели свободный доступ к водному раствору фторида натрия (концентрация 10 мг/л, что составляет суточную дозу фтора 1,2 мг/кг массы тела). Для изучения иммунологических и биохимических показателей забирали кровь из хвостовой вены через 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 нед от начала эксперимента. Для оценки состояния гуморального звена иммунитета определяли уровень сывороточных иммуноглобулинов (IgA, IgG, IgM) иммуноферментным анализом с помощью наборов реактивов ЗАО «Вектор-Бест» (Новосибирск). Уровень сывороточных цитокинов: TNF-α, IL-1β, 2, 4, 6, 10 определяли на анализаторе Multiskan EX методом иммуноферментного анализа с использованием наборов «Вектор Бест» (Новосибирск). Подсчет общего количества лейкоцитов произведен классическим способом в камере Горяева, анализ лейкоцитарной формулы - в окрашенных мазках периферической крови. Метаболические изменения оценивали по активности ферментов в ткани печени: щелочной фосфатазы (ЩФ), аланин- и аспартатаминотрансфераз (АЛТ, АСТ), лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ), гаммаглутамилтранспептидазы (γ-ГТ). Активность ферментов определяли унифицированными методами с помощью наборов реактивов ЗАО «Вектор-Бест» (Новосибирск) на фотометре PM-750 (Германия). Гистологические исследования печени осуществляли после декапитации крыс, проводимой под эфирным наркозом. Результаты. Показано, что субхроническое воздействие фторида натрия сопровождается формированием внутриклеточных и внутрисосудистых повреждений печени. Активация медиаторов воспаления и развитие иммунологических нарушений в динамике эксперимента способствуют формированию системной воспалительной реакции, которая приводит к появлению стойких морфологических нарушений в печени и изменению активности ферментов основных метаболических путей. Заключение. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при разработке и проведении профилактических мероприятий в условиях воздействия на организм высоких концентраций фтора с последовательным применением детоксикационной, иммуномодуляторной и органопротекторной коррекции. Studying mechanisms, which maintain the body homeostasis, is particularly important in the conditions of continuous impact of adverse environmental and manufacturing factors. Long-term exposure to fluorides leads to chronic fluoric intoxication, the pathogenesis of which is a subject of multiple controversy and discussions. Not enough attention is still paid to elucidating the visceral pathology associated with fluorine-induced immune disorders. There are virtually no studies of immune reactions that define the morphofunctional nature of the liver response to early stages of fluoric intoxication. Aim. To study pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic immune reactivity in subchronic exposure of the body to fluorine compounds. Methods. Experiments were performed on 210 male rats weighing 180-220 g. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) control (n=80) and 2) subchronic exposure to sodium fluoride (n=130). The rats had free access to a 10 mg/l aqueous solution of sodium fluoride (daily dose, 1.2 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Blood was withdrawn from the caudal vein at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of the experiment for immunological and biochemical tests. Histological study of the liver was performed after decapitation of rats under ether anesthesia. Results. The subchronic exposure to sodium fluoride was associated with intracellular and intravascular damage of the liver. Activation of inflammatory mediators and development of immunological disorders during the experiment contributed to a systemic inflammatory reaction, which resulted in persistent morphological injuries of the liver and changes in enzyme activities in major metabolic pathways. Conclusion. The study results can be used for development and implementation of preventive measures against the effects of high fluorine concentrations, which would include a successive use of detoxification, immunomodulation and organ protection.

Effect of Vitamin D on Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and Cardiac Tissue Hydroxyproline Levels in Experimentally Induced Insulin Resistance Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Rats

AbstractBackground: Insulin resistance cardiomyopathy refers to functional and structural changes at the level of myocar-dium; independent of hypertension, coronary artery disease, or any other known cardiac diseases, leading to HF, with LVH as the main structural hall mark for it. Several factors have been documented in its pathogenesis; in obese insulin resistant FGF-23 a bone derived hormone can be involved .The role of vitamin D, has gained much attention over the last years as a potential therapeutic agent for prevention of insulin resistance and its protective role against ventricular hypertrophy.Aim of Study: Was to evaluate the potential effect of vitamin D as a protective factor against the development of LVH in experimentally induced insulin resistance in rats using the level of FGF-23 as a predictor and cardiac tissue hydrox-yproline as a biomarker for cardiac affection.Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 60 male albino rats divided randomly into four equal groups as follow group I (normal control group), group II (vitamin D treated control group), group III (high sucrose subjected group) and group IV (vitamin D co-treated high sucrose subjected group). In order to induce insulin resistance and cardiomyopathy both third and fourth groups were allowed to get free access to 35% sucrose as their drinking water for 16 weeks, during induction of insulin resistance cardiomyop-athy by sucrose in the fourth group rats were co-treated by giving vitamin D orally in a dose (1000IU/kg) dissolved in 1ml olive oil, given every other day by gavage for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture after ether anesthesia, chest and abdomen were opened and the heart was extracted. All groups were subjected to estimation of: Serum measurement of fasting glucose level using colorimetric assay and fasting insulin level by rat insulin ELISA kit to asses insulin resistance using (HOMA-IR index). Also, serum FGF-23 by rat FGF-23 ELISA kit as well as left ventricular tissue hydroxyproline content using colorimetric assay. Histopathological examination of the left ventricle specimens was done.Results: There were statistically significant differences between group III compared to other groups (I, II, IV), regarding fasting serum glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, serum FGF-23 hydroxyproline content of the left ventricle. These parameters were significantly increased in high sucrose subjected group compared to other groups. Also, histopatho-logical study confirmed the biochemical findings.Conclusion: Vitamin D helped to ameliorate metabolic derangement in IR and the associated left ventricular hyper-trophy directly and through modifying FGF-23 levels.

Regeneration of Deep Linear Wounds of Rats’ Skin by Local Exposure to Metabolites of a Bacillus Subtilis 804 Culture

The aim of the research was to study of the effect of metabolites of the culture of Bacillus subtilis 804 on the healing processes of deep linear wounds of rats' skin. Material and methods . The study was performed on 40 Wistar rats, which were made linear skin wounds 1.0 cm in length and depth to the hypodermis under the inhalation ether anesthesia. The animals were divided into 2 groups (20 rats in each). In the 1st experimental group, the area of the skin wound defect was once watered with 1.0 ml of a sterile solution of the Bacillus subtilis 804 metabolites. In the 2nd control group 1.0 ml of saline was applied to the wound. Tissues from the area of the wound defect were studied using light microscopy, histochemistry, and morphometry on days 3, 7, and 11. Results. In the experiment, an earlier migration of macrophages into the damage zone and a higher value of macrophage-neutrophil index were observed, which indicated the initially less pronounced inflammatory process, faster wound cleansing and the transition to the next stages of healing with accelerated proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts with the replacement of type III collagen by type I. Conclusions. The metabolites of Bacillus subtilis 804 optimize the function of effector cells of the reparative process, that limits the severity of inflammation and determines the early migration of macrophages to the damaged area, accelerated cleansing of the wound defect, stimulates the migration of fibroblasts and epithelial cells into the wound, contributes to the formation of a functional and morphologically complete epidermal layer on the 7th day, and the dermal component on the 11th day after the alteration, leads to the limitation of sclerosis during remodeling of the forming scar, ensuring its normotrophicity.

The medical relevance of Spirometra tapeworm infection in Indonesian Bronzeback snakes (Dendrelaphis pictus): A neglected zoonotic disease.

Aim:Spirometra parasites cause sparganosis, a zoonotic disease, especially in reptiles and humans. This study aimed to report on the prevalence and effects of Spirometra parasites infection on public health and provide a scientific foundation for its prevention.Materials and Methods:A total of 378 living Indonesian wild-caught and captive-bred Bronzeback snakes (Dendrelaphis pictus) were selected. The snakes were euthanized using ethyl ether anesthesia before checking for Spirometra parasites. The numbers of Spirometra located in the muscle tissue, subcutaneous tissue, and coelom (including the viscera) were each counted to investigate the distribution of Spirometra inside the snake body cavity.Results:The total prevalence in the sample was 50.85%. The prevalence values in wild-caught and captive-bred snakes were 70.7% and 48.7%, respectively. More than half (56.6%) of the Spirometra parasites were located in the muscular tissue, while 29.5% were in the subcutaneous tissue and 13.8% were in the coelomic cavity.Conclusion:Wild-caught Indonesian Bronzeback snakes, which are sold as food in markets, and captive-bred snakes, which are collected as exotic pets in Indonesia, have similar opportunities to transmit the Spirometra parasite and cause global health problems due to their high prevalence.

Metabolic processes in the organism of animals under the action of plant extract

The possibility of increasing metabolism and resistance in an organism of animals under the influence of biologically active substances of natural origin is considered in the paper. In the current study, we investigated the effect of 40% ethanolic extract of common nettle (Urtica dioica L.) on hematologic indexes (hemoglobin concentration, erythrocytes and leukocytes content), protein metabolism (total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase activities (ALT)), glutathione metabolism (peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR) and reduced glutathione content (GSH)), antioxidant defense systems (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), and indicators of free radical processes (lipid hydroperoxidation products (LHP), TBA-active products and carbonyl groups of protein (CP)) in the blood and tissues of normal and adrenalin-stressed rats. White Wistar rats (male) with body weight 180–200 g were used in the experiments. The animals were divided into 4 groups (control and 3 experimental), each containing 7 animals. The animals of experimental groups D2 and D3 received 40% ethanolic extract of common nettle in a dose of 5 mL/kg of body weight during 4 weeks. After 29 days of the experiment, the animals of D1 and D3 groups were intramuscularly administered 0.1% solution of adrenaline hydrochloride at a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight. One day after the administration of adrenaline, the animals were decapitated under ether anesthesia. The objects of the study were blood and homogenates of liver, heart, and kidneys of the rats. Our results have shown that adrenaline stress causes a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin, LHP, SOD activity and increase in activities of AST, GP, GR, and GSH content in the blood of rats. Stress induced by adrenaline was accompanied by decrease in CP content, activities of SOD, CAT, and increase in the glutathione chain of antioxidant defense system in the liver of the animals while in the heart and kidneys, there was an increase in oxidative stress parameters and decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GP, GR). The administration of ethanolic extract of nettle caused an increase within the physiological range in the erythrocytes and leucocytes content, hemoglobin concentration, and normalization of protein metabolism (decrease in the activity of AST and increase in protein concentration) in the blood of the stressed rats. The activation of the antioxidant defense system (increase in activities of SOD, GP, CAT, GR) and inhibition of free radical processes (decrease in concentration of LHP, TBA-active products and CP) was observed in the tissues of animals of D2 and D3 groups. Our results suggested that using a complex of biologically active substances of the common nettle ethanolic extract prevents metabolic disorders and stresses of different etiology through the activation of the antioxidant defense system, the normalization of protein metabolism and stimulation of hematopoiesis both in normal and stressed rats.

Activity of resveratrol on the influence of aflatoxin B1 on the testes of Sprague dawley rats

Twenty eight male Sprague Dawley rats (aged 3 months) were used in the study. The animals were given feed and water as ad libitum. Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as 7 rats in each group. Except for the control one, aflatoxin B1 (7.5 μg / 200 g), resveratrol (60 mg / kg) was administered to rats of 3 other groups. At the end of the 16th day, blood, semen and tissue specimens were taken by decapitation under ether anesthesia. When we evaluate the spermatological parameters, it is understood that resveratrol has a statistically significant difference in terms of sperm motility and viability (membrane integrity) compared to the control group and aflatoxin B1 administration groups, indicating a protective effect on spermatological parameters. In terms of pathological parameters - histopathological examination - in the control and resveratrol groups, seminiferous tubules were observed to be in normal structure. In the group treated with aflatoxin, the regular structure of the spermatogenic cells deteriorated and the seminiferous tubules became necrotic and degenerative. In the group treated with Afb1 + res, the decreasing of necrotic and degenerative changes were determined compared with in the group treated with aflatoxin. As immunohistochemical examination, cleaved caspase 3 expression was found to be very low in the control and resveratrol groups. Cleaved caspase 3 expression was severely exacerbated in seminiferous tubules in aflatoxin group but cleaved caspase 3 expression level decreased in Afb1 + res. In the biochemical direction, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit the adverse effects of aflatoxin on antioxidant levels and to show a protective effect. For this purpose, the use of resveratrol with antioxidant activity was investigated in preventing or ameliorating damage to aflatoxin B1. It has been concluded that resveratrol effectively prevent the aflatoxin-induced testicular damage and lipid peroxidation. It has also been shown that resveratrol has protective effects on sperm motility and viability.

Prenatal and Neonatal Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Reduces The Primordial to Primary Follicle Transition in The Newborn Rat Ovary: A Preliminary Study

This study investigated how a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) affects the proportional distribution of ovarian follicles that develop from the 18 th day of the embryo period (E18) to the 7 th postnatal day (PND7) in newborn female rats. A total of 6 pregnant rats that were used in the study were divided into two groups so that there would be 3 pregnant rats in the control group and 3 pregnant rats in the GBH group. Starting from E21 to E18 the pregnant rats in the experimental group were administered at 50 mg/kg/day GBH subcutaneously (s.c.) and the physiological saline was administered as vehicle to the control group. Subsequently, female pups received vehicle or 2 mg/kg GBH from PND1 to PND7. On PND8, all female offspring (neonatal period, 6 newborn female rats from each group) were sacrificed by light ether anesthesia. For the histological examination of the dissected ovaries, the primordial, primary, secondary and preantral follicle numbers were determined using Crossman's modified triple staining method and Periodic Acid-Shiff (PAS) staining methods. The percentage of primordial follicles was significantly higher in the ovaries of female rats in GBH exposed group compare to the control group. However, the percentage of primary, secondary and preantral follicles was lower. Thus, it was observed that prenatal and neonatal GBH exposure decreased the transition of primordial follicle to primary follicle.

Haematological changes in rats exposed to insecticidal oils from the leaves of Cassia occidentalis and Euphorbia milii

This study analysed the effect of insecticidal oils obtained from the leaves of Cassia occidentalis and Euphorbia milii on haematological indices in rats. It also evaluated the extent ethyl ether anaesthesia affects the concentration of haematological indices in experimental rats. Oils were extracted from both plants via soxhlet and administered to Wistar rats orally once a week, for 2 weeks. Fifty-six rats were divided into two groups (28 rats each), these were further divided into seven (7) groups of four rats each. The control group (A) received feed and water only, Groups B1, B2, and B3 received 1500 mg/kg, 3000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg body weight of C. occidentalis oil extract, respectively, and similarly, groups C1, C2 and C3 received 1500 mg/kg, 3000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg body weight of E. milii oil extracts. The first set was sacrificed under mild ethyl ether anaesthesia, while the second set was sacrificed without any anaesthetic agent. Thereafter, whole blood was drawn and analysed for changes in haematological indices. Both oils caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in white blood cells (WBC) and platelet counts at 5000 mg/kg body weight relative to the control in both unanaesthetised and anaesthetised rats. In addition, a significant decrease in MCH, MCHC and in Red Blood Cell counts and Packed Cell Volume was also observed in unanaesthetised rats exposed to E. milii oil and C. occidentalis oil respectively at 5000 mg/kg body weight relative to the control. Since insecticides are usually applied at much lower concentrations, the plant oils may be considered safe for use as insecticidal agents.

Histopathological changes in the Kidney and Liver of Albino Rats treated with Extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana

Aim: The hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of Acalypha wilkesiana extract on rat liver and kidney were studied on 40 male Wister albino rats weighing 180 – 200g. Methodology: The animals were divided into 5 groups of eight rats each. They were administered 0mg/kg, 480mg/kg, 960mg/kg, 1440mg/kg and 1920mg/kg body weight of Acalypha wilkesiana extract orally. After seven days, four animals from each group were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia. At the end of another seven days, the rest of the animals were sacrificed. The liver and kidney were harvested for hispathological examination using H &amp; E staining procedures. The body weight of the animals, the weight of the liver and kidney were also taken. Results: The results showed a significant loss in body weight (p&lt;0.05) of the animals treated with 1440mg.kg and 1920mg/kg of the extract for 14 days (2.41 + 0.03 and 2.8 + 0.02) compare with the control (3.7 + 0.02). There were no apparent differences in the relative weights of the liver and kidney in the treated and control groups. The histopathological examination result showed that rats in the low dose (480mg/kg body weight) group showed normal histo-architecture with the control in 7 and 14 days of exposure to the extract, while those in the high dose (960mg/kg, 1440mg/kg and 1920mg/kg) groups showed histopathological changes after 14 days, which ranged from moderate to severe tubular necrosis, glomerular inflammation, to interstitial nephritis. The result suggests a likely alteration in hepatic and renal function and possible hepato and nephrotoxicity respectively. These were dose and duration dependent. Conclusion: The outcome suggests that the plant extract maybe injurious to man on prolonged usage and higher doses. The need for the health education of the users may be necessary. Key Words: Nephrotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Acalypha wilkesiana extract, rats.

The effects of vitamins and selenium mixture against brain tissue induced by d-galactosamine.

Brain damage is a major complication of fulminant hepatic failure. d-Galactosamine (d-GalN)-induced liver toxicity causes damage to brain. The effects of vitamins and selenium mixture against d-GalN stimulated brain injury were investigated in this study. Sprague-Dawley female rats aged 2.0-2.5 months were used for the study. The rats were divided into four categories. A 0.9% NaCl solution was intraperitoneally given to the experimental rats in the first group. Using gavage technique, the second group of animals were subjected to a formulation consisting of 100 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 vitamin C, 15 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 of β-carotene, 100 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 of α-tocopherol in addition to 0.2 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 of sodium selenate for 3 days. The third group was given a single dose of d-GalN hydrochloride at the concentration of 500 mg·kg-1 through a saline injection. The final group was given similar concentrations of both the antioxidant combination and d-GalN. Tissue samples were collected under ether anesthesia. The rats treated with d-GalN showed brain damage; increased myeloperoxidase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase activities; and decreased glutathione levels. Treatment with vitamins and selenium combination resulted in alleviation of these alterations in the rats. These findings suggest that administration of the vitamins and selenium combination suppresses oxidative stress and protects brain cells from injury induced by d-GalN.

Influence of coagulated egg melange on the physical endurance of growing male Wistar rats: physiological and biochemical assessment

Melange, is one of the most commonly used products of egg processing, however, its use for the production of functional foods is limited by its liquid consistency. The range of functional foods, including those that increase physical endurance and working ability, can be expanded by using the coagulated form of the melange. Thus, the preclinical testing of the nutritional value of coagulated melange and the effect of its consumption on the physical endurance of laboratory animals is relevant. The aim of this research was the experimental comparative physiological and biochemical in vivo evaluation of the effects of coagulated melange consumption by Wistar male rats on their growth indices and physical endurance. Material and methods. Samples of the lyophilized egg melange (EM) and coagulated egg melange (CEM) were used as objects of the research The experiment was conducted with the use of 45 growing male Wistar rats with initial body weight 80±5 g. According to the preliminary training results, 27 animals were selected for further experiment. The motor function was evaluated by means of grip test. The rats were randomized into 2 experimental groups according to their weight and grip strength. Animals were treated for 32 days with isocaloric and isonitrogenic semi-synthetic diets with EM and CEM as protein component (25% of the dry weight), consequently. The grip test was conducted once per week, two days a week animals were trained on the treadmill for 10 min. On the 31st day of the experiment, animals were exposed to exhaustive training till total exhaustion. On the 32nd day of experiment animals were decapitated under light ether anesthesia. The concentration of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol (CHL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) was determined in the blood serum. Results and discussion. The greater consumption of food (20±1 g/rat/day) containing CEM by animals corresponded to a greater increase (204±9%) of their body weight over the entire experiment period compared with animals that received EM (13±1 g/rat/day; 160±9%, respectively, p≤0.05). An increase in the intake of food containing CEM had a pronounced positive effect on the physical endurance of the animals, assessed in the grip test. For the 21 days of the experiment, this indicator increased by 26% in rats consuming EM, whereas in rats consuming CEM, the grip strength increased more significantly - by 42%. Consumption of CEM by animals increased the run time (33.8±1.4 min) and the distance covered (557±35 m) in the treadmill test before the exhaustion in comparison with similar indicators for animals that received EM (24.8±2.5 min and 365±50 m, respectively , p≤0.05). The obtained results indicate an increased resistance of animals treated with CEM to exhausting physical loads. Conclusion. The consumption of CEM by growing Wistar male rats increased more effectively their growth and physical endurance in comparison with animals treated with non-coagulated egg melange. These results show the prospective of the use of CEM as a functional food ingredient in specialized foods, enhancing physical endurance and working ability.