Anaerobic Exercise Training Research Articles

Effects of anaerobic exercise training on human function based on multiple linear regression

In recent years, with the continuous enhancement of people’s fitness awareness, more and more people are doing anaerobic exercise training. Although anaerobic exercise training can improve physical fitness, people also have some problems in anaerobic exercise training due to the lack of necessary exercise training guidance. Therefore, in order to give full play to the role of anaerobic exercise training and enhance human body functions, this paper studies the effects of anaerobic exercise training and anaerobic exercise training on human body functions based on multiple linear regression analysis (MLR). This paper proposes an anaerobic exercise training model based on MLR, and conducts research experiments from seven aspects including exercise capacity, immunity, and cardiovascular function. The experimental results show that the MLR-based anaerobic exercise training mode can improve exercise capacity by 5.48%, immunity by 3.08%, and cardiovascular function by 4.31%.

Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Mobile Intelligent Terminal on Human Cardiopulmonary Function in Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise Training

In order to understand the impact of mobile smart terminals on human cardiopulmonary function in anaerobic and aerobic exercise training, we study the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise on improving human physical fitness, shape, etc. Measurement and analysis of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in humans during moderate-intensity aerobic and anaerobic exercise studies. The characteristics of diversified, emerging, and humanized mobile intelligent terminals have attracted the attention of college students. Mobile smart terminals have brought a lot of convenience to college students’ aerobic and anaerobic fitness. The results showed that people who participated in aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise were more fit, and their BMI, WHR, and body fat rate were significantly better than those who did not participate in aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise; at the same time, the lung capacity of people who participated in exercise was significantly higher. Stroke volume, maximum oxygen uptake, ejection fraction, etc., were significantly improved, and myocardial contractility was significantly improved, all better than those who did not participate in the exercise. Therefore, aerobic and anaerobic exercise can help improve a person’s body composition and improve cardiopulmonary function. Therefore, how to give full play to the value of mobile smart terminals in aerobic and anaerobic fitness has become a hot research topic.

Effects of combined aerobic and anaerobic exercise training on cytokine profiles in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by production of autoantibodies and organ damage. Elevated levels of cytokines have been reported in SLE patients. Physical activity could be considered one of the factors that affect the immune system status and function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-week supervised aerobic and anaerobic training program on the immune system of SLE patients through evaluation of serum cytokine levels. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 24 SLE patients selected between September 2015 and March 2016. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, including exercise (n = 14) and control (n = 10) groups. The exercise group participated in an 8-week combined supervised exercise training program consisting of three times per week in 60-min exercise sessions. After collection of whole peripheral blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the blood samples. Following RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 were determined using in-house SYBER Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Lastly, the data obtained were analyzed using t-test. ResultsThe mean and standard deviation of age were 29.00 ± 3.19 and 21.50 ± 5.52 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. No significant differences were found among the mean serum levels of IFN-γ, IL6, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-21 among SLE patients in the intervention and control groups. The mean serum levels of TNF-α, IL2, IL-4, and IL-5 decreased significantly in the intervention as compared with the control group. The mean serum levels of IL-10, IL-13 and IL-22 significantly increased in the control group after eight weeks, as compared with the intervention group. ConclusionsOur findings indicated that the 8-week supervised aerobic and anaerobic training program could result in decreased inflammatory cytokines.

Physical therapy interventions, other than general physical exercise interventions, in children and adolescents before, during and following treatment for cancer.

Children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer are at high risk of experiencing severe side effects from cancer treatment, many of which are amenable to physical therapy. These side effects can negatively impact a child's quality of life and ability to participate in daily activities (e.g. play and attendance at school). Researchers have evaluated physical therapy interventions in children with cancer and childhood cancer survivors. However, factors such as small sample sizes, varying intervention protocols and differences in cancer types among trials make it difficult to draw conclusions about efficacy. The primary aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of physical therapy interventions - with a specific focus on symptom relief and compensation of therapy-related side effects - on the quality of life of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer. Participants must be between the ages of 0 and 19 years at the time of the physical therapy intervention study. The intervention may occur prior to, during or following cancer treatment. The intervention must be compared to a control group of children receiving standard care, no physical therapy intervention or a comparison intervention. We have excluded general physical exercise studies where the primary aim was to improve physical fitness through aerobic, anaerobic, resistance exercise or combined physical exercise training regimens (i.e. combined aerobic and resistance exercise regimens). We have also intended to record the occurrence of any adverse effects resulting from physical therapy interventions. The secondary aims were to evaluate the efficacy of physical therapy on impairments of pain, peripheral neuropathy, balance, gait, functional abilities and mobility, motor function and performance, range of motion, strength and fatigue. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PEDro, ongoing trial registries, conference proceedings and the reference lists of relevant studies and reviews in March 2020. We also contacted oncology rehabilitation researchers working in paediatrics in March 2020 to identify additional studies. The review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cross-over trials, and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that compared the effects of physical therapy interventions to a control group, and involved children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer between the ages of 0 and 19 years at the time of the intervention. We excluded studies examining general physical exercise interventions where the primary aim was to improve physical fitness through aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or combined physical exercise training regimens (i.e. combined aerobic and resistance exercise regimens). We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We found no RCTs, cross-over trials or CCTs comparing the effects of physical therapy interventions with a focus on symptom relief and compensation of therapy-related side effects for children and adolescents between the ages of 0 and 19 years. Results demonstrate that the evidence to date is inadequate to inform clinical practice. Recommendations for future research include the need for large-scale, high-quality designs that examine: (1) paediatric populations with same cancer types; (2) similar intervention protocols; (3) long-term outcomes; (4) physical therapy interventions (e.g. electrophysical modalities and sensory interventions); and (5) outcomes commonly impaired in children with cancer (e.g. peripheral neuropathy and gait deficits).

Effect of Exercise Training on Body Temperature in the Elderly: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: This study evaluated the effect of exercise training on body temperature and clarified the relationship between body temperature and body composition in the elderly. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 91 elderly participants performed aerobic and anaerobic exercise training twice a week for 2 years. Non-contact infrared thermometer and bioelectrical impedance analysis were performed at baseline and at 2 years. Results: Mean age of study participants was 81.0 years. The participants were divided into two groups by baseline body temperature of 36.3 °C; lower body temperature group (n = 67) and normal body temperature group (n = 24). Body temperature rose significantly after exercise training in the lower body temperature group (36.04 ± 0.11 °C to 36.30 ± 0.13 °C, p < 0.0001), whereas there was no significant difference in the normal body temperature group (36.35 ± 0.07 °C to 36.36 ± 0.13 °C, p = 0.39). A positive correlation was observed between the amount of change in body temperature and baseline body temperature (r = −0.68, p < 0.0001). Increase in skeletal muscle mass was an independent variable related to the rise in body temperature by the multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio: 4.77, 95% confidence interval: 1.29–17.70, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Exercise training raised body temperature in the elderly, especially those with lower baseline body temperature.

Exercise and Prediabetes after Renal Transplantation (EXPRED): Protocol Description

Background: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a frequent and severe complication after renal transplantation. In fact, PTDM is a risk factor for both infection and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence and incidence of PTDM have a bimodal evolution: early (up to 3 months) and late PTDM (beyond 12 months). The majority of late PTDM occurs in subjects with prediabetes after transplantation. So, treating patients with prediabetes, a potentially reversible condition, might help preventing PTDM. In the general population, exercise prevents the evolution from prediabetes to diabetes. However, in renal transplantation, not enough evidence is available in this field. Objectives: We designed an exploratory analysis to evaluate the feasibility of exercise to reverse prediabetes as a first step in the design of a trial to prevent PTDM. Methods: Only patients with prediabetes beyond 12 months after transplantation with capacity to perform exercise will be included. Prediabetes will be diagnosed based on fasting glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Patients will be treated with a stepped training intervention, starting with aerobic exercise training (brisk walking, swimming, and cycling) 5 times per week and 30 min/day. Aerobic exercise training will be gradually increased to 60 min/day or eventually combined with anaerobic exercise training in case of persistent prediabetes. The reversibility/persistence of prediabetes will be measured with fasting glucose and OGTTs every 3 months. This study will last for 12 months.

The Impact of Anaerobic Exercise Training on Some Selected Physical Fitness Components of U-17 Male Handballtrainees in Case of Injibara Town, Ethiopia

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of anaerobic training on speed, agility and anaerobic power on U-17 Handball trainees. All off twenty six (26) Handball players who was the only Handball training project team at Injibara town with age U-17 were conveniently selected and participated voluntarily in the research. Among those half of them were randomly selected as EG which specially prepared anaerobic training was applied and the rest were CG. Weight and height averages of U-17 EG and CG were similar which is 56.92 Kg and 57.77 Kg in weight and 1.68m and 1.71m in height respectively. Before training, PT of two groups of thirteen (13) players (IAT and TT of agility tests, VJ and SLJ tests of anaerobic power tests and 10m &amp; 40m dash speed tests) were recorded. The anaerobic training were implemented on the EG twice a week, 35 to 40 min a day. Consequently after six weeks of anaerobic training, DT was taken in each parameter and a little improvement in each test results observed and training was continually given by increasing its intensity. After three months, posttest measurement on the same parameters was taken. The difference between the tests were analyzed statistically, with paired sample “t” test at P&lt;0.05 Consequently it was observed that anaerobic training implemented on junior level players brought about significant improvements between pre and post test results of agility, in which duration to complete IAT and TT was decreased by a mean difference of 0.381 seconds at P=0.001 and 0.738 seconds at P=0.000. Speed in which duration of 10m and 40m dash speed test result was decreased by a mean difference of .1262seconds at P=.020 and .1293seconds at P=.010 respectively.. And power, in which height and length of VJ and SLJ test result were increased by a mean difference of .06m at P=.000 and 0.1161 m at P=0.000 respectively. As result the investigator recommended that adding anaerobic training on their Handball training program helps to improve players speed, agility and power. Keywords: agility, anaerobic exercise, performance enhancement, power, speed DOI : 10.7176/JTHS/46-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

Anaerobic Exercise Training in the Therapy of Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Background: In the past 3 decades, there has been an increase in the number of studies assessing exercise as a form of treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). While a variety of substance types and outcomes have been assessed, exercise intensities have never been systematically examined. Consequently, it remains unclear whether particular forms of exercise are better suited to the treatment of these populations. Anaerobic exercise has been shown to have positive effects in populations with psychiatric disorders, but its effectiveness in the treatment of SUDs has to date not been reviewed.Methods: The aim of this systematic review is to identify and evaluate studies which have employed either an acute or chronic anaerobic exercise component as a therapy modality for SUDs. The primary outcomes are abstinence, craving, withdrawal, consumption, quality of life, and the following psychological symptoms and disorders: depression, anxiety, stress, and mood. A secondary objective is to assess whether the type of training described in the study protocol can be reliably categorized as anaerobic training.Results: Twenty-six studies are included in this review. Twelve studies addressed nicotine dependence, one addressed alcohol dependence, and 13 addressed dependence on various illicit drugs. Thirteen studies reported the intensity at which participants actually exercised, but only one employed a test to determine whether training was carried out above the anaerobic threshold (AT). The risk of bias in the included studies was generally high. Results of the studies were mixed, with the most positive effects being found for abstinence in nicotine dependence.Conclusion: The evidence for the effects of anaerobic exercise in SUDs is weak, although a tendency toward positive effects on abstinence in nicotine dependent individuals was observable. The majority of studies do not report data on exercise intensity, making a categorization of anaerobic exercise impossible in all but one case. This means that the effects of this form of exercise cannot be determined, and therefore not evaluated or compared with other forms. In order to improve the quality of evidence for exercise in SUD treatment, clearly defined and objectively assessed evaluations of anaerobic and anaerobic exercise are necessary.

Physical therapy interventions, other than general physical exercise interventions, in children and adolescents before, during and following treatment for cancer

Background Children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer are at high risk of experiencing severe side effects from cancer treatment, many of which are amenable to physical therapy. These side effects can negatively impact a child's quality of life and ability to participate in daily activities (e.g. play and attendance at school). Researchers have evaluated physical therapy interventions in children with cancer and childhood cancer survivors. However, factors such as small sample sizes, varying intervention protocols and differences in cancer types among trials make it difficult to draw conclusions about efficacy. Objectives The primary aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of physical therapy interventions - with a specific focus on symptom relief and compensation of therapy-related side effects - on the quality of life of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer. Participants must be between the ages of 0 and 19 years at the time of the physical therapy intervention study. The intervention may occur prior to, during or following cancer treatment. The intervention must be compared to a control group of children receiving standard care, no physical therapy intervention or a comparison intervention. We have excluded general physical exercise studies where the primary aim was to improve physical fitness through aerobic, anaerobic, resistance exercise or combined physical exercise training regimens (i.e. combined aerobic and resistance exercise regimens). We have also intended to record the occurrence of any adverse effects resulting from physical therapy interventions. The secondary aims were to evaluate the efficacy of physical therapy on impairments of pain, peripheral neuropathy, balance, gait, functional abilities and mobility, motor function and performance, range of motion, strength and fatigue. Search methods We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PEDro, ongoing trial registries, conference proceedings and the reference lists of relevant studies and reviews in March 2020. We also contacted oncology rehabilitation researchers working in paediatrics in March 2020 to identify additional studies. Selection criteria The review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cross-over trials, and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that compared the effects of physical therapy interventions to a control group, and involved children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer between the ages of 0 and 19 years at the time of the intervention. We excluded studies examining general physical exercise interventions where the primary aim was to improve physical fitness through aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or combined physical exercise training regimens (i.e. combined aerobic and resistance exercise regimens). Data collection and analysis We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Main results We found no RCTs, cross-over trials or CCTs comparing the effects of physical therapy interventions with a focus on symptom relief and compensation of therapy-related side effects for children and adolescents between the ages of 0 and 19 years. Authors' conclusions Results demonstrate that the evidence to date is inadequate to inform clinical practice. Recommendations for future research include the need for large-scale, high-quality designs that examine: (1) paediatric populations with same cancer types; (2) similar intervention protocols; (3) long-term outcomes; (4) physical therapy interventions (e.g. electrophysical modalities and sensory interventions); and (5) outcomes commonly impaired in children with cancer (e.g. peripheral neuropathy and gait deficits).

Physical exercise training for cystic fibrosis.

Physical exercise training may form an important part of regular care for people with cystic fibrosis. This is an update of a previously published review. To assess the effects of physical exercise training on exercise capacity by peak oxygen consumption, pulmonary function by forced expiratory volume in one second, health-related quality of life and further important patient-relevant outcomes in people with cystic fibrosis. We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings.Date of the most recent search: 04 May 2017.We searched ongoing trials registers (clinicaltrials.gov and the WHO ICTRP). Date of most recent search: 10 August 2017. All randomised and quasi-randomised controlled clinical trials comparing exercise training of any type and a minimum duration of two weeks with conventional care (no training) in people with cystic fibrosis. Two authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. Of the 83 studies identified, 15 studies which included 487 participants, met the inclusion criteria. The numbers in each study ranged from nine up to 72 participants; two studies were in adults, seven were in children and adolescents and six studies included all age ranges. Four studies of hospitalised participants lasted less than one month and 11 studies were outpatient-based, lasting between two months and three years. The studies included participants with a wide range of disease severity and employed differing levels of supervision with a mixture of types of training. There was also wide variation in the quality of the included studies.This systematic review shows very low- to low-quality evidence from both short- and long-term studies that in people with cystic fibrosis aerobic or anaerobic physical exercise training (or a combination of both) has a positive effect on aerobic exercise capacity, pulmonary function and health-related quality of life. No study reported on mortality; two studies reported on adverse events (moderate-quality evidence); one of each study reported on pulmonary exacerbations (low-quality evidence) and diabetic control (very low-quality evidence). Although improvements were not consistent between studies and ranged from no effects to clearly positive effects, the most consistent effects of the heterogeneous exercise training modalities and durations were found for maximal aerobic exercise capacity (in four out of seven studies) with unclear effects on forced expiratory volume in one second (in two out of 11 studies) and health-related quality of life (in two out of seven studies). Evidence about the efficacy of physical exercise training in cystic fibrosis from 15 small studies with low to moderate methodological quality is limited. Exercise training is already part of regular outpatient care offered to most people with cystic fibrosis, and since there is some evidence for beneficial effects on aerobic fitness and no negative side effects exist, there is no reason to actively discourage this. The benefits from including physical exercise training in an individual's regular care may be influenced by the type and duration of the training programme. High-quality randomised controlled trials are needed to comprehensively assess the benefits of exercise programmes in people with cystic fibrosis and the relative benefits of the addition of aerobic versus anaerobic versus a combination of both types of physical exercise training to the care of people with cystic fibrosis.

Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system.

Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods to help prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease and to promote CV health. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises are two types of exercise that differ based on the intensity, interval and types of muscle fibers incorporated. In this article, we aim to further elaborate on these two categories of physical exercise and to help decipher which provides the most effective means of promoting CV health.

The effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on circulating soluble-Klotho and IGF-I in young and elderly adults and in CAD patients.

Different studies support the notion that chronic aerobic exercises training can influence the circulating levels of soluble-Klotho (s-Klotho) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). The effects of s-Klotho include improving the quality of life, alleviating the negative impact of age on the body’s work capacity, and possibly increasing longevity. This review provides an overview of the latest findings in this field of research in humans. The different modes of dynamic exercise and their impact on circulating levels of s-Klotho and IGF-I in young adult athletes, untrained young adults, trained healthy older adults, untrained healthy older adults, and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are reviewed and discussed. Together these findings suggest that long-lasting (chronic) aerobic exercise training is probably one of the antiaging factors that counteract the aging and CAD process by increasing the circulating s-Klotho and lowering the IGF-I levels. However, following anaerobic exercise training the opposite occurs. The exact metabolic and physiological pathways involved in the activity of these well-trained young and master sportsmen should be further studied and elucidated. The purpose of this review was to provide a clarification regarding the roles of s-Klotho and intensities and durations of different exercise on human health.

Impact of aerobic and anaerobic exercise training on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in athletes.

Exercise mediates an excessive free radical production leading to oxidative stress (OS). The body has natural antioxidant systems that help decrease OS, and these systems may be enhanced with exercise training. However, only a few studies have investigated the differences in resting OS and antioxidant capacity (AOC) between aerobically trained athletes (ET), anaerobically trained athletes (RT), and untrained individuals (UT). Therefore, this study sought to investigate the resting and postexercise OS and AOC in ET, RT, and UT. Sixty healthy young males (26.6±0.8 yr) participated in this study. Subjects were divided into three groups, ET, RT, and UT by distinct training background. Resting plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC) were not significantly different in ET, RT, and UT. However, MDA and PC were significantly increased following a graded exercise test (GXT) in UT but not in ET and RT. Resting total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels and TAC were not different in ET, RT, and UT. Interestingly, TAC levels significantly decreased after the GXT in all groups. Additionally, UT showed lower post-exercise TAC levels compared to ET and RT. These results showed that ET, RT, and UT have similar OS and AOC at rest. However, both ET and RT have greater AOC against exercise mediated OS compared to UT. These findings may explain, at least in part, why both aerobic and anaerobic types of exercise training improve redox balance. However, it appears there is no specific exercise type effect in terms of redox balance.

Physical exercise training for cystic fibrosis.

Physical exercise training may form an important part of regular care for people with cystic fibrosis. This is an update of previously published reviews. To determine the effects of physical exercise training compared to no training on aerobic exercise capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, health-related quality of life and other patient-relevant (secondary) outcomes in cystic fibrosis. We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings.Date of the most recent search: 10 March 2015. All randomised and quasi-randomised controlled clinical trials comparing exercise training of any type and duration with conventional care in people with cystic fibrosis. Two authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. Of the 48 studies identified, 13 studies which included 402 participants, met the inclusion criteria. The numbers in each study ranged from nine up to 72 participants; one study was in adults, six were in children and adolescents and six studies included all age ranges. Four studies of hospitalised participants lasted less than one month and nine studies were outpatient-based, lasting between two months and three years. The studies included participants with a wide range of disease severity and employed differing levels of supervision with a mixture of types of training. There was also wide variation in the quality of the included studies.This systematic review shows limited evidence from both short- and long-term studies that in people with cystic fibrosis aerobic or anaerobic physical exercise training or a combination of both has a positive effect on aerobic exercise capacity, pulmonary function and health-related quality of life. Although improvements are not consistent between studies and ranged from no effects to clearly positive effects, the most consistent effects of the heterogeneous exercise training modalities and durations were found for maximal aerobic exercise capacity (in four out of six studies) with unclear effects on FEV1 (in two out of 10 studies) and health-related quality of life (in two out of five studies). Evidence about the efficacy of physical exercise training in cystic fibrosis from 13 small studies with low to moderate methodological quality is limited. Exercise training is already part of regular outpatient care offered to most people with cystic fibrosis, and since there is some evidence for beneficial effects on aerobic fitness and no negative side effects exist, there is no reason to actively discourage this. The benefits from including physical exercise training in an individual's regular care may be influenced by the type and duration of the training programme. High quality randomised controlled trials are needed to comprehensively assess the benefits of exercise programmes in people with cystic fibrosis and the relative benefits of the addition of aerobic versus anaerobic versus a combination of both types of physical exercise training to the care of people with cystic fibrosis.

Aerobic and anaerobic exercise training in obese adults.

[Purpose] Obesity is a global health problem and is associated with a multitude of complications. This study was designed to determine changes in cardiopulmonary functions after aerobic and anaerobic exercise training in obese subjects. [Subjects and Methods] Forty obese subjects, whose ages ranged between 18 and 25 years, were divided into 2 equal groups: group A received aerobic exercise training in addition to dietary measures, and group B received anaerobic exercise training for 3 months in addition to dietary measures. Measurements of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, maximum voluntary ventilation, maximal oxygen consumption, and body mass index were obtained for both groups before and after the exercise program. [Results] The mean body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption decreased significantly, whereas the mean maximum voluntary ventilation increased significantly after treatment in group A. The mean maximum voluntary ventilation also increased significantly after treatment in group B. There were significant differences between the mean levels of the investigated parameters in groups A and B after treatment. [Conclusion] Aerobic exercise reduces weight and improves cardiopulmonary fitness in obese subjects better than anaerobic exercise.

Effects of aerobic exercise on capillary architecture of extensor digitorum Longus in Rat (LB807)

Purpose: Aerobic exercise training is effective training to slow oxidative muscles like soleus. Anaerobic exercise training can induce an increase number of capillaries, fiber cross‐sectional area, VDGF, succinate dehydrogenase activities and the peroxisome PGC1‐α in slow oxidative muscle, but less is known about the effects of fast glycolytic muscle. Our aim is to clarify that effect of Aerobic exercise training on fast glycolytic muscle. We used rat extensor digitorum longus in this study. That is a well‐known one of the fast glycolytic muscle.Materials/Methods: Twelve male Wistar rats were randomly divided into exercise and control (Cont) groups. Rats in the exercise group performed running on a treadmill with an incline for 30 min, 6 days per week during 2 weeks. The intensity level of exercise was 3‐5 mg/dl in plasma lactate. To investigate the fiber type and fiber cross‐sectional area (FCSA), the mitochondrial oxidative activity, and the capillary density (CD) in skeletal muscle were stained with adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alkaline phosphatase (AP), respectively. In addition, the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (Flk‐1) in skeletal muscle were expressed relative to the mean obtained in Cont group. Results: From a confocal laser microscopic evaluation, the microvessel volume and capillary diameter of the muscle in the exercise group was higher than those of Cont group although no changes in FCSA and CD were found in the exercise group. The SDH activity of the exercise group was higher than that of the Cont group. In addition, the level of PGC‐1α protein content in the muscle of the exercise group had increased by 237 %, compared with that of Cont muscle. Whereas no difference was observed in the VEGF expression level between two groups, the expression level of Flk‐1 in the exercise group was higher than that of the Cont group. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: These results indicate that exercise induced‐angiogenesis is deeply involved in Flk‐1 expression in skeletal muscle.

Adaptive changes of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) to anaerobic exercise training

To explore adaptive changes of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) to anaerobic exercise training as well as to collect basic data of molecular mechanisms of adaption to anaerobic exercise training among this fish, we investigated the influences of 4 weeks of anaerobic exercise training on the behavior, morphology, growth, muscle biochemical components and metabolic enzyme activities of the Zebrafish. Our results indicated that individual's daily activity level declined after 4 weeks training and they preferred to swim together more frequently. Both body length and weight gain decreased, allowing the fish to adapt to the increased locomotion. Similarly, glycogen in muscles increased and exercise endurance also strengthened due to the enhancement of energy storage. Moreover, although the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in muscle has increased, the activity of citrate synthase (CS) decreased. Taken together, these results suggest that both the ability of anaerobic exercise and anaerobic metabolism of Zebrafish can in fact be enhanced by training, and the tangible changes that we could measure were retained, but only for a limited time.

Effects of 12 Weeks Aerobic·anaerobic Combined Exercise Training on Fitness, Body Composition, Skeletal Muscle Index and Blood Lipid Profiles in Obese Elderly Women

연구배경: 고령인구의 증가에 따라 건강한 노년의 삶을 위 한 다양한 건강관리 방법들이 요구되는 가운데 근감소형 비만 (sarcopenic obesity)의 예방에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 하 지만 이를 해결할 구체적인 방안이 되지 못하고 예방하거나 해소할 수 있는 운동방법에 관한 연구는 부족하다. 그러므로 이 연구는 12주 유・무산소성 복합운동이 비만 여성 노인의 건 강관련 체력 및 신체조성, 근육지수, 혈중지질에 미치는 효과 를 검증하는 것을 목표로 근감소형 비만 예방을 위한 운동처 방의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 의의를 두었다. 방법: 피검자는 평균 연령이 67.17 ± 3.27 세이고 평균 체 지방률이 33.84 ± 3.79%인 비만 여성 노인 42명(실험군 22명, 통제군 20명) 이었다. 실험군에 적용된 복합운동 프로그램의 전체운동시간은 60분으로 준비운동 10분, 정리운동 10분, 본 운동 40분으로 구성하였다. 본운동의 20분은 40~70% VO2R 강도의 유산소성 운동을, 나머지 20분은 40~70% 1RM 강도 의 무산소성 저항운동을 수행하였다. 주당 3회, 총 12주 동안 운동을 실시하였고 사전.사후 검사 일정에 따라 최대하운동 부하검사 및 노인체력검사를 시행하였으며 총근육량과 근육지 수, 혈중지질 및 IGF-1 등을 분석하였다. 검사결과에 대한 운 동효과 분석을 위해 각 변인별로 이원 반복측정 분산분석을 실시하였으며 통계학적 유의수준은 α = .05로 하였다. 결과: 실험 결과, 덤벨들기, 근육지수, 하지근육량, 총근육 량, TC, HDL 등의 변인에서 사전.사후 검사 및 집단 간 상 호작용 효과가 유의하게 나타났다. ABSTRACT

Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Cardiopulmonary Fitness among Firefighters

Aim: Firefighters experience short bursts of extreme physical and psychological stress punctuating long periods of tedium. For short intervals, the physical demands of firefighting may approach the limits of human capacity, so there is a need to find the most appropriate type of exercise training that achieve the best cardiopulmonary fit ness in firefighters that enables them to do their work. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in cardiopulmonary fitness after aerobic and anaerobic exercise training in firefighters. Method: Forty firefighter workers who practiced their job for no less than fifteen years were enrolled in this study, their age ranged from 32 to 41 years. Participants were included into 2 equal groups; group (A) received aerobic treadmill walking exercise training for 3 months, at a frequency of 4 sessions per week. The second group (B) received anaerobic exercise training for 3 months, at a frequency of 2 sessions per week. Measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE) and Maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) obtained for both groups before and after the exercise program. Result: The mean SBP, DBP and HR values were significantly decreased, where the mean VE and VO 2 max values were significantly increased in group (A) after training. The mean SBP, DBP and HR values were not significant statistically and the mean VE and VO 2 max values were significantly increased in group (B) after training. There were significant differences between mean levels of SBP, DBP ,HR and VE in group (A) and group (B) after training, where there was no significant differ ence between mean levels of VO 2 max in group (A) and group (B) after training.

Exercise and physical activity in children with cystic fibrosis

Regular exercise and habitual physical activity are important for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Research has demonstrated the benefits of aerobic, anaerobic, and strength exercise training programs for health and quality of life, however, the CF patient is faced with unique barriers and challenges to participation. Recently, increased levels of habitual physical activity have been shown to slow the decline in lung function in patients with CF, and regular participation in a variety of activities may result in greater adherence in the long term. Research is now available to justify the incorporation of exercise into the routine care of patients with CF. This paper provides the background and rationale for the implementation of exercise and habitual physical activity recommendations by the health care team. Education of health care providers regarding the importance of exercise and habitual physical activity for patients with CF is needed in order for exercise and physical activity to be incorporated as key components of clinical practice and into the lives of patients with CF.