Anaerobic CO Research Articles

Carbon dioxide production by red skeletal muscle of goldfish ( Carassius auratus L.) aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose and glutamate

1. 1. Oxygen uptake and metabolic CO 2 production by lateral red muscle of goldfish have been measured in vitro. 2. 2. Added glucose 6-phosphate depresses the rate of oxygen uptake by minced red muscle (Crabtree effect). Total CO 2 production is stimulated resulting in a respiratory quotient which is considerably greater than one. 3. 3. 14CO 2 release from [U- 14C] glucose 6-phosphate and [U- 14C] glutamate continues during anoxia. 4. 4. No activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt was observed. 5. 5. The results suggest that both aerobic and anaerobic CO 2 production is of mitochondrial origin and, at least partially, derived from TCA cycle reactions.

Soil attenuation of acid phase landfill leachate

Groundwater contamination is the major environmental risk related to landfilling of wastes. In order to evaluate the migration of leachate from uncontrolled dumps and to establish efficient groundwater monitoring systems at sanitary landfills, basic information about the behaviour of pollutants in soil-groundwater systems is needed. A series of saturated laboratory soil columns loaded with acid phase leachate under anaerobic CO 2-saturated conditions were studied in terms of solute breakthrough curves and final pollutant soil profiles. The four soils studied exhibited significantly different capacities for attenuating leachate pollutants. In general, ammonia, sodium and boron were attenuated only by adsorption and organic matter by a combination of adsorption and degradation. Dissolved solids, specific conductivity, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese were, besides adsorption, subject to precipitation-dissolution processes. For iron and manganese the latter process was in combination with redox processes. Zinc and cadmium were extensively attenuated probably due to a combination of adsorption and sulphide precipitation. With a few exceptions, chloride, dissolved solids, specific conductivity, organic matter (COD) and sodium are the most mobile constituents of the leachate exhibiting migration velocities of 80–100% of the water flow velocity.

Role of Microorganisms in the Consumption and Production of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide by Soil

Consumption and production of atmospheric CO was measured under field conditions in three different types of soil. CO was consumed by an apparent first-order reaction and produced by an apparent zero-order reaction, resulting in a dynamic equilibrium with the consumption of atmospheric CO as the net reaction. CO consumption was higher in summer than in winter. Laboratory experiments on five different soil types showed that CO consumption was strongly inhibited by the presence of streptomycin or cycloheximide (Actidione), or both. Thus, eucaryotic as well as procaryotic microorganisms were apparently responsible for the observed CO consumption. The aerobic carboxydobacterium Pseudomonas carboxydovorans added to sterile soil was able to utilize the low amounts (ca. 0.7 ppmv) of CO present in laboratory air. CO was consumed by soil under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic preincubation of the soil stimulated the anaerobic CO consumption and reduced the aerobic CO consumption. In contrast to CO consumption, CO production was stimulated by autoclaving, by ultraviolet-irradiation, by fumigation with NH(3) or CHCl(3), by treatment with streptomycin or cycloheximide or both, by addition of NaCN, NaN(3), or Na(2)HAsO(4) (or all three) in the presence of glucose under an atmosphere of pure oxygen, or by a drying and rewetting procedure. The consumption of atmospheric CO by soil is a microbial process, but the production of CO is apparently not a metabolic process.

Étude des échanges de CO 2 des cellules entières et des activités photochimiques des fragments de chloroplastes de trois mutants non photosynthétiques de Chlamydomonas reinhardti

Studies of the CO 2 exchanges of whole cells and of the photochemical activities of chloroplast fragments, with three non-photosynthetic mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardti Investigations were performed in order to determine the different kinds of electron transport, which are carried out by three non-photosynthetic mutants ( Fl 5, Fl 9, Fl 15) of Chlamydomonas reinhardti. These mutants had been previously selected for their fluorescence and O 2 evolution anomalies, which indicate a blocking of the internal electron transport chain close to Photoreaction II. Aerobic and anaerobic (with H 2 or N 2) CO 2 exchanges of whole cells were measured with a pCO 2 electrode. Photochemical activities of chloroplast fragments with various exogenous electron carriers were measured spectrophotometrically. The three mutants were unable to fix CO 2 in the light, in air and in the presence of H 2 with 3- p-chlorophenyl-1,1-dimethylurea (CMU) only; in addition, they could not perform photoreduction of NADP + with water. However, Fl 9 and Fl 15 were able to carry out photoreduction of NADP + with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP)-ascorbate, photooxidation of exogenous cytochrome c, and CO 2 fixation in the light in the presence of H 2, CMU and phenazine methosulfate. Fl 5 did not perform any of these reactions. With DCIP and plastocyanin the Hill activities of the three mutants were very weak, compared to those of the wild type; with K 3Fe(CN) 6, the activities were relatively more important, particularly for Fl 5. These results indicate a non-functioning of System I in Fl 5, on the one hand, and a blocking of the electron transport chain between the two photoreactions (both of which are functional) in Fl 9 and in Fl 15, on the other. An interpretation is attempted, taking into consideration the analytical results obtained elsewhere (lack of P700 for Fl 5, deficiencies in bound cytochromes c-553 and b-563 for Fl 9 and Fl 15). Some points, concerning the nature of the defect(s) in each mutant, the reaction sites of the various cytochromes, and the possibility of different pathways for the photosynthetic electron transports, in vivo and in vitro, are discussed.

Anaerobic CO 2 cabinet for the cultivation of strict anerobes.

The design and construction of an anaerobic CO(2) cabinet are described. Air is displaced by a stream of oxygen-free CO(2), and anerobic conditions are produced in 3 hr. The equipment is simple and cheap to operate and has been found to be satisfactory for the isolation of strict anaerobes from the mouse intestine.

Anaerobic CO2 Cabinet for the Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes

The design and construction of an anaerobic CO(2) cabinet are described. Air is displaced by a stream of oxygen-free CO(2), and anerobic conditions are produced in 3 hr. The equipment is simple and cheap to operate and has been found to be satisfactory for the isolation of strict anaerobes from the mouse intestine.

Properties of a Submicrosomal Particle Containing P-450 and Flavoprotein

Abstract A procedure is described for isolating submicrosomal particles from the livers of rabbits treated with phenobarbital, without the use of proteolytic or lipolytic enzymes. The preparation contains 2.5 mµmoles of P-450 per mg of protein, whereas the content of P-420 and cytochrome b5 is less than 1% of this. The preparation shows no distinct TPNH- or DPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity, but DPNH-ferricyanide reductase activity remains. P-450 in the preparation is not reduced by TPNH or by DPNH in the presence of anaerobic CO, even on addition of TPNH-cytochrome c reductase, but it is reduced by the adrenodoxin reductase system in bovine adrenal mitochondria. The physical properties of P-450 in the cytochrome b5-free preparation confirm that P-450 is a low spin protoheme protein in its oxidized state and indicate that it is a high spin ferroheme in its reduced state. The microsomal Fex signal is shown to be the electron spin resonance manifestation of oxidized P-450.

Changes During Recovery from Sodium Deficiency in Atriplex

Although the concentration of sodium in leaves of Atriplex plants increased rapidly after receiving sodium, no growth response was detectable for about 6 days. It was found that respiration rate increased to its maximum within 3 days. Chlorophyll content also increased from an early stage, whereas the concentrations of sugars and starch did not increase, and ratios of soluble to total nitrogen did not decrease until later.The respiratory response appears to be specific to sodium as different salts of sodium caused similar responses, and no other univalent cation substituted for sodium. In addition, both growth response and respiration rate tended towards their maxima with the same concentration of applied sodium. The rate of anaerobic CO(2) production increased when sodium was fed to leaves, suggesting that the effect of sodium is in the glycolytic sequence.

Respiratory Metabolism in Detached Rhododendron Leaves

Some of the measurements described below were first made many years ago (21; see 26, 27, 28) as part of an investigation of the occurrence of the Pasteur effect in plant organs. More recently, with the development of interest in factors controlling respiratory metabolism, our attention was redirected to 2 of the plant materials originally studied, namely rhododendron leaves for which there was evidence of a marked Pasteur effect and young seedlings of buckwheat, the one material used for which no evidence of a Pasteur effect emerged. This paper describes 1 part of this work and is restricted to restilts obtained with detached whole leaves of rhododendron. Many investigations made for convenience with leaf discs or slices will be described elsewhere later, for their relevance to metabolism in the intact leaf is still in some doubt. The experiments described here are largely concerned with production and consumption of metabolites in the leaves in air, in pure nitrogen, and on return to air after a period in nitrogen. Particular attention has been directed toward transitory changes in concentrations of glycolytic intermediates and keto-acids as guides to changes of rates of glycolysis and of oxidative reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These data have the limitation of all such measurements in that they represent average concentrations for whole cells which may bear little relation to changes in specific metabolic pools associated with glycolysis and cycle oxidations but are nevertheless a necessary preliminary to further work. Also, because of renewed interest elsewhere in the origin of the anaerobic CO, output (24) and of the possible consumption of ethanol (9, 10, 29), some attention is given here to these aspects of metabolism.

The induction of alcoholic fermentation in yeast by some organic acids: Implications in potassium transport

To suspensions of nongrowing commercial baker's yeast were added various organic acids under anaerobic conditions and low pH. Acetic, propionic, and isobutyric acids elicited carbohydrate breakdown, fermentation, and potassium ion uptake. Formic, lactic, glycolic, succinic, glutaric, citric, and hydrochloric acids did not produce these effects nor did ethanol and acetaldehyde. Various monovalent cations had different inhibitory effects on the production of anaerobic CO 2 by acetic acid. Potassium was most inhibitory, and Na + was least inhibitory. Similarly, K + was most readily transported into the cells, whereas Na + was least readily taken up. The effects of the acids and the implications in K + transport are discussed.

Correlation of the metabolic effects of benzalkonium chloride with its membrane effects in yeast

To non-growing suspensions of baker's yeast at pH 5·5 were added varying amounts of the cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride. The percentage of cells stained by Nile Blue dye in the presence of calcium chloride, the percentage of potassium lost from the cells, the percentage inhibitions of rates of anaerobic glucose utilization and CO 2 production, and the decarboxylation of exogenous pyruvate (as percentage of maximal rate of decarboxylation) were found to be equal for any given surfactant concentration in the range of concentrations used. Results were interpreted as an all-or-none phenomenon for individual cells in suspension, i.e. as the concentration of surfactant was raised, greater numbers of cells simultaneously released all or nearly all of their potassium, ceased fermenting, and commenced to decarboxylate pyruvate. The results are discussed.

Studies on the metabolism of Echinococcus granulosus: I. General chemical composition and respiratory reactions

1. 1. Hydatid cyst scolices contain large amounts of protein and smaller amounts of lipids. Less inorganic substances are present than in other immature tapeworms. Two polysaccharides are stored: glycogen and a polysaccharide containing galactose and glucosamine. 2. 2. Under an oxygen tension of atmospheric air the scolices consume oxygen at a rapid rate (Q o 2 = 2) with an over-all RQ of 0.88. 3. 3. The anaerobic CO 2 production is pronounced, but the sources of this CO 2 have not been established. 4. 4. The aerobic and anaerobic gaseous exchanges are highly sensitive to inhibitors of glycolysis, but dl-glyceraldehyde is completely ineffective. 5. 5. The aerobic respiration is markedly cyanide sensitive. 6. 6. The aerobic respiration is inhibited by fluoroacetate, but not by malonate. 7. 7. The Q 10 of the oxygen consumption is 2.1 in the range 28 to 38 °C. Temperatures of 42 and 45 °C are beyond the optimum. 8. 8. The respiration remains about constant in the pH range 4.5 to 8.5. 9. 9. The ionic composition of the medium has a considerable influence on the respiratory rate, hydatid cyst fluid and Ringer's solution sustaining the respiration best.

Comparative physiological studies on two geographical strains of Australorbis glabratus

1. 1. Two laboratory-reared strains of Australorbis glabratus, derived originally from Venezuela and Brazil, showed no difference in inorganic substances, ether extract, and nitrogen content. The shells of the Venezuelan strain were significantly heavier than those of the Brazilian one, and the former stored about twice as much polysaccharide as did the latter. 2. 2. Neither strain was capable of using inulin or a dextran from Leuconostoc to synthesize polysaccharide. The feeding of cornstarch, or cornstarch fraction A, lead to a pronounced and equal synthesis of polysaccharide in the two strains, indicating that the difference in polysaccharide levels maintained on the normal diet was not due to differences in synthesizing or storage capacity. 3. 3. Both strains had an identical rate of oxygen consumption, but the Brazilian snails produced significantly less anaerobic carbon dioxide than the Venezuelan ones. An increase in the polysaccharide content to the same high level in both strains lead to an increase in anaerobic CO 2 production in both, but the percentage difference between the strains persisted. 4. 4. The Brazilian strain tolerated anaerobiosis for shorter periods than did the Venezuelan one. This difference appeared to be due to the lower polysaccharide levels maintained by the Brazilian snails on the normal diet. Increasing the polysaccharide level did not change the anaerobic survival of the Venezuelan snails, but it increased that of the Brazilian snails to approximately the same period as that shown by the former.

Influence of diethylstilbestrol and related substances on respiratory metabolism of yeast

Diethylstilbestrol was found to have an action on yeast metabolism analogous to, but more potent than, that of dinitrophenol (DNP). With increasing concentration, stilbestrol first markedly stimulated endogenous respiration of yeast and then depressed it below control levels. The combined action of DNP and stilbestrol on endogenous O 2 uptake of yeast was similar to that of a higher concentration of stilbestrol acting alone. In acting on endogenous yeast fermentation, stilbestrol evoked an initial evolution of CO 2, which fell off rapidly with time. Total anaerobic CO 2 evolved increased with increasing stilbestrol concentration, throughout the range of reagent concentrations employed. With glucose present, stilbestrol inhibited both respiration and fermentation of yeast, the inhibitory action becoming more marked with increasing reagent concentrations. It is suggested that the inhibitory influence of stilbestrol, and by analogy perhaps also of DNP, on yeast metabolism may be related to the activity of these substances as competitive hydrogen carriers.

Influence of several sulfhydryl reagents on yeast metabolism

At high concentrations, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid stimulated endogenous O 2 uptake and anaerobic CO 2 production of yeast. The reagent exerted only an inhibitory action on exogenous glucose metabolism of yeast, both aerobic and anaerobic. Mercuribenzoate and diethylstilbestrol displayed synergistic action on the respiratory metabolism of yeast.

The effect of H 2O 2 on colony formation and anaerobic CO 2 production by yeast

Under certain conditions of growth H 2O 2 at concentrations of the orderof 2 to 4·10 −6 g/ml, inhibits the anaerobic CO 2 production of yeast. This inhibiton by H 2O 2 is independent of the cell density. The fact that increasing the cell number does not confer protection against the action of H 2O 2 suggests that H 2O 2 may not be the only active agent inirradiated yeast suspensions. Finally, H 2O 2 at the concentrations employed has only a small effect on colony formation.

Effects of ionizing radiations on enzyme activities of yeast cells. I. Relation between anaerobic CO2 production and colony production at intervals after x‐radiation

Effects of ionizing radiations on enzyme activities of yeast cells. I. Relation between anaerobic CO₂ production and colony production at intervals after x‐radiation

Studies on the kinetics of cell respiration. V. Effect of certain organic compounds on the rate of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic CO2 production by Saccharomyces wanching

Studies on the kinetics of cell respiration. V. Effect of certain organic compounds on the rate of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic CO₂ production by Saccharomyces wanching