Anaerobic Capacity Research Articles

Physical Fitness in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Systematic Review.

To synthesize evidence about physical fitness levels in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) compared with typically developing (TD) children. We searched four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) for cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies comparing physical fitness between children with and without DCD. We assessed the methodological quality of the studies with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). We calculated Cohen's d effect sizes to provide clinical evidence of group differences in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, muscle strength, body composition and flexibility. We included 32 studies for qualitative synthesis after applying eligibility criteria. All selected studies ranged from moderate to high research quality. Effect sizes in favor of typically developing children over children with DCD were large for aerobic capacity (d = 1.15), anaerobic capacity (d = 0.90), and muscle strength (d = 0.79), and small for body composition (d = 0.43) and flexibility (d = 0.21) outcomes. Children with DCD presented significantly lower physical fitness than their typically developing peers, particularly in aerobic and anaerobic capacity and in muscle strength.

Ski-orienteering: a scientific perspective on a multi-dimensional challenge

Ski-orienteering, which combines cross-country skiing with orienteering, dates back to the late 1800s, with the first World Championships in 1975. While researchers have explored the physiological and biomechanical determinants of success in cross-country skiing and orienteering separately in detail, scientific knowledge concerning ski-orienteering remains limited. Based on the information that is presently available together with interviews with elite ski-orienteers, we explore here for the first time the historical development, physiological, biomechanical, and psychological demands, certain training strategies, and future prospects and challenges associated with this sport, including its potential to become an Olympic event. A demanding endurance sport (with racing times of 12–120 min), ski-orienteering requires both considerable aerobic and anaerobic capacity, as well as well-trained upper and lower body muscles. In addition, ski-orienteering demands advanced skiing technique on various types of terrain, with frequent changes between sub-techniques, on both wide and narrow tracks and with numerous turns on downhill terrain. Moreover, success in this sport requires accurate and rapid orienteering—the ability to navigate a complex network of ski tracks with numerous intersections/crossings in a manner designed to pass the multiple control points in the order indicated on the map as rapidly as possible, i.e., advanced spatial cognition and highly developed navigational skills. Thus, ski-orienteering requires training designed to improve both relevant physiological characteristics and orienteering skills, which should become the focus of future interdisciplinary research on this complex sport.

Is there any correlation between anaerobic performance and vertical jump height in female volleyball athletes?

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to investigate the correlation of anaerobic power and capacity on vertical jump performance in female volleyball athletes. MethodsThirty-five female volleyball athletes who play at elite level, participated in the study voluntarily. Anaerobic power and capacity were measured by Wingate Anaerobic Performance Test, while vertical jump performance was measured by Optojump Photoelectric Cell System. Vertical jump performance was evaluated in two different jump positions as squat jump and countermovement jump. ResultsAs a result of the correlation analysis of the data obtained with the tests, no relationship was found between anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity with squat and countermovement jump (p > 0.05). However, there are not significant relationship between relative anaerobic power and capacity with squat and countermovement jump (p < 0.05). Also, there is a negative correlation between body mass index and squat jump (r = −0.454) and countermovement jump (r = −0.590). ConclusionsOur results revealed that while anaerobic power and capacity are not related to jump performance, relative anaerobic power and capacity are related to vertical jump performance.

Effect of HIIT on Motor Performance in Female Handball Players

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of interval training at four different intensities in addition to handball training for 8 weeks on aerobic-anaerobic, speed and agility pa-rameters in female handball players. Twenty female handball players (experimental group: 10; control group: 10) voluntarily participated in the studyThe experimental group trained in high-intensity interval training (HIIT) 3 days a week for 8 weeks in addition to handball training, while the control group was allowed to continue their standard training program. The anaerobic capacity, speed, and agility of the experimental and control groups were measured twice before and after an 8-week training program. The HIIT training program for the experimental group was adapted to the movements most commonly used in handball. The values of the data obtained from the handball players were analyzed. ANOVA for mixed measures was applied to determine the difference between the pre-test and post-test values of the experimental and control groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) between the pre and post-test values of the 20-m sprint test of the experimental and control groups of HIIT training for handball players, while there was no statistically significant difference between the pre and post-test values of the anaerobic capacity and agility test of HIIT training. In conclusion, it is recommended to include HIIT training in the training periodization of handball players during the season, and it is believed that it will have a positive effect on players' speed performance.

COVID-19 기간 전·후에 따른 수영 선수의 폐활량과 무산소성 운동능력 및 체력의 비교 분석

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate lung capacity, anaerobic exercise capacity, and fitness in high school swimmers before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study was conducted on 30 male high school swimmers and evaluated lung capacity, anaerobic exercise capacity, and fitness before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The study analyzed measurement variables obtained from the group through IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0, and an independent sample t-test was used to compare and analyze the lung capacity, anaerobic exercise capacity, and fitness of swimmers before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Statistically significant differences in back strength, sit-up, repeated jumps, whole-body reaction, and trunk forward flexion were found between the groups before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation of the lung capacity and anaerobic exercise capacity of swimmers before and after COVID-19 pandemic did not find statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: This study showed significant differences by group and will provide guidance on the development of a systematic training program for swimmers.

The Analysis of the Effects of Interval Training Program on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Slalom and Giant Slalom Athletes

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of interval training on the aerobic and anaerobic performance of elite-level athletes in slalom and giant slalom disciplines. The study consisted of thirteen male athletes in the alpine skiing discipline (slalom-giant slalom). The heights of the athletes were measured with a stadiometer with a precision of ±1mm (Holtain, UK). Weight measurements were conducted using a Tanita brand body composition analyzer (BC, 418 Tanita, Japan) with a precision of 100 grams. For aerobic power and capacity testing, a breath-by-breath measurement method was employed using the Cosmed K5 portable gas analysis system (Italy). The MaxVO2 protocol was performed on a cycle ergometer, and the anaerobic power and capacity test were conducted using the Wingate method. Aerobic/anaerobic power values of athletes were measured twice, before and after a 4-week interval training program. An Independent Samples T-Test was used to identify differences between pre-test and post-test values of athletes. Significant relationships were found between pre-test and post-test values of MaxVO2, peak power, average power, and power drop percentage for slalom and giant slalom athletes subjected to interval training (p0.05). In conclusion, interval training was observed to increase body muscle mass, reduce body fat percentage, and enhance aerobic and anaerobic capacity in slalom and giant slalom athletes. Including interval training in the content of athletes' training programs when creating annual training plans is considered to positively influence aerobic and anaerobic performance using the interval training method.

Dietary Methionine Enhances Portal Appearance of Guanidinoacetate and Synthesis of Creatine in Yucatan Miniature Piglets

BackgroundCreatine plays a significant role in energy metabolism and positively impacts anaerobic energy capacity, muscle mass, and physical performance. Endogenous creatine synthesis requires guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and methionine. GAA can be an alternative to creatine supplements and has been tested as a beneficial feed additive in the animal industry. When pigs are fed GAA with excess methionine, creatine is synthesized without feedback regulation. In contrast, when dietary methionine is limited, creatine synthesis is limited, yet, GAA does not accumulate in plasma, urine, or liver. ObjectiveWe hypothesized that portal GAA appearance requires adequate dietary methionine. MethodsYucatan miniature piglets (17–21 d old; n = 20) were given a 4 h duodenal infusion of complete elemental diets with supplemental GAA plus 1 of 4 methionine concentrations representing either 20%, 80%, 140%, or 200% of the dietary methionine requirement. Arterial and portal blood metabolites were measured along with blood flow to determine mass balance across the gut. [3H-methyl] methionine was infused to measure the methionine incorporation rate into creatine. ResultsGAA balance across the gut was highest in the 200% methionine group, indicating excess dietary methionine enhanced GAA absorption. Creatine synthesis in the liver and jejunum was higher with higher concentrations of methionine, emphasizing that the transmethylation of GAA to creatine depends on sufficient dietary methionine. Hepatic GAA concentration was higher in the 20% methionine group, suggesting low dietary methionine limited GAA conversion to creatine, which led to GAA accumulation in the liver. ConclusionsGAA absorption and conversion to creatine require a sufficient amount of methionine, and the supplementation strategies should accommodate this interaction.

Influence of sexual maturation on anaerobic performance of male adolescent wrestlers

This study aimed to examine the impact of sexual maturation on the anaerobic performance of male adolescent wrestlers. Methods: We included a sample of 29 freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers from various clubs in Barinas, Venezuela. Their physical characteristics were as follows (mean ± SD): age, 14.99 ± 1.83 years; body mass, 54.68 ± 16.80 kg; height, 161.06 ± 12.78 cm; body fat, 12.09 ± 4.11%; body mass index (BMI), 20.58 ± 3.79 kg/m2; and training experience, 3.66 ± 2.27 years. Sexual maturation was evaluated using Tanner's criteria, while anaerobic performance was assessed with the 30-second Wingate test for both lower and upper body. Results: There were moderate to strong significant correlations between maturation development and both peak power (PP) and average power (AP) — for both absolute and relative measures — for the lower and upper body. The fatigue index (%FI) for the lower body did not show any correlation with maturation development or with the pubescent and postpubescent maturation categories. Conversely, the %FI for the upper body demonstrated a significant moderate correlation with maturation development and with the postpubescent maturation category. Additionally, a strong significant correlation was observed between the pubescent maturation category and both PP and AP (absolute and relative) for the lower body. A moderate correlation was found between the postpubescent category and PP (absolute) for the upper body. PP (absolute) and AP (relative) for the upper body had a moderate correlation with the pubescent maturation category, while the postpubescent category showed a strong correlation with PP (absolute), AP (absolute), and AP (relative). Conclusion: The stages of sexual maturation significantly influence the anaerobic capacity of adolescent wrestlers, potentially affecting their training adaptations for peak performance. Future research should explore the physiological responses to training protocols tailored to specific stages of maturation.

The Effects of Load, Crank Position, and Sex on the Biomechanics and Performance during an Upper Body Wingate Anaerobic Test.

The upper body Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) is a 30-s maximal effort sprint against a set load (percentage of body mass). However, there is no consensus on the optimal load and no differential values for males and females, even when there are well-studied anatomical and physiological differences in muscle mass for the upper body. Our goal was to describe the effects of load, sex, and crank position on the kinetics, kinematics, and performance of the upper body WAnT. Eighteen participants (9 females) performed three WAnTs at 3%, 4%, and 5% of body mass. Arm crank forces, 2D kinematics, and performance variables were recorded during each WAnT. Our results showed an increase of ~49% effective force, ~36% peak power, ~5° neck flexion, and ~30° shoulder flexion from 3% to 5% load ( P < 0.05). Mean power and anaerobic capacity decreased by 15%, with no changes in fatigue index ( P < 0.05). The positions of higher force efficiency were at 12 and 6 o'clock. The least force efficiency occurred at 3 o'clock ( P < 0.05). Sex differences showed that males produced 97% more effective force and 109% greater mean power than females, with 11.7% more force efficiency ( P < 0.001). Males had 16° more head/neck flexion than females, and females had greater elbow joint variability with 17° more wrist extension at higher loads. Males cycled ~32% faster at 3% versus 5% WAnT load with a 65% higher angular velocity than females. Grip strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, mass, and height positively correlated with peak and mean power ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, load, sex, and crank position have a significant impact on performance of the WAnT. These factors should be considered when developing and implementing an upper body WAnT.

The Use of Sleds as a Unique Training Technique for Anaerobic Performance Development among Young Basketball Players

(1) Playing basketball entails intense anaerobic activities, including short sprints, sudden stops, rapid direction changes, and jumps. Common training methods for enhancing players’ anaerobic fitness comprise sprint training, jump exercises, and interval training. The aim of this research was to compare the impact of three sprint-training methods on anaerobic capacity. (2) The study included 25 male basketball players, aged 16–18 years, from the National Youth League in Israel. The participants were divided into three groups: sled-pushing, sled-dragging (intervention), and no sled (control) sprint training. Twice-weekly sessions were conducted over a five-week period, in addition to their regular basketball training. Pre- and post-intervention tests included vertical and horizontal jumps, 5 and 20 m sprints, and agility tests. (3) The study revealed significant improvements in the horizontal jump in the sled-pushing group (≈3%) and a near-significant improvement in the sled-dragging group (≈2.9%). Less improvement was seen in the control group (≈1.8%). No improvements were seen in the vertical jump performance in any groups, despite an increase in the sled-pushing group (≈5.5%) and in the sled-dragging group (≈3%) compared to that in the control group (≈1.2%). Finally, no improvements were seen in sprint speed and agility in any group. (4) Despite the modest improvements observed in most tests across the three groups, the consistent and significant enhancement seen in the sled-pushing and sled-dragging groups compared to that in the control group suggests potential benefits for sled assistance in anaerobic training in young basketball players.

Local Muscle Oxygenation Differences between Lower Limbs according to Muscle Mass in Breath-Hold Divers

Oxidative potential and anaerobic capacity could be influential to the training regimen and performance of breath-hold diving (BHD) athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the differences in local muscle oxygenation between the lower limbs according to the muscle mass percentage in spearfishermen and freedivers. The sample of participants included 21 BHD athletes (13 freedivers; 8 spearfishermen; 4 females). Their chronological age was 35.5 ± 8.6 years, body mass was 79.3 ± 9.1 kg, and height was 182.5 ± 13.0 cm. Participants’ training experience was 10.6 ± 9.5 years. The variables in this study included anthropometric indices, the Wingate anaerobic test, and muscle oxygen dynamics parameters. The results show significant differences for freedivers between the lower limbs (muscle mass percentage, p &lt; 0.00; minimal SmO2%, p = 0.05; and maximal SmO2%, p = 0.04). However, when observing only spearfisherman, there is only one significant difference between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb (percentage of lower limb muscle mass, 85.73 ± 2.42, 85.16 ± 2.40%, respectively; p = 0.02). The results of this study demonstrate that freedivers have significant asymmetries between the lower limbs in muscle oxygenation parameters when observing the lower limb dominance in relation to the percentage of muscle mass. These findings suggest different muscular oxygenation adaptations to the load set upon athletes.

Acute alcohol ingestion decreases the work done above the end-test power during a 3-min all-out cycling exercise.

Alcohol ingestion influences metabolism during a subsequent exercise session, as evidenced by increased blood lactate concentration during fixed-intensity exercise. Therefore, augmented blood concentrations of alcohol may interfere with the anaerobic metabolism during high-intensity, short-duration exercise bout, thereby leading to impaired athletic performance. This study investigated whether the acute ingestion of alcohol as ethanol modulates performance parameters derived from the power-duration relationship in a 3-min all-out cycling test that allows for identifying the power output related to heavy and severe exercise intensities. Twenty-four recreationally active cyclists (16 men and 8 women) ingested a beverage containing either 0.4g ethanol.kg-1 body mass (EtOH) or a placebo (PLA) solution. Thirty minutes following ingestion, they completed a 3-min all-out test to measure power output and determine the end-test power (EP) and the work done above EP (WEP). Alcohol ingestion decreased WEP by 16% (EtOH: 5.6 ± 2.5kJ vs. PLA: 6.7 ± 2.4kJ; P = .003) but did not change EP (EtOH: 211 ± 44W vs. PLA: 212 ± 44W; P = .671). The alcohol-mediated effect in WEP was not influenced when controlling for participants' sex or accuracy in identifying the beverage ingested. Our data indicate that alcohol ingestion impaired the anaerobic work capacity, as evidenced by the reduction in WEP during the 3-min all-out test. Moreover, the ability to exercise at an intensity above the heavy domain may be decreased after ingestion of a moderate alcohol dose.

Repeated-Sprint Training With Blood-Flow Restriction Improves Repeated-Sprint Ability Similarly to Unrestricted Training at Reduced External Loads.

This study examined performance and physiological adaptations following 3 weeks of repeated-sprint training (RST) with blood-flow restriction (BFR) or without (non-BFR). Twenty-six semiprofessional and amateur adult male team-sport players were assessed for repeated-sprint ability, anaerobic capacity, leg lean mass, neuromuscular function, and maximal aerobic capacity before and after RST. Participants completed 9 cycling RST sessions (3 sets of 5-7 × 5-s sprints, 25-s passive recovery, 3-min rest) over a 3-week period with BFR or non-BFR. During RST sessions, the BFR group demonstrated lower mean power output compared with non-BFR (-14.5%; g = 1.48; P = .001). Significant improvements (P < .05) in mean and peak power output during repeated-sprint ability (+4.1%; g = 0.42, and + 2.2%; g = 0.25, respectively) and anaerobic capacity (+4.8%; g = 0.47, and + 4.7%; g = 0.32, respectively) tests, leg lean mass (+2.0%; g = 0.16), and peak aerobic power (+3.3%; g = 0.25) were observed from pretesting to posttesting without any between-groups differences. No significant changes (P > .05) were observed for maximal isometric voluntary contraction and maximal aerobic capacity. Peak rate of force development decreased (P = .003) in both groups following RST (-14.6%; g = 0.65), without any between-groups differences. Repeated-sprint ability, anaerobic capacity, leg lean mass, and peak aerobic power improved following 3 weeks of RST; however, the addition of BFR did not further enhance adaptations. Interestingly, comparable improvements were achieved between groups despite lower external loads experienced during RST sessions with BFR.

The Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain 2 (PHD2) Deficiency Enhances Maximal Exercise Capacity

PURPOSE: Hypoxic training is beneficial for improving endurance performance. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a key transcription factor that regulates the hypoxic-responsive pathway. Stabilization of HIF by inactivating prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) under low oxygen tension, triggers angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and glycolysis. Glycolytic capacity is essential to perform anaerobic exercise. This study aims to verify whether the upregulation of glycolytic metabolism under the hypoxic-responsive pathway enhances exercise capacity.METHODS: We employed tamoxifen-inducible conditional PHD2 knock-out (KO) mice that exhibited stabilized HIF-alpha. To evaluate anaerobic exercise capacity, a rodent treadmill exercise test was performed. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was conducted using C2C12 myoblasts after PHD2 siRNA transfection.RESULTS: PHD2KO mice exhibited increased red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values, along with enhanced maximal exercise performance compared to littermate wild-type (WT) mice. PHD2 deficiency promoted maximal exercise capacity and resulted in lower blood lactate levels. RNAseq analysis revealed that PHD2-deficient myoblasts increased the expression of genes related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and muscle contraction.CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PHD2 deficiency-induced activation of the hypoxic-responsive pathway enhances maximal exercise capacity.

The enhancement of explosive power contributes to the development of anaerobic capacity: A comparison of autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise and velocity-based resistance training

Background/ObjectivesDue to the character of the taekwondo, the adenosine triphosphate–phosphocreatine system provides the energy for each kick, the glycolytic system supports the repeated execution of kicks, and the aerobic system promotes recovery between these movements and the bout. Therefore, taekwondo athletes require high explosive power and anaerobic capacity in order to carry out sustained and powerful attacks. So, the purpose of this study is to compare the effects of APRE and VBRT on lower-limb explosive power and anaerobic capacity in college taekwondo players. MethodsA total of 30 taekwondo players completed an 8-week training intervention with autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise (APRE; n = 15) and velocity-based resistance training (VBRT; n = 15). Testing included the one-repetition maximum squat, countermovement jump (CMJ), taekwondo anaerobic intermittent kick test (TAIKT), and 30-s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Results(1) Intragroup comparisons revealed significant effects for one-repetition maximum squat, peak power of CMJ (CMJPP), relative peak power of CMJ (CMJRPP), and total number of TAIKT (TAIKTTN) in both the APRE and VBRT groups. The VBRT group exhibited small effect sizes for time at peak power of WAnT (WAnTPPT) and moderate effect sizes for peak power of WAnT (WAnTPP), relative peak power of WAnT (WAnTRPP), and fatigue index of TAIKT (TAIKTFI), whereas the APRE group exhibited small effect sizes for TAIKTFI. (2) Intergroup comparisons revealed no significant effects in any of the results. However, VBRT demonstrated a moderate advantage in WAnTPP and WAnTRPP, whereas APRE had a small advantage in CMJPP and CMJRPP. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that APRE improved explosive power (CMJPP and CMJRPP) more, whereas VBRT improved anaerobic power output (WAnTPP and WAnTRPP) more. Both methods were found to have similar effects in improving the anaerobic endurance (WAnTPPT and TAIKTTN) and fatigue index (power drop of WAnT and TAIKTFI).

ANAEROBIC ENDURANCE IN YOUNG FEMALE HANDBALL ATHLETES

Introduction: Handball is a team sport with intermittent characteristics, alternating high intensity stimuli with periods of low intensity. Handball is characterized by an aerobic predominance, but it is anaerobic stimuli that determine the actions of the game. As several anaerobic actions are performed during the game, understanding the resistance of this metabolism in athletes becomes important. Objective: To compare the variables of anaerobic resistance in young players from different handball positions. Materials and methods: twenty female players with an average age of 16.8± 0.8 years participated in this study. The Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was performed, which consisted of 6 sprints of 35 meters of running. Maximum, average and minimum power (absolute and relative) and fatigue index were calculated. Statistics with mean, standard deviation were used. To compare the different groups, ANOVA was used. Results: It was possible to observe values without significant statistical differences between the athletes in absolute power. In relative powers, it was possible to verify that point guards and wingers had higher values than goalkeepers and pivots (p&lt;0.05). In relation to the fatigue index, wingers and point guards had lower values than goalkeepers and pivots (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: both in terms of power and fatigue index, point guards and wingers have better anaerobic conditioning than strikers and pivots. And pivots have better anaerobic capacity than goalkeepers. Further research on this topic is suggested to further consolidate the subject.

Fuzzy controller system utilization to increase the hydrogen production bioreactor capacity: toward sustainability and low carbon technology

Abstract The utilization of bio-hydrogen as a fuel source holds immense promise as a renewable energy option, offering compelling economic and environmental advantages. This study investigates the economic and environmental advantages of bio-hydrogen as a renewable energy source compared to fossil fuels, focusing on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The enhancement of anaerobic hydrogen production reactor capacity is explored through the application of a fuzzy controller system. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the fuzzy controller outperforms other methods in augmenting biological hydrogen production, effectively addressing the inherent non-linear characteristics of the system. In contrast, limitations in robustness against system uncertainty are observed with the non-linear controller. Exceptional tracking of desired values by the fuzzy controller, even in the presence of model uncertainty, results in a lower integral of time multiplied by squared error (ITSE) performance index compared to non-linear and proportional–integral controllers. Emphasizing the viability of the fuzzy method for regulating hydrogen production processes, potential gains of up to 95% in biological hydrogen production are indicated compared to open-loop configurations. This clean-burning fuel holds promise for industrial applications, contributing to the reduction of harmful gas emissions. The findings underscore the transformative potential of the fuzzy controller system in advancing sustainable hydrogen production and its significant role in addressing environmental concerns.

Physical performance determinants in competitive youth swimmers: a systematic review.

Youth swimming performance is determined by several physiological, biomechanical and anthropometric characteristics. This review aimed to identify physical performance determinants of youth swimming performance, assessing strength, power, anaerobic, aerobic and body composition measures. ̇ METHODS: Searches were conducted in electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using keywords relating to swimming and physiological measures, supplemented by citation searching of similar reviews. A total of 843 studies were identified in the initial search. The following inclusion criteria were used: participants were competitive/trained swimmers; swimming time-trial or event was conducted; data was provided on one or more physiological parameters; study was published in English and peer-reviewed. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Cross-sectional studies scored between 4-8 and randomised-controlled trials scored 8-9 on their respective JBI checklists. Youth swimming performance was determined by muscle strength, muscle power, lean body mass, anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures in most studies, where improved performance values of these variables were conducive to swimming performance. Body fat percentage did not have a clear relationship in youth swimmingperformance. Findings of this review suggest that greater levels of muscle strength, muscle power and lean body mass are favourable in swimming performance, with muscle strength and muscle power particularly beneficial for start and turn performance. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures were good determinants of swimming performance, with middle- and long-distance events more influenced by the latter. Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance, where further investigation is required. Findings were inconsistent across studies, potentially due to unidentified confounding factors. • Greater muscular strength and power qualities, anaerobic and aerobic capacities, and lean body mass are conducive to swimming performance. • Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance. • Practitioners should consider general strength and power training as a useful tool to enhance performance in their youth competitors.

Use of Inter-Effort Recovery Hypoxia as a New Approach to Improve Anaerobic Capacity and Time to Exhaustion.

Putti, Germano Marcolino, Gabriel Peinado Costa, Matheus Silva Norberto, Carlos Dellavechia de Carvalho, Rômulo Cássio de Moraes Bertuzzi, and Marcelo Papoti. Use of inter-effort recovery hypoxia as a new approach to improve anaerobic capacity and time to exhaustion. High Alt Med Biol. 25:68-76, 2024. Background: Although adding hypoxia to high-intensity training may offer some benefits, a significant problem of this training model is the diminished quality of the training session when performing efforts in hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training and tapering combined with inter-effort recovery hypoxia (IEH) on anaerobic capacity, as estimated by alternative maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAODALT) and time to exhaustion (TTE). Methods: Twenty-four amateur runners performed, for 5 weeks, 3 sessions per week of training consisted of ten 1-minute bouts at 120% (weeks 1-3) and 130% (weeks 4 and 5) of maximum velocity (VMAX) obtained in graded exercise test, separated by a 2-minute interval in IEH (IEH, n = 11, FIO2 = 0.136) or normoxia (NOR, n = 13, fraction of inspired oxygen = 0.209). Before training, after training, and after 1 week of tapering, a graded exercise test and a maximal effort to exhaustion at 120% of VMAX were performed to determine TTE and MAODALT. The results were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, and a clinical analysis was also realized by the smallest worthwhile change. Results: MAODALT increased only in IEH after training (0.8 ± 0.5 eq.lO2) and tapering (0.8 ± 0.5 eq.lO2), with time x group interaction. TTE increased for the pooled groups after taper (23 ± 11 seconds) and only for IEH alone (29 ± 16 seconds). Clinical analysis revealed a small size increase for NOR and a moderate size increase for IEH. Conclusions: Although the effects should be investigated in other populations, it can be concluded that IEH is a promising model for improving anaerobic performance and capacity. World Health Organization Universal Trial Number: U1111-1295-9954. University's ethics committee registration number: CAAE: 32220020.0.0000.5659.

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF THE AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL JUDO SQUAD: COMPARATIVE ANALYSES

Judo is an increasingly demanding sport, requiring athletes to achieve excellent physical fitness and condition for competition [1,2]. This study aimed to identify key indicators of judo performance in the Azerbaijan National Judo squad. Using a cross-sectional design, the study compared the physiological profiles of high-ranked and lowranked judokas. Despite no statistically significant differences found in body composition, cardiovascular fitness, and anaerobic capacity between the groups, the study emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach when evaluating factors influencing success in judo. Future research should explore non-physiological and psychological factors to gain a comprehensive understanding of success determinants in judo. In summary, this study's novelty lies in comparing the physiological profiles of high-ranked and low-ranked judokas, comprehensively assessing body composition and cardiovascular fitness, acknowledging the multifaceted nature of judo performance, and considering contextual factors.