Anabolic Steroid Administration Research Articles

Capillary column gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of anabolic steroid residues using splitless injections made at elevated temperatures.

The use of capillary column gas chromatography mass spectrometry has been investigated for the detection of the presence of estrane-3,17 alpha-diol in horse urine extracts; the detection of this diol confirms the administration of anabolic steroids based upon 19-nortestosterone. To reduce analysis time, but yet maintain a solvent effect in the splitless injection mode, injections have been made at elevated temperatures (190-220 degree C) using high boiling solvents (dodecane b.p. 214 degree C and tetradecane b.p. 252 degree C).

The Use of Anabolic Steroids in Athletics

In recent years, the use of anabolic steroids has increased dramatically among athletes in a variety of sports. These athletes believe strongly that taking anabolic steroids enhances their performance. However, research in this area shows mixed results. No animal studies, using a variety of training and performance protocols, have shown that anabolic steroid administration modifies performance in a positive way. Studies on human males reveal inconsistent results. Most studies on human males have found an increased performance, usually a measure of strength, associated with anabolic steroid administration and training above that of training alone. Factors affecting the results of some of the human studies are the absence of proper control groups and “side effects” created by the drugs which tend to obviate the establishment of adequate controls by signifying the presence of the drug to the subject.

Changes in the cytoplasmic androgen receptor of rat ventral prostate after administration of androgens, antiandrogens and anabolic steroids.

The effect of the administration of androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone(, antiandrogens (progesterone and cyproterone acetate) and anabolic steroids (Bolandiol, Nandrolone, Furazabol and Methenolone) on depletion and replenishment of the androgen receptor in the cytosol of ventral prostate from castrated rats was examined using 3H-R1881 as the ligand. Administration of androgens lead to a rapid fall in the level of the receptor and the receptor in the cytosol was replenished in the period following treatment. Length of the period of receptor depletion was dependent on the dose of androgen administered. Administration of antiandrogens did not cause any depletion of the receptor and concomitant administration of testosterone induced a pattern similar to that of the depletion observed following administration of testosterone alone. Effect of pretreatment of animals with ethidium bromide, an intercalating dye which has been shown to prevent the in vitro nuclear binding of steroid hormone-receptor complexes, on the depletion of receptor induced by testosterone administration was also insignificant. Anabolic steroids depleted the receptor but the degree of depletion was relatively low. The rate of inhibition of in vitro 3H-R1881 binding by these anabolic steroids was not correlated to the rate of in vivo depletion of the receptor. The significance of these observations is discussed.

Detection of anabolic steroid administration to athletes

The main synthetic anabolic steroids used in athletics can be detected by a radioimmunoassay screening technique applied to methylene chloride extracts of unhydrolysed urine. The 17α-methylsteroids, which are active on oral administration, can all be detected with an antiserum prepared against 17α-methyltestosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime-HSA. The preparations active by intramuscular injection, 19-nortestosterone phenylpropionate or decanoate and also the orally active 17α-ethyl steroids, norethandrolone and ethylestrenol, can be detected using an antiserum directed against 19-nortestosterone-17β-hemisuccinate-HSA. The possibility of detecting administration of the natural androgen testosterone by its effect on the suppression of endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) has been investigated. Ten male volunteers (aged 18–23 years) given two injections of Primotestone (250 mg) either 7 days or 14 days apart, all showed dramatic increases in the ratio of testosterone to LH. The mean ratio of testosterone (nmol/l) to LH (u/l) in the plasma rose from 4.8 ± 0.2 (S.E.) before injection to 72 ± 6 after injection. The mean ratio of free testosterone (nmol/24 h) to LH (u/24 h) excreted in the urine increased from 0.4 ± 0.03 to 2.3 ± 0.18 and that of total testosterone to LH from 41 ± 2.6 to 298 ± 26

Peliosis hepatis. Report of nine cases.

Nine cases of peliosis hepatis are reported: five of these were associated with the administration of androgen or anabolic androgenic steroids and a sixth with large doses of medroxy-progesterone acetate. In five instances, neoplasm was present as an underlying disease. Antemortem evidence of liver disease was detected in six of seven cases but was not severe and had not contributed to death. The pathogenesis of blood-filled cystic cavities is discussed and the literature reviewed. Angiopathy of hepatic sinusoids in patients with wasting diseases or in those receiving androgens in coexistence with passive congestion of the liver appear to be factors in the pathogenesis of pleiosis hepatis.

Radioimmunoassay technique for detecting urinary excretion products after administration of synthetic anabolic steroids to the horse.

1. Cross-bred and thoroughbred geldings were injected with veterinary doses of various synthetic anabolic steroids. Urines collected sequentially from treated animals were analysed, following solvent extraction, by radioimmunoassay using 19-[3H]nortestosterone and an antibody raised against a 19-nortestosterone immunogen. 2. Urinary excretion of 19-nortestosterone and/or its cross-reacting metabolites was detectable for various times after administration of different nortestosterone esters, as follows: phenylpropionate (400 mg), greater than 14 days; cyclohexylpropionate (100 mg), greather than 10 days; laurate (200 mg) greater than 50 days. After administration of the parent steroid (150 mg) cross-reacting compounds were detectable in urine for ca. 3 days. 3. Urinary excretion of esters of other anabolic steroids cross-reacting with the 19-nortestosterone antibody (e.g. 1-dehydrotestosterone and trienbolone) could also be followed by analysing solvent extracts of urines by the radioimmunoassay. Cross-reacting compounds in urine after administration of 1-dehydrotestosterone undecylenate (250 mg) and trienbolone acetate (75 mg) could be detected for greater than 35 days and greather than 5 days, respectively.

Effects of an anabolic steroid and sprint training on selected histochemical and morphological observations in rat skeletal muscle types.

The effects on selected histochemical and morphological parameters of anabolic steroid administration and of high-intensity sprint running, separately, and in combination, were studied in young adult male rats. Dianabol (methandrostenolone) 1 mg/day for 8 weeks had no significant effects on phosphorylase or glycogen staining intensities and on fiber area in skeletal muscles of either trained or sedentary animals. The program of sprint training resulted in significantly decreased intensities of phosphorylase in all ten regions of the gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscles that were studied. Glycogen localization was significantly increased with training in five regions of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles which contained predominantly fast-switch fibers. No changes in fiber area occurred with the training program. We conclude from these results that (a) normal androgen levels in young, healthy male animals are sufficiently high so that the intake of large doses of anabolic steroid does not result in the stimulation of glycogen metabolism or hypertrophy of skeletal muscle; (b) the changes induced by high-intensity, short-duration sprint training suggest that the existing glycolytic capacity of muscle is adequate to supply the muscles energy needs even during the stress of very strenous exercise, and that more fast-twitch fibers were recruited by the exercise regimen than slow-twitch fibers.

Effects of dianabol and high-intensity sprint training on body composition of rats.

The effects on body composition and organ weights of anabolic steroid administration and of high-intensity sprint running, separately and in combination, were studied in young adult male rats. Dianabol (methandrostenolone) 1 mg/day for 8 weeks had no significant effects on muscle weight or lean body mass in either the trained or the sedentary animals. The program of sprint training resulted in a lower body weight, a lesser percentage of body fat (Runners, 8.5%, vs. sedentary, 13.5% P less than 0.01) and a greater relative lean body mass (runners, 91.5% vs. sedentry, 86.5%, P less than 0.01). We conclude from these results that (a) normal androgen levels in young, healthy male animals are sufficiently high so that the addition of a large dose of anabolic steroid does not result in stimulation of additional muscle growth, and (b) the changes in body composition induced by high-intensity, short-duration sprint training are qualitatively similar to those seen with endurance exercise training.

The Antiketogenic Action of an Anabolic Steroid Administered to Ketotic Cows

The effects of an anabolic steroid, trienbolone acetate, in healthy early lactatiug cows and cows suffering from primary ketosis or an experimental ketosis are described. Four out of four cows with primary ketosis were restored to normal health following a single injection of 120 mg of anabolic steroid, and 2/3 cows responded to a single dose of 60 mg steroid, a third cow requiring a further injection of 60 mg steroid. Three out of three cows with a severe experimentally induced ketosis responded to a single injection of 60 mg steroid. In the ketotic cows treated with 120 mg steroid, significant decreases were observed in the blood concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate 24 h and 48 h after treatment. However, no hyperglycemic effect was observed in ketotic cows after the steroid therapy. The changes in hepatic metabolites following anabolic steroid administration were greater in healthy cows than ketotic COWS. In healthy cows there were significant increases in hepatic concentrations of citrate, 2-ketoglutarate, and some glucogenic amino-acids. In the ketotic liver, there was a tendency for some improvement towards normal values for intermediates of both the citric acid cycle and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. An interesting effect of the steroid in ketotic cows was the immediate improvement of appetite. Trienbolone acetate has no significant effect on milk yield of healthy cows over a 1-week period. Although complicated by the effects of a liver biopsy, the administration of an anabolic steroid improved the milk yield of ketotic cows.

Factors influencing in vitro tests of thyroid function in the elderly.

AbstractDeterminations of erythrocyte or resin I131‐triiodothyronine (T3) uptake and the serum protein‐bound iodine (PBI) concentration were made in 39 elderly patients on a geriatric ward and (for controls) on 20 relatively healthy residents of an old people's home.Difficulties in interpretation of these two tests of thyroid function may arise from a quantitative or qualitative alteration in thyroxine binding to protein. Some circumstances in which these test findings were altered in old people in the absence of clinical evidence of thyroid abnormality included accidental hypothermia, infections and the ingestion of certain drugs commonly used in geriatric practice, e.g., anabolic steroids. Results of the resin T3 uptake test were also more variable in elderly hospital patients than in normal old or young people. The changes in thyroxine binding by protein during administration of anabolic steroids were not due to competitive binding but to a reversible reduction in the amount of thyroxine‐binding protein.When determinations of thyroid function by in vitro tests are questionable, the free‐thyroxine index (the product of the T3 uptake and the PBI level) gives a true assessment of thyroid status.

タンパク同化ステロイド長期連続投与による血清コレステロールの変動 (第2報)

タンパク同化ステロイドに著明な低コレステロール作用のあることを認め, すでに本誌に発表した. 今回はタンパク同化ステロイド剤投与中止後の血清コレステロールの変動について検討した.対象はタンパク同化ステロイド剤を投与した動脈硬化症患者20例で, 対照として, placebo を投与した17例の患者を用いた.結果は次のごとくである.1) 血清コレステロールはタンパク同化ステロイド剤投与中止後, 投与前値に戻ったが, 投与中止後3ヵ月までは, 対照群と比較して, その値は低値を示した.2) タンパク同化ステロイド剤投与例8例中1例は投与後2ヵ月以内に, S-GOT, S-GPT, アルカリ性フォスファターゼ活性は著るしく上昇し, 投与中止後は正常値内にもどった. 他の7例は, 投与中, S-GOT, S-GPTは正常値内で変動し, アルカリ性フォスファターゼは正常上限の値を示した.3) 以上の成績から, タンパク同化ステロイド剤の投与は間歇投与がよく, この方法で低コレステロール効果が期待できると考える.

Failure of Anabolic Steroids in the Therapy of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Anabolic steroids have been administered to eight patients with severe osteogenesis imperfecta, who were studied clinically and by metabolic balance techniques. The drugs produced no dramatic alleviation of the disease but apparently reduced the incidence of fractures in some patients. Side effects would preclude their use in all but the most severely affected boys. Some patients showed increased retnetion of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus, but no osseous changes were observed. A particularly important observation was an increase in fractures and evidence of increased bone catabolism after withdrawal of therapy. Intermittent administration of anabolic steroids is not recommended.

Effect of anabolic steroids on plasma glycoproteins.

WE have previously reported an increase in and β-globulins and an increase in β-lipoprotein after administration of the anabolic steroid, 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone (norethandrolone) (Fig. 1A) to human subjects1, and our subsequent work (unpublished) disclosed that this increase in serum protein fractions is associated with increases in protein bound carbohydrates (Fig. 2). We have recently had the opportunity to study the effects of an anabolic steroid with a unique chemical configuration, oxandrolone (Fig. 1B), in eleven patients with disorders of lipid metabolism. This compound was found to cause a marked increase in α2-globulin (P 0.001) in all the patients studied (Fig. 3). The increases in α2-globulin and glycoprotein were definitive in all the eleven patients 5 weeks after the start of oxandrolone therapy. Thus it seems that both these anabolic steroids significantly enhance the concentrations of plasma glycoprotein.

On the mechanism of liver injuries in rabbits by administration of anabolic steroid

On the mechanism of liver injuries in rabbits by administration of anabolic steroid

Study of an Anabolic Steroid

GROWTH and weight gain of children may be promoted by the administration of anabolic steroids. Side effects encountered in using these drugs may include: (1) acceleration of skeletal maturation in excess of linear growth, (2) undesirable androgenic effects, and (3) others. 1 A desirable anabolic steroid for use in children would be one with a high ratio of growth and weight gain effect to skeletal maturation and androgenic effect. Several reports on the utilization of these agents in children are available, 1-9 the ratio of growth and weight gain effect to skeletal maturation and androgenic effect varied from drug to drug. Other undesirable side effects were generally minimal and reversible. The present study was undertaken to evaluate certain effects of oxymetholone, another anabolic steriod, on growth-retarded, underweight children. Oxymetholone is a partially synthetic steriod, 17-β-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylene-17-α-methyl-3-androstanone. Previous work indicated that oxymetholone may be useful as an anabolic agent in children. 10-17

Body composition during long-term administration of cortisone and anabolic steroids in an asthmatic subject

Metabolic balance studies were performed during 20 months in a male, asthmatic subject, who had developed muscular atrophies and osteoporosis during treatment with cortisone. Cortisone administration was continued during the whole investigation and, during one part of the study, an anabolic steroid, 19-nortestosterone-phenylpropionate, was also given. Exchangeable potassium and sodium were determined repeatedly by isotope dilution using K 42 and Na 24. Dermal potassium and nitrogen losses were determined. In the latter part of the study, dermal losses of calcium were also estimated. Body cell mass (BCM) increased initially with clinical improvement and adequate food intake and did not decrease during the continued cortisone treatment. Anabolic treatment did not result in a larger BCM than could be attained without such treatment. Muscular atrophies persisted. The calcium balance was initially slightly positive on an intake of 1700 mg./day and was not influenced by anabolic treatment. An increase in the calcium intake to 2600 mg./day led to calcium retention. Dermal potassium and nitrogen losses amounted to an average of 10 mEq. of potassium daily and 0.9 Gm. of nitrogen. Due to such losses, the results of the orthodox balance studies were highly misleading. Dermal calcium losses were small and amounted to an average of 40 mg./day.

Clinical studies on the effect of anabolic steroids in the therapy of cervix cancer. 1. Effect on protein metabolism in extensive pannysterectomy

n the patients with cervical cancer undergoing extensive panhysterectomy, the effects of anabolic steroid on the protein metabolism following operation were observed. Thirty cases treated in our clinic were studied in this investigation. The intake and output of nitrogen were estimated exactly for 14 days after operation. Furthermore, protein patterns, nitrogen, creatinine and electrolytes in serum were measured pre- and postoperatively. The results were as follows : 1) Methenolone enanthate (ME) given on the first day after operation reduced the extent of the post-operative negative nitrogen balance significantly. Also, the shortening of catabolic phase compared with the control group was observed.2) Amino acids preparation given for 3 days after operation did not cause any significance in the decrease nitrogen output or in the increase of nitrogen balance. This suggested that most of the amino acid preparations that were given were excreted without utilization ofprotein metabolism.3) The group given ME plus amino acids preparation at the early postoperative period also indicated a significant decrease of nitrogen excretion and a significant increase of nitrogen balance. It seemed that anabolic steroid accelerated metabolic utilization of given amino acid preparations.4) Higher doses of anabolic agents (ME + Methenolne acetate) given preoperatively were more effective in the decrease of nitrogen excretion and in the increase of nitrogen balance than that of other groups.5) Administration of anabolic steroid and/or amino acid preparations did not cause in the serum protein patterns, serum creatinine and serum electrolytes followin operation.6) Changes in NPN, amino-N and urea-N suggested that these steroids had anabolic effect on the protein metabolism.7) Recovery of body weight was maintained by the administration of anabolic steroid. Water and sodium retention were not observed through the postoperative period in all groups.8) No clinical side effects were observed in all cases administered with anabolic steroid.From these results, the author concluded that the administration of anabolic steroid in preoperative or early postoperative period was effective on the protein metabolism following extensive panhysterectomy in the patients with cervical cancer.

Long Term (Five or More Years) Administration of Corticosteroids in Pulmonary Diseases

Long term, maintenance or supportive (2 to 12 mg. daily) treatment with corticosteroids is often necessary to maintain symptomatic improvement. In this study, we found the same clinical action whether the corticoid was given once daily, or in divided doses. This tends to confirm the recent report of Demos, et al.9 on once daily therapy. The beneficial effects can be complicated by undesirable side reactions. For supportive and prophylactic care, all patients were on high protein diets (re: osteoporosis); in between feedings, milk, etc. (re: ulcer); adequate water intake (avoiding a concentrated urine with hypercalciuria); isoniazid 100 mg. three times a day (against reactivating tuberculosis) with regular complete examinations, including laboratory evaluation. The concurrent administration of anabolic steroids (androgen and estrogen) has been shown to control osteoporosis. Unfortunately, the moon faces often appear early in the course of treatment and persist in a large group of patients. Finally, the corticosteroids are potent, effective drugs for acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. They should be used with discretion, when indicated, under close clinical supervision.

CORTICOSTEROID-UMSATZ UND CORTICOSTEROID-PRODUKTION BEI RATTEN UNTER DER BEHANDLUNG MIT ANABOLEN STEROIDEN

ABSTRACT After the administration of anabolic steroids to adult female rats in daily doses of 1 mg per animal for 14 days, the following parameters were investigated: the rate of the Δ4-5α-hydrogenase-catalyzed cortisone reduction in liver slices and microsomal fractions, the adrenal weight and the in vitro corticosterone production rate. Among the steroids tested, only 17α-methyl-testosterone and 17α-ethyl-19-nor-testosterone were effective in lowering significantly cortisone reduction rate by liver slices with concomitant decreases in microsomal Δ4-5α-hydrogenase-activity. Testosterone, 19-nor-testosterone, 17α-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone, 17α-methyl-17β-hydroxy-androsta-1,4-dien-3-one and 1-methyl-17β-hydroxy-androst-1-en-3-one were ineffective or only slightly effective. Adrenal weight and absolute corticosterone production rate (μg/60 min per animal) were decreased after treatment with 17α-methyl-testosterone, 17α-ethyl-19-nor-testosterone and 1-methyl-17β-hydroxy-androst-1-en-3-one. Corticosterone production was decreased with 17α-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone in spite of an unchanged adrenal weight. The relative corticosterone production rate (μg/60 min · 100 mg adrenal) was in any cases unaffected. According to these results there exists – with the exception of 17α-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone – a strict parallelism between corticosteroid turnover and corticosterone production rate: unchanged turnover is correlated with unchanged corticosterone production rate, while a decreased turnover is correlated with decreased adrenal activity. The protein-anabolic effect of certain anabolic steroids may be partly due to an anti-catabolic action of these compounds resulting from a decreased corticosteroid inactivation and production rate. Possible mechanisms by which anabolic steroids may affect corticosteroid-balance are discussed.

侵襲早期の輸注アミノ酸混合液の肝代謝に関する実験的研究

Recently, it is generally admitted that the infusion of amino acids and the administration of anabolic steroids are effective to prevent the protein catabolism after the surgical stress. But there are not so few unclear mechanism in the early amino acid metabolism in liver after the surgical stress.Ten % of cristalline amino acids solution was injected intravenously to the adult male dog with average speed of 10ml/kg/hour for 60 minutes. Amino-nitrogen and urea nitrogen concentrations are measured at the sites of peripheral vein, hepatic vein for the period of six hours after the injection was initially given. These procedures are multiplily repeated in the following conditions—hemorrhagic hypotension, medication of corticoids, loading of ACTH, severance of autonomic nerves of liver, administration of anabolic steroids and so on.According to the varying processes of fluctuated concentrations of above mentioned, the author finally obtained the following conclusions regarding the metabolism of amino acids in liver.1. There is no marked difference between the infusion from peripheral vein and that from hepatic vein concerning the metabolic transaction of amino acids and urea production in liver. The metabolic function of amino acids in liver is comparatively great, however, it is found that the considerable amounts are converted to urea by the massive rapid infusion of amino acids.2. The biological reactions become most active and promotive during the period of hemorrhagic hypotension. Moderate degree of hemorrhagic hypotension in this series is not induced to shock state. When the amino acids solution is infused within this period, the urea formation which is converted from these infused amino acids becomes more active. These phenomena have been revealed that the infused amino acids are rapidly catabolized in liver. Considering the slight increase of differenciated amino acids concentrations in hepatic and portal veins, and the rapid disappearance of infused amino acids from peripheral circulation, it is evident that the infused amino acids are satisfactory utilized for their anabolizations in liver.3. The metabolic process of infused amino acids immediate after the hemorrhagic hypotension is entirely similar to those with ACTH and corticoids adiministrations under the same condition. It is thought that the change to transfer ability of amino acids after the addition of various stresses is proceeding strongly influenced with the increase of liberated corticosteroids.4. The autonomic nerves of liver act inhibitorily in the intrahepatic metabolism of amino acids and urea formation to the stored and the infused amino acids, and control the homeostasis of protein metabolism in liver.5. Protein anabolic steroids actively promote the protein synthesis of infused amino acids in liver, and clearly depress the increasing tendency of urea formation. These effects are evident even after the hemorrhagic hypotension.