Amur Region Research Articles

<i>Najas tenuissima</i> (Hydrocharitaceae), a new species to the flora of Tyva

For the first time, information is provided about the presence of Najas tenuissima in the northeast of Tyva (Todzha District, Azas Lake), which significantly expands the knowledge on the species distribution in Russia. Najas tenuissima is a rare species listed in the “Red Data Book of the Russian Federation”. In Russia, its range is disjunctive; a few localities are known in the European part, the south of Central Siberia (Eastern Sayan: Tiberkul and Spasskoye Lakes) and in the Far East (Amur Region and Primorye Territory).

Variability of non-structural proteins of HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1, sub-subtype A6) variants circulating in different regions of the Russian Federation.

HIV-1 non-structural proteins are promising targets for vaccine development and for creating approaches to personalized medicine. HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 has become the dominating strain in Russia. However, the geographic, economic and demographic characteristics of the country can contribute to the formation of differences between A6 variants circulating in different regions. The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of the consensus sequences of non-structural proteins in A6 variants circulating in the Amur Region, in Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk and Murmansk. 48 whole blood samples obtained from HIV-infected patients without experience of therapy observed at the AIDS Centers in Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Murmansk and Amur Region were analyzed. HIV-1 whole-genome nucleotide sequences were obtained and were subtyped. Consensus sequences of sub-subtype A6 variants non-structural proteins for each analyzed region were formed. Furthermore, reference sequences of sub-subtype A6 non-structural proteins were formed based on whole-genome sequences retrieved from the international Los Alamos database. Comparison of consensus sequences and references was performed using the MEGA v.10.2.2 and the PSIPRED programs. Vif, Vpr and Nef reference sequences have been obtained for HIV-1 sub-subtype A6. There was not difference in consensus sequences of Vpr in different regions. Characteristic features were found for consensus sequences of Tat, Rev, Vpu, Vif and Nef proteins in different regions. A limitation of the study is a small sample size. Overall, the results demonstrate the existing diversity of non-structural proteins in sub-subtype A6 variants in different regions and indicate the relevance of studying the polymorphism of non-structural proteins of virus variants in different regions.

Ecological and Anatomical Characteristics of riverbank Plants of Water Currents and Waterbodies of the Lower Amur Region

The results of an ecological and anatomical study of plants in the coastal shallows of rivers and lakes o the Lower Amur region are presented in order to identify their resistance and adaptability to the conditions of existence. 7 stenotopic species were studied. It was revealed that the vegetative organs of plants are characterized by a combination of typical hydromorphic and specific adaptive features. Adaptation of species to sandy-silty shallow habitats is carried out due to histological transformations of the main tissues. The narrow specialization of species does not affect the typical structure of plant organs and does not lead to a simplification of their internal structure. The studied species are more characterized by signs of terrestrial micromorphology (sclerification, suberinization and cutinization of tissues) rather than hydrophytic. It is assumed that a specific complex of shallow flora was formed mainly from terrestrial species.

Paleoasian Substrate in the Gene Pool of Koryaks According to Data on Autosomal SNP Polymorphism and Y-Chromosome Haplogroups

The gene pool of the Koryaks was studied in comparison with other Far Eastern and Siberian peoples using a genome-wide panel of autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphic markers and Y-chromosome markers. The results of analyzing the frequencies of autosomal SNPs using various methods, the similarity in the composition of Y-chromosome haplogroups and YSTR haplotypes indicate that the gene pool of the Koryaks is as close as possible to the Chukchi one and was formed as a result of the unification of several groups whose ancestors moved from the territory of modern Yakutia and the Amur region. The two dominant Y-chromosome haplogroups of the Koryaks with different sublineages and haplotype clusters demonstrate their contacts with the Chukchi, Evens, Yukaghirs and Eskimos. Analysis of the composition of genetic components and IBD blocks on autosomes indicates the maximum genetic proximity of the Koryaks to the Chukchi. Among the Siberian populations, the Chukchi, Koryaks and Nivkhs form a separate cluster from the main group of Siberian populations, while the Chukchi and Koryaks are more closely related. Far Eastern populations are divided in full accordance with geographic localization into the northern group (Chukchi and Koryaks) and the southern group, including the Nivkhs and Udege. A more detailed analysis of the component composition of gene pools in some populations reveals components specific to them. The isolation of such components is associated with founder effects and a shift in allele frequencies for these populations. The Koryaks and Chukchi are one of the most striking examples of long-standing genetic kinship. In their populations, maximum values of the level of genomic inbreeding FROH 1.5 (0.0422, 0.0409) were found, which is natural due to their relative isolation.

Leaf-stem diseases of soybean on varieties of diferent ripenity groups in the conditions of the Amur region

The Amur region is the main producer of soybeans in the Russian Federation, where one of the significant phytosanitary problems of soybean cultivation technologies is leaf and stem infections. The susceptibility of soybeans to diseases varies greatly depending on weather conditions, used agricultural technology and the resistance of cultivated varieties. Since the soybean varieties, cultivated in the region, have significant differences in early maturity, it remains relevant to monitor leaf and stem infections and identify the degree of their development depending on the length of the crop growing season and the year conditions. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of soybean variety by maturity groups and year conditions on the incidence of leaf-stem infections. Research was carried out in 2022 and 2023 in the Tambov district of the Amur region on 32 soybean varieties of domestic and foreign selection, belonging to 3 ripeness groups: early ripening, mid-ripening and late ripening. A phytopathological examination of soybean crops revealed Septoria blight (Septoria glycines T. Hemmi. Syn.), Cercospora blight (Cercospora sojina Hara), Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta sojaecola Abramoff. Syn.), downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. Syn.), purple Cercospora blight (Cercospora kikuchii (Matsuet Tomoyasu) Yardn) and angular bacterial spot. According to the indicator of disease incidence on soybean varieties of three ripeness groups, it was revealed that the incidence of downy mildew significantly, at the level of 90 %, depended on the variety ripeness group: mid-, and especially late-ripening varieties, were affected by the disease in both years an order of magnitude more strongly than early-ripening varieties. No significant influence of soybean varieties maturity groups on other infections was detected after the use of the fungicide, while analysis of variance according to the two-factor experiment scheme showed a significant influence of year weather conditions on the diseases incidence: Cercospora blight – at the level of 75.7 %, Cercospora purple blight – 77.1 %, Ascochyta blight – 98.5%. Both the ripeness group of soybean varieties and the year conditions influenced the bacteriosis incidence: the disease was more pronounced on early-ripening varieties, which were more populated by mites, the vectors of the disease pathogen, and was noted only in 2023. Analysis of variance according to the two-factor experiment scheme did not reveal a significant influence of varieties and year conditions on the incidence of Septoria blight, which indicates significant adaptations of the pathogen to weather factors and the physiology of plants from different ripeness groups, as well as the stable effectiveness of fungicidal treatment of soybean crops against Septoria blight.

Traces of Paleolithic expansion in the Nivkh gene pool based on data on autosomal SNP and Y chromosome polymorphism.

The Nivkhs are a small ethnic group indigenous of the Russian Far East, living in the Khabarovsk Territory and on Sakhalin Island, descending from the ancient inhabitants of these territories. In the Nivkhs, a specific Sakhalin-Amur anthropological type is prevalent. They are quite isolated, due to long isolation from contacts with other peoples. The gene pool of the Nivkhs and other Far Eastern and Siberian populations was characterized using a genome-wide panel of autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphic markers and Y chromosome haplogroups. Bioinformatic processing of frequencies of autosomal SNPs, Y chromosome haplogroups and YSTR haplotypes showed that the Nivkh gene pool is very different from the other populations'. Analysis of the SNP frequencies using the PCA method divided the Far Eastern populations in full accordance with the territories of their residence into the northern group of the Chukchi and Koryaks and the southern group, including the Nivkhs and Udege. The remoteness of the Nivkhs coincides with their geographic localization, with the Nivkhs and Udege demonstrating the greatest kinship. The Nivkhs have a specific component of their gene pool, which is present with much less frequency in the Udege and Transbaikal Evenks. According to the IBD blocks, the genotypes of the Nivkhs show a very small percentage of coincidence with the Udege, Koryaks, Evenks and Chukchi, the value of which is the lowest compared to the IBD blocks among all other Siberian populations. The Nivkh-specific composition of haplogroups and YSTR haplotypes was shown. In the Nivkhs, the C2a1 haplogroup is divided into three sublines, which have a fairly ancient origin and are associated with the ancestors of modern northern Mongoloids. The Nivkh haplogroup O2a1b1a2a-F238 is found among residents of China and Myanmar. The Q1a1a1-M120 line is represented among the Nivkhs, Koryaks, Evenks and Yukaghirs. Phylogenetic analysis of individual Y chromosomal haplogroups demonstrated the closeness of the Nivkh gene pool with the ancient population of the Amur and Okhotsk regions, the Koryaks, the Tungus peoples and the population of Southeast Asia. The Nivkh gene pool confirms the relative smallness of their ancestral groups without mixing with other populations.

Современное состояние и перспективы развития крестьянских (фермерских) хозяйств в Амурской области

The article analyzes the activities of peasant (farm) farms and individual enterprises. The actual problems faced by small enterprises are identified. Promising areas of improvement of state policy in the field of support for the development of small business in the agro-industrial complex of the Amur region have been identified, which can help minimize threats associated with the current conditions of economic uncertainty.

КОРРЕЛЯЦИЯ ТОРФЯНЫХ РАЗРЕЗОВ НИЖНЕГО ПРИАМУРЬЯ ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ РАСЧЕТА ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ ПАЛЕОНАПРЯЖЕННОСТИ

The paper considers the possibility of determining the age and correlating peat sections by solving the inverse problem of magnetostratigraphy based on the findings of comprehensive (palaeomagnetic, petromagnetic, microprobe, and radiocarbon) studies on peats of the «Tyapka» and «Chlya» peat sections in the Lower Amur region. For this purpose, we used the values of relative paleointensity calculated following the technique described by Bagina-Petrova. There is no difference in the rate of magnetization fixation among studied peat samples, and the age of magnetization is comparable to the age of the peat deposits itself. The solution of the inverse problem of magnetostratigraphy using the values of relative paleointensity can be used to correlate peat sections among themselves and to estimate the rate of peat accumulation in different periods of the Holocene, even in the absence of radiocarbon dating for one of the correlated sections.

Rare elements and non-ferrous metals in the paleogene brown-coal deposits of the Zeya-Bureya sedimentary basin (Amur Region, Far East): accumulation models, enrichment conditions and criteria for assessment of resource potential (a review)

A model has been developed for deposition of rare earth elements with yttrium, trace elements, and non-ferrous metals in platform and activated structures of the Upper Amur region. Genetic types of lanthanide enrichment are considered; lanthanides are shown to concentrate non-uniformly in coal seams and in coal combustion products. Light rare earth elements predominate in coals. The capacity of peat and coal for metal extraction from aqueous solutions was proven. Criteria for a preliminary assessment of coal as a raw material for lanthanides were considered and prospects for their identification were analyzed.

The concept "Fear" in the Russian dialects of the Amur region (based on the material of verbal vocabulary)

The concept "Fear" in the Russian dialects of the Amur region (based on the material of verbal vocabulary)

Unique findings of <i>Phoma</i>-like fungi associated with soybean

Ascochyta leaf blight of soybean is a widespread disease caused by several closely related Phoma-like species, this disease often leads to significant crop losses. Among Phoma-like species from Didymellaceae family, the most frequently associated with symptomatic soybean tissues are species of the genera Boeremia and Didymella. Currently reliable species identification in Didymellaceae relies on polyphasic approach based on consolidated species concept and combined molecular phylogenetic, micromorphological and cultural features. At least three loci are commonly used for reconstruction of the molecular phylogeny of Didymellaceae: internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA, partial RNA-polymerase II gene (rpb2), and β-tubulin (tub2). As a result of long-term phytosanitary monitoring of soybean crops, soybean leaves with symptoms of Ascochyta blight were collected from major soybean producing areas of Russia. From surface sterilized plant tissues more than 100 isolates of Phoma-like fungi were obtained and stored in the collection of pure cultures of the Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology (MF, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection). Most of them, as a result of multilocus phylogenetic analysis, were identified as Boeremia and Didymella species. Eight isolates were identified as species of other genera, suspected to be rare findings. The aim of this study was to identify these eight isolates based on multilocus phylogenetic analysis, as well micromorphological, cultural, and pathogenicity data. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis has resulted in identification of all eight isolates to species level. Single isolate from the Ryazan region was Neoascochyta graminicola. Three other from three different districts of the Amur region were Remotididymella capsici. Two isolates from the Primorskiy territory and Amur region were Stagonosporopsis heliopsidis. Another two from two districts of the Amur region were S. stuijvenbergii. Pathogenicity tests have resulted in conclusion, that all studied isolates were not pathogenic for soybean leaves. Probably, these Phoma-like species are associate with soybean as saprophytes or endophytes. For all these Phoma-like species Glycine max was detected as substrate for the first time. Neoascochyta graminicola is widespread in Europe in association with Poaceae plants. There are only two findings of Remotididymella capsici in the world, both from leaves of Capsicum annuum. First finding was made in the former USSR in 1977 and was identified based on only morphological features. Second findings was collected in the Fiji and verified with multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Stagonosporopsis heliopsidis isolates were revealed in the USA, Canada, Netherlands and Russia and this fungus was believed to be specific for Asteraceae plants. Isolates of Stagonosporopsis stuijvenbergii are known only from soil in the Netherlands. Thus, such species as Neoascochyta graminicola and Stagonosporopsis stuijvenbergii were revealed in the Russia for the first time. Studied Remotididymella capsici isolates were first confirmed findings of this fungus in Russia. Additionally to detailed phylogenetic data, the manuscript is supplement with a detailed description of the cultural and micromorphological features of all species.

<i>FADS</i> gene polymorphism and the history of the formation of the indigenous populations of Siberia

The polymorphism of the rs174570, rs74771917, and rs7115739 FADS-gene loci in Siberian populations was studied. It was shown that the frequency of the rs174570-T variant marking haplotype A with a reduced level of fatty acid desaturase expression in the modern indigenous populations increases in the direction from the south to the north of Siberia. Similarly, an increase in the frequency of the TTT haplotype at the rs174570, rs74771917, and rs7115739 loci was observed in the northern direction. However, in ancient times, the populations of Eastern Siberia (its northeastern part, Baikal region, and Primorye) were characterized by an equally high frequency of the rs174570-T variant (over 80%). It was shown that the main influx of the rs174570-C allele (and the CCG haplotype) to northeast Siberia occurred relatively recently, over the past 300 years, as a result of mating contacts between indigenous populations and immigrant groups of predominantly eastern European origin. The gene flow intensity (for the rs174570-C allele) is estimated to be 1.5-4.4% per generation. The appearance of the rs174570-C variant in the population of the Baikal region has been registered since the Eneolithic epoch, which is apparently associated mainly with the advance of the Afanasievo culture tribes to the east of Siberia. Meanwhile, analysis of paleogenomic data showed that the TTT haplotype, with high frequency distributed in modern Eskimos and Amerindians, was present in the upper Paleolithic population of the Amur region, and therefore its carriers apparently took part in the formation of the ancient Beringian population.

Species composition and antibiotic resistance of microflora of waterfowl in the Upper Amur region

Species composition and antibiotic resistance of microflora of waterfowl in the Upper Amur region

Оптимальная норма высева и междурядье для повышения урожайности и качества семян сорта сои Персона

The need for research is due to the use by farmers of the region of continuous row soybean crops with high seeding rates, without taking into account the characteristics of the variety. The purpose of the work is to establish the optimal method and rate of sowing seeds of the Persona soybean variety to obtain a high yield of high-quality seeds. A two-factor field experiment was carried out on the experimental field of the Far Eastern State Agrarian University of the Amur Region in 2017-2019. Options: factor A – seeding rate: 1. 250; 2. 400 (control); 3. 550; 4. 700; 5. 850 thousand pieces per hectare; factor B – row spacing: 1. 15 cm (control); 2. 30; 3. 45; 4. 60 cm. Each row spacing corresponded to five seed sowing rates. The Persona soybean variety produces the highest yield with wide-row sowing with a row spacing of 45 cm and a seeding rate of 550 thousand units/ha – 2,6 t/ha. Not significantly by 0,1 t/ha inferior to him sowing the same row spacing with a seeding rate of 400 thousand pcs./ha and row sowing at 30 cm with a seeding rate of 550 thousand pcs. for 1 hectare. Such crops provide the yield of high-quality seeds with a high fat content and are practically not inferior to the control in protein content. In the Amur region conditions for obtain the largest number of high-quality seeds, it is advisable to sow soybeans of the Persona variety with row spacing of 30 or 45 cm and a seeding rate of 550 thousand pieces per 1 ha. Keywords: SOYBEAN, PERSONA VARIETY, SEEDING RATE, GERMINATION, QUALITY, WEIGHT, YIELD, SEEDS

Richard Maack's Vilyui expedition in the study of avifauna and gallinaceous birds (Gallinaceae) of Eastern Siberia

The article is dedicated to the 170th anniversary of the Vilyuisk (Yakutia) expedition organised by the Siberian (Irkutsk) branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (1853-1885). It was led by Richard Karlovich Maack (Germ. Richard Otto Maack), a Russian naturalist of German origin and explorer of Siberia and the Far East. It also contains some information on the Pribaikalia and Transbaikalia, taken along the way during the subsequent Amur (1855-1856) and Ussuri (1859-1960) expeditions. The route, dates, and composition of the expedition are described and the contribution of the scientist to various fields of natural science and, above all, to the study of vertebrates of the region is evaluated. Scientists have identified the habitat of amphibians and reptiles (4 species), birds (121), mammals (34), which is relatively large against the background of regional studies conducted in Eastern Siberia at that time. According to the lists of bird species published in the fundamental work of the scientist "Vilyuisky district of the Yakut region" [1883-1887], the distribution of 5 species of Gallinaceous birds (Gallinaceae) in the middle of the XIX century was revealed – Hazel Grouse, Western and Black-billied Capercaillies, Black Grouse, Willow Ptarmigan. For Transbaikalia and Pribaikalia, the habitat of two more species is noted - Gray and Bearded Partridges. The Common Pheasant was accounted for by R. K. Maack only in the Amur region and the Amur region (Far East). In general, over the century and a half of the history of studying Gallinaceous birds, their species composition has practically not changed in the researcher's work area. In Yakutia, it was replenished with species from the eastern and southern regions, living there Rock Partridge and Siberian Grouse. On the scale of Eastern Siberia, only the Pheasant is currently supplementing the Gallinaceous birds list as a new species in the region, documented in the south of Eastern Siberia – in the Eastern Sayan bordering the Baikal region and in some places of Transbaikalia (not yet precisely confirmed).

Особенности развития образования в Амурском казачьем войске во второй половине XIX – начале XX в.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of the development of education in the Amur Cossack Army during the formation of a new region of the Russian Empire. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of various types of sources devoted to the history of the development of education in the Far East during the chronological period under study. Using methods of analyzing archival materials and comparing data obtained from different types of sources, factors contributing to the development of a specific educational environment in the region were identified. One of them is the formation of the population of the Amur region as a result of the resettlement of Cossacks from the Transbaikal, Orenburg and Don Cossack troops. It is noted that the first documents concerning the life of the Amur Cossacks concerned increasing the literacy of the population. Cossack schools became the main type of primary education. They solved the problems of educating the younger generation in the spirit of military Cossack traditions. Fulfillment by parochial schools of an important mission to spread literacy among the Cossack population. The next factor was the lack of the required number of teaching staff. The existence of the practice of choosing a teacher from among the young people who were to go into military service by decision of the Cossack gathering. Women's colleges and pedagogical classes in women's gymnasiums played a significant role in the training of primary school teachers. There is a lag in the development of education in the region compared to the European part of Russia. A significant factor that influenced the development of education in the Far East was the holding of congresses of teachers of schools of the Cossack army of the Amur region at the beginning of the twentieth century. Discussion at congress meetings of the goals of educational development in the region, issues of the content of education in Cossack schools. Based on an analysis of various sources of information, the article traces the path of development of education in the Amur region from Cossack schools designed to provide basic literacy to the established network of educational institutions aimed at training the region’s own intelligentsia, worthy members of society.

Features of Medical Activity of the Population of the Amur Region

Features of Medical Activity of the Population of the Amur Region

Using SAR Data for Monitoring of Agricultural Crops in the South of the Russian Far East

The use of SAR data to monitoring agricultural crops is a promising area of research designed to complement existing methods and technologies based on the analysis of multispectral images. The main advantages of vegetation indices calculated from SAR data include their sensitivity to the polarimetric properties of the backscatter intensity, its scattering characteristics, and independence from cloud cover. This is especially important for the territory of the south of the Russian Far East, whose monsoon climate provides humid and cloudy weather during the period when crops gain maximum biomass. For arable lands in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region, a total of 64 Sentinel-1 SAR images were obtained from May to October 2021. For each date, the values of the DpRVI, RVI, VH/VV indices were calculated and time series were constructed for the entire observation period for individual fields (342 fields in total). NDVI time series were constructed from Sentinel-2 multispectral images using a cloud mask. The characteristics of time series extremes were calculated for different types of arable land: soybeans, oats, and fallows. It was shown that for each crop the seasonal curves DpRVI, RVI, VH/VV had a characteristic appearance. It was found that the DpRVI demonstrated the highest stability – the coefficients of variation of the seasonal variation of DpRVI were significantly lower than those for RVI and VH/VV. It was also revealed that the similarity between the curves of these indices remained for regions quite distant from each other - the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region. The main characteristics of the seasonal variation of time series of radar indices were calculated in comparison with NDVI - the magnitude of the maximum, the date of the maximum and the values of the coefficient of variation for these indicators. It was found, firstly, that the values of these indicators in different regions are similar to each other; secondly, the variability of the maximum and the day of the maximum for DpRVI is lower than for RVI and VH/VV; thirdly, the variability of the maximum and the day of the maximum for DpRVI is comparable to NDVI. Thus, time series of radar indices DpRVI, RVI, VH/VV for the main types of agricultural lands in the south of the Far East have distinctive features and can be used in classification problems, yield modeling and crop rotation control.

Muscle Tissue Use Prospects of Freshwater Fish of the Amur Region to Develop Innovative Food Products

Muscle Tissue Use Prospects of Freshwater Fish of the Amur Region to Develop Innovative Food Products

HUMANITARIAN INTERACTION IN THE SPHERE OF CULTURE BETWEEN AMUR REGION AND HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE IN THE LATE XX - EARLY XXI CENTURIES

The article is devoted to the research of humanitarian interaction between the regions of two states - Amur Region (RF) and Heilongjiang Province (PRC) at the turn of XX-XXI centuries. With the normalization of Russian-Chinese relations and the opening of borders, humanitarian cooperation has become an integral factor in Russian-Chinese ties between the border territories, which are in exceptional geographical proximity to each other. Humanitarian contacts between the border territories of Russia and China - Amur Region and Heilongjiang Province - are developing in various spheres. An important place is occupied by the sphere of culture. In the article the authors examine the importance of humanitarian contacts in the sphere of culture for the normalization of Russian-Chinese relations, analyze the peculiarities of the development of humanitarian cooperation in the last decade of the XX century and in the beginning of the XXI century, highlight a number of significant international cultural projects ("Russian-Chinese Fair of Culture and Art", Russian-Chinese Festival of Arts "Amur - the River of Friendship", etc.). The authors conclude that despite the sporadic and chaotic humanitarian contacts in the 1990s, in the 2000s a number of large-scale events between Amur Region and Heilongjiang Province have developed and become traditional, attracting an increasing number of participants from both countries and becoming a kind of brands of border territories. Humanitarian interaction in the sphere of culture, realized in the Russian-Chinese borderland, has a direct impact on the development of Russian-Chinese relations at all levels. The work uses the problem-chronological method of research. The authors present documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Amur region and the archive of the Foreign Ministry's representative office in Blagoveshchensk, revealing the features and the course of joint cultural events in the Russian-Chinese borderland. Materials of collections of documents of the archival bureau of Heihe and materials of the Chinese mass media in the author's translation are used in the research.