Amplifier Circuit Research Articles

A Design Methodology for Wideband Current-Reuse Receiver Front-Ends Aimed at Low-Power Applications

This work gives a design perspective on low-power and wideband RF-to-Baseband current-reuse receivers (CRR). The proposed CRR architecture design shares a single supply and biasing current among both LNTA and baseband circuits to reduce power consumption. The work discusses topology selection and a suitable design procedure of the low noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA), down-conversion passive-mixer, active-inductor (AI) and TIA circuits. Layout considerations are also discussed. The receiver was simulated in 130 nm CMOS technology and occupies an active area of 0.025 mm2. It achieves a wideband input matching of less than −10 dB from 0.8 GHz to 3.4 GHz. A conversion-gain of 39.5 dB, IIP3 of −28 dBm and a double-sideband (DSB) NF of 5.6 dB is simulated at a local-oscillator (LO) frequency of 2.4 GHz and an intermediate frequency (IF) of 10 MHz, while consuming 1.92 mA from a 1.2 V supply.

Improvement of wire-mesh sensor accuracy via adapted circuit design and integrated energy loss measurement

We reviewed the electronic principles and design of the wire-mesh sensor with respect to inherent energy losses. From the analysis we derived a new circuit design with an optimized amplifier circuit and extended the sensor by an extra transmitter electrode embedded into the dielectric construction material. The latter allows an inherent determination of the energy losses that cannot be suppressed by circuit optimization only. Experimental analysis showed that we achieve an improvement in measurement accuracy with respect to the local and average phase fractions. Deviations in a single crossing point are reduced from more than down to less than and deviations in the average phase fraction are reduced from more than down to less than .

Design of an electronic system for laser methane gas detectors using the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy method

In this paper, a new electronic system is designed for methane gas laser analyzers using the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technique. This electronic system is presented in such a way that, based on this technique, optical wavelength and stability confirm the power of the laser light source. The proposed design includes current and temperature control circuits, amplifier circuits, and laser sensor circuits. This system leads to the control of laser light power. Due to the high cost of a laser sensor distributed feedback diode (DFB) and the impossibility of purchasing it for the actual implementation of the proposed electronic system, the design and simulation stage of this system was performed in the proteus simulator environment at normal atmospheric temperature and constant control flow conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed new electronic system based on the TDLAS technique detected the amount of leaking methane gas by generating a wavelength of 1653.72 nm related to the DFB laser sensor and displaying it on display during calculation. The test of optical wavelength stability, optical power, and methane gas wavelength generation by the laser sensor in the proteus simulator environment at different distances is excellent and remarkable. These results show that if we buy a laser sensor and build a gas analyzer device, we can achieve perfect results by using the device with the provided technique.

Peningkatan Performa Baterai Air Laut Menggunakan Cu-Zn Berdasarkan Luas Penampang Elektroda

Seawater in Indonesia has considerable potential when used as a source of renewable energy. As it is known that sea water generally contains elements or levels of salt dissolved in it. Due to the presence of these elements or levels of salt, seawater has the potential to produce electrical energy. This is the reason why researchers want to do more in-depth research on this seawater battery. As it is known that several previous studies have conducted experiments using different methods in each research conducted. In this study, we will use several methods that have been there previously aimed at getting an increase in electrical energy that will be generated from marine batteries. This study uses a cross-section of electrodes in the form of copper and zinc by comparing several methods to get a seawater battery design that suits your needs. In this study, the seawater battery used pure seawater and without using an amplifier circuit or voltage booster. With a voltage that can be generated in each 1 cell, which is between 0.78 V and 0.82 V. Overall, this seawater battery has 10 cells arranged in series with each 1 cell consisting of 5 pairs of copper and zinc electrodes arranged in parallel.

즉발응답형 자발 중성자 검출기용 고이득 신호 증폭회로 설계

Self-Powered neutron detectors (SPND) detect current generated from interaction of neutron flux with emitter materials. They are inside a reactor in NPP (Nuclear Power Plant), and currently used to monitor the output and control the operation. Since the signal level of prompt-response SPND is very small (-nA), an analog circuit is necessary to amplify the current signal, and to convert it into voltage. This circuit needs to perform an anti-aliasing function to reduce distortion at the stage of digital conversion. In this paper, a systematic design process for high-gain amplification circuit is presented. Based on error analysis of the circuit, parameters are selected to satisfy design requirements. A third-order anti-aliasing filter is designed. A prototype circuit is built. Measured performance of the circuit confirms that the circuit satisfies all design requirements and validates the efficacy of the design to be used in practical environments.

Negative Feedback Programmable Charge Amplifier for Control Piezoelectric Sensors

This paper describes the design and operation of a programmable charge amplifier for a piezoelectric sensor. An operational amplifier (op-amp) circuit operates the charge amplifier. The purpose of this paper was to design and explain a novel approach for programmable charge amplifiers. A programmable charge amplifier is created by a host digitally (Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)) and a network of negative feedback, which is a network of resistors and capacitors (RC) connected between an output and inverter input node of an op-amp, where the feedback capacitor is 15 pF and resistors are 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 k. The analog switch was used to connect serial to RC and subsequently to SPI. The suggested circuit was developed and evaluated using discrete components; also, the programmable circuit design and results were generated using Linear Technology's Integrated Circuit Emphasis (LTSPICE) simulation software. It is powered by a ±5V battery. The open loop (AOL), Noise Gain (NG), and phase margin have all been demonstrated in ac analysis. AOL and UGF are set for varied all switches (AOL 107.26 dB and UGF 8.6 MHz), however NG exhibits stability when the feedback capacitor is larger than 15 pF and the feedback resistance is fixed since the design has a Rate-Of-Closure (ROC) smaller than 20 dB. On the other side, the phase margin is also stable. When the switches (the 5-bits of SPI) are activated, the feedback capacitor is set to 15 pF, resulting in the optimum stability, output voltage, settling time, and slew rate. These have been completed in the time domain (transient analysis).

Low‐leakage track‐and‐hold buffer in 130‐nm CMOS with open‐gate FET bias

The goal of this research is to design, fabricate, and test an amplifier circuit which minimizes the input bias current over the input direct current operating point of the amplifier. A biasing scheme to set the drain-source voltage (Vds) to null the net gate leakage current of the input transistor is shown. The desired Vds bias is obtained by replicating the Vds of a reference transistor that operates at the same current density as the input transistor and has its gate terminal open-circuited so that the drain-gate leakage and the gate-source leakage must cancel. An implementation of this scheme as a cascode amplifier is described. Measurement results are presented showing > 20× reduced drift rate of a track-and-hold circuit when the output buffer amplifier uses the new approach as compared with a conventional buffer amplifier.

Realisation of low voltage low power class AB OTA and its application in biquadratic filter

ABSTRACT In this paper, a new high-performance Class AB operational transconductance amplifier circuit is introduced. Based on flipped voltage follower technique, the proposed OTA showed a high DC gain of 41.33 dB with a unity gain frequency at 14 MHz, a wide dynamic range, a total harmonic distortion of −42.61 dB at 100 kHz and occupies only 28.64 x 20.61 µm2 chip area. Thereafter, a new single-input-multi-output (SIMO) transadmittance mode filter possessed by three multi-output OTAs and two capacitors is realised. The proposed filter can be achieved by all the standard filter functions without changing the circuit topology. The post-layout simulation results of the proposed OTA and biquadratic filter have been implemented with Cadence Virtuoso in TS18SL 0.18 µm technology Tower Jazz.

Integration of all‐printed zinc ion microbattery and glucose sensor toward onsite quick detections

AbstractRational design of microsystems and efficient integration of various functional modules that can directly realize the aimed functions are very attractive for portable and onsite practical applications, which is also significant in developing miniaturized and intelligent electronics and equipment. Unlike the conventional electrochemical glucose sensors that always need auxiliary complex systems for power supply, signal processing, and feedbacks, we design an all‐printed glucose sensor integrated with a zinc ion microbattery (ZIMB) as a micropower source for portable and onsite quick glucose detections. The integrated glucose sensor (GS) and ZIMB (iGS‐ZIMB) system possesses a high areal energy density of 247.3 μWh/cm2 and power density of 1193 μW/cm2 and exhibits high sensitivity up to 464.2 μA/mM/cm2, wide linear range of 0.5–6.0 mM, and good reproducibility in glucose detections. Through a simple amplification circuit design, the glucose concentration signals could be displayed within a short response time of 1.6 s without the need of external auxiliary equipment. Such iGS‐ZIMB microsystem has prominent advantages in efficiency and cost and is promising for onsite medical and healthcare applications.

Sense amplifier for ReRAM-based crossbar memory systems

ABSTRACT A voltage-mode sense amplifier circuit designed for resistive random-access memory (ReRAM)-based memory arrays is proposed. The sense amplifier is designed comprising of an inverting buffer so that it can operate at a very low voltage (150 mV), which is the typical READ output voltages of a ReRAM cell while the proposed differential comparator design utilises a reduced number of transistors (20%) compared with conventional design to determine the logic states of the ReRAM cell. A simulation with a 2 × 2 memory crossbar is performed and compared with existing voltage-mode and current-mode sense amplifiers and the proposed circuit shows better READ time (32% and 85%) and energy performance (54% and 59%) than existing methods.

Design and Optimization of Tri-Band Open Loop Resonator Filter for BT, WiMAX, WLAN and Wi-Fi Applications

The consumer wireless frequency spectrum is getting denser and overlapping so may signals can cause interference and less data speed. There is need to either switch to new channel or to use newer technologies available. As per FCC new 6GHz band is now open for WLAN & Wi-Fi networks and to filter out other signals a microwave filter could the best mate. This paper proposed a tri-band microstrip filter having rectangular resonator with open loop has been evaluated. Because of its tiny size, lighter weight, cheaper cost, and superior performance, microstrip filters are often chosen over lumped filters at higher frequencies. The construction, refinement, and implementation of a modular tri-band bandpass filter have examined in this research. The proposed low-profile tri-band MS filter with three resonators designed for BT, WiMAX, WLAN and Wi-Fi microwave applications. The physical size of the filter is 30×15 mm2 . The designed filter has full ground and substrate is of FR-4 material having 4.3 dialectic constant and 1.6 mm thickness. The filter is made of four rectangular resonators of diverse dimension. Resonators are arranged in symmetrical geometry. Proposed tri-band bandpass filter is having negative group delay which facilitates the feedforward amplifier circuits. Filters with NGD also helps to reduces the physical size of the microwave circuits. The proposed tri-band filter has passband characteristics on 2.37GHz, 5.36GHz, and 6.15GHz with the insertion loss of 1.03dB, 1.6dB, and 3.67dB having return loss of 23.3dB, 18.56dB, 12.8dB, and 21.87dB. Filter exhibits good fractional bandwidth of 21.92%, 6.68%, and 4.36% respectively. Proposed filter has 2 transmission zeros. The tested and simulated results of |S11| and |S21| parameters are quite identical which shows the excellent matching of physical parameters. Keywords - Tri-band, band-pass filter, NGD, rectangular resonators, BT, WiMAX, WLAN, Wi-Fi.

Research on Pattern Extraction Method of Underwater Acoustic Signal Based on Linear Array

Underwater acoustic signal is an important reference data for marine information research. The research and application of underwater acoustic signal have been widely concerned and valued by countries and enterprises. With the needs of modern military development and the development of marine industry, the research and application of underwater acoustic signal will develop faster and faster. In order to better understand marine information, it is necessary to collect seawater acoustic signal data. Aiming at the purpose of recording underwater acoustic signals placed in the ocean for a long time, this study innovates the calibration and recording of large dynamic range of long-time underwater acoustic signals, improves the circuit setting methods such as receiving, amplification, and sampling, designs a large dynamic series of long-time underwater acoustic signal recording device, and adopts the linear array extraction method, so that it can monitor the underwater acoustic biological sound under the condition of low power. It can also monitor the blasting sound of offshore engineering. Hardware circuit design mainly includes main control chip selection, amplification circuit design, filter circuit design, analog-to-digital conversion circuit design, storage circuit design, and some auxiliary circuit design. The fourth chapter introduces the software development process of large dynamic range underwater acoustic signal recorder and mainly introduces the system development tool, system clock working method, real-time clock module working method, underwater acoustic signal acquisition method, data storage scheme design, and the use of FatFs file system. The underwater acoustic signal data is stored on a MicroSD in the form of TXT file; linear array extraction method is used for feature extraction. Compared to other methods, the transformer will suppress DC and low-frequency interference signals, thus achieving high-pass filtering characteristics. Finally, the performance and experimental results of the whole underwater acoustic signal recording device are analyzed. After testing, the underwater acoustic signal recording device designed in this paper works stably and can record underwater acoustic signals with large dynamic range for a long time in low-power mode.

A configurable detection chip with ±0.6% Inaccuracy for liquid conductivity using dual-frequency sinusoidal signal technique in 65 nm CMOS

This paper presents a configurable detection chip for liquid conductivity using a dual-frequency sinusoidal signal technique. The proposed method improves the detection accuracy by effectively avoiding the measurement error caused by polarization effect and capacitance effect. The detection chip mainly includes a small signal amplifier circuit and a data acquisition and processing circuit. First, the small signal amplifier circuit mainly consists of an operational amplifier circuit and a four-choice data selection circuit, which is regulated to implement a configurable function. Through the negative feedback principle, the signal amplification can reach 84.1 dB. Secondly, the data acquisition and processing circuit comprises a SAR ADC and a digital processing unit, with the former being used for signal acquisition and the latter for signal processing. Finally, the detection chip is implemented using TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. The signal scaling and processing operates at a low area cost of 0.02 μm2. The worst-case error for conductivity measurements is ±1.1%, and the worst-case error for the chip configuration is less than 0.6%. The results show that the dual-frequency sinusoidal signal technique and chip configuration can greatly reduce the measurement error.

An Auto Adjustable Transimpedance Readout System for Wearable Healthcare Devices

The objective of this work was to design a versatile readout circuit for patch-type wearable devices consisting of a Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA). The TIA performs Current to Voltage (I–V) conversion, the most widely used technique for amperometry and impedance measurement for various types of electrochemical sensors. The proposed readout circuit employs a digitally controllable feedback resistor (Rf) technique in the TIA to improve accuracy, which can be utilized in a variety of electrochemical sensors within a current range of 0.1 µA–100 µA. It is designed to accommodate multiple sensors simultaneously to track multiple target analytes for high accuracy and versatile usage. The readout circuit consists of low power operational amplifier (op–amp) and digital circuit blocks, is designed and fabricated with Magna 0.18 µm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, which provides low power consumption and a high degree of integration. The design has a small size of 0.282 mm2 and low power consumption of 0.38 mW with a 3.3 V power supply, which are desirable factors in wearable device applications.

Borderline Boolean states improve the biosensing applications of DNA circuits

Molecular circuits have been used in a wide range of diagnosis applications, from the detection of chemical molecules in solution to the complex processing of cell surface receptors. One of the most important challenges of these systems is the lack of distinguishability between different circuit states when each circuit state represents a specific disease. In this work, we designed a molecular amplification circuit with borderline Boolean states that each state can be distinguished with different color intensity. For this purpose, two DNA complexes and four DNA hairpin structures were designed to detect miR-218 and miR-215 biomarkers. One of the designed DNA complexes has two G-quadruplex structures and the other has only one G-quadruplex structure. In the absence of the inputs, all three G-quadruplex structures are active and produce a high-intensity signal, while in the other three states, including the presence of miR-218, the presence of miR-215, and the presence of both inputs, respectively, one, two, and zero G-quadruplex structures are active. Therefore, the designed system can identify two different biomarkers simultaneously with different signal ratios, which can easily distinguish the different states of the circuit. This strategy is very promising to identify diseases in which any combination of biomarkers leads to a particular disease.

An efficient design of 45-nm CMOS low-noise charge sensitive amplifier for wireless receivers

<p>Amplifiers are widely used in signal receiving circuits, such as antennas, medical imaging, wireless devices and many other applications. However, one of the most challenging problems when building an amplifier circuit is the noise, since it affects the quality of the intended received signal in most wireless applications. Therefore, a preamplifier is usually placed close to the main sensor to reduce the effects of interferences and to amplify the received signal without degrading the signal-to-noise ratio. Although different designs have been optimized and tested in the literature, all of them are using larger than 100 nm technologies which have led to a modest performance in terms of equivalent noise charge (ENC), gain, power consumption, and response time. In contrast, we consider in this paper a new amplifier design technology trend and move towards sub 100 nm to enhance its performance. In this work, we use a pre-well-known design of a preamplifier circuit and rebuild it using 45 nm CMOS technology, which is made for the first time in such circuits. Performance evaluation shows that our proposed scaling technology, compared with other scaling technology, extremely reduces ENC of the circuit by more than 95%. The noise spectral density and time resolution are also reduced by 25% and 95% respectively. In addition, power consumption is decreased due to the reduced channel length by 90%. As a result, all of those enhancements make our proposed circuit more suitable for medical and wireless devices.</p>

Research on High Precision Linear Motor Driving Technology

Aiming at the problem that the output of motor driver driving linear motor is not stable enough and will be accompanied by large power ripple, which makes the motor speed unstable and has a great impact on the accuracy, a linear driver is designed. The AB power amplifier circuit is mainly used by the linear driver to achieve linear output of current, and the negative current feedback is used to stabilize the output current. For the software part, a program based on ARM is designed to parse the commands of the upper computer and control the hardware circuit according to the commands, so as to achieve specific functions. The test results show that the non-linear error of the power amplifier driver is only 3.6%, and the three-phase sinusoidal current with different frequencies and amplitudes can be output as needed.

Multielectrode registration of episodic discharges generated by weakly electric fishes

Purpose of this study introduces a multielectrode array (MEA) registration system in order to generate electric field images of the episodic discharges generated by weakly electric fish. A multielectrode registration system has several important features: the design of the multielectrode lattice, the amplifier circuit, the choice of reference points for differential measurements, the recovery of the absolute values of the electric field potentials, and the application of principal components analysis. Methods. There are several advantages of our MEA registration as compared with the traditional twoelectrode registration: (a) the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly increased, (b) it is possible to construct the spatial distribution of the electric field for a single electric discharge, (c) the signals’ sources can be easily separated and identified, and (d) quantitative data on the electrical potential distribution can be obtained throughout the entire experimental tank. Results. The results illustrate an example of applied MEA registration. Electric discharges were recorded from a weakly electric catfish, Clarias gariepinus, using an array of 8 x 8 electrodes at a sampling rate of 20 kHz. Data show oscillograms and two-dimensional plots of the spatial distribution of the electrical field.

Design and Analysis of Area Efficient 128 Bytes SRAM Architecture

SRAM Memory architecture design and implementation is a challenging task for memory applications. Practical architecture was developed and used successfully using various double ended SRAM cells like 6 and 4 transistors. But for single ended SRAM cell like 5 transistors or any other number of transistors there is no specific architecture for practical applications. Conventional SRAM architecture has SRAM cell, write driver circuit along with bit inverter, Pre-charge circuit and sense amplifier which consists more, number of transistors required to handle single bit storage. In this paper SRAM architecture is implemented for single ended SRAM cell that is three transistor SRAM cell. Area is reduced by 60% with average power consumption 3.05µW and speed with 20.87GHz. Finally,28 bytes memory structure is implemented and verified its operation.

Multichannel power electronics and magnetic nanoparticles for selective thermal magnetogenetics

Objective. We present a combination of a power electronics system and magnetic nanoparticles that enable frequency-multiplexed magnetothermal-neurostimulation with rapid channel switching between three independent channels spanning a wide frequency range. Approach. The electronics system generates alternating magnetic field spanning 50 kHz to 5 MHz in the same coil by combining silicon (Si) and gallium-nitride (GaN) transistors to resolve the high spread of coil impedance and current required throughout the wide bandwidth. The system drives a liquid-cooled field coil via capacitor banks, forming three series resonance channels which are multiplexed using high-voltage contactors. We characterized the system by the output channels’ frequencies, field strength, and switching time, as well as the system’s overall operation stability. Using different frequency–amplitude combinations of the magnetic field to target specific magnetic nanoparticles with different coercivity, we demonstrate actuation of iron oxide nanoparticles in all three channels, including a novel nanoparticle composition responding to magnetic fields in the megahertz range. Main results. The system achieved the desired target field strengths for three frequency channels, with switching speed between channels on the order of milliseconds. Specific absorption rate measurements and infrared thermal imaging performed with three types of magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated selective heating and validated the system’s intended use. Significance. The system uses a hybrid of Si and GaN transistors in bridge configuration instead of conventional amplifier circuit concepts to drive the magnetic field coil and contactors for fast switching between different capacitor banks. Series-resonance circuits ensure a high output quality while keeping the system efficient. This approach could significantly improve the speed and flexibility of frequency-multiplexed nanoparticle actuation, such as magnetogenetic neurostimulation, and thus provide the technical means for selective stimulation below the magnetic field’s fundamental spatial focality limits.