Amount Of Titanium Research Articles

The Tribological and Rheological Properties of Vegetable Lubricating Grease Modified of TiO2 Nanoparticles

The article presents the results of tribological and rheological research of lubricating composition modified of various content of titanium dioxide. The analysis of anti-wear properties during the test for the tested lubricating composition indicates a significant change in this parameters for lubricants modified of titanium dioxide. A change of the value of evaluated tribological parameters leads to change in the structure of the composition carried out tests and a change in the effectiveness of the tribological protection of the tribosystem. The content of the thickener, base of oil and additive in the lubricant structure affects the level of the anti-wear properties, as evidenced by the results obtained during the tribological tests presented in this article. Also, the tribological tests were carried out with the T-02 four-ball machine for the base grease, i.e. without a modifying additive, and compared with the results obtained for lubricating greases modified with various amounts of titanium dioxide. The results of welding load, limiting pressure of seizure, scuffing load, limiting load of scuffing and limiting load of wear were used to evaluate the tribological properties. Based on the results of tribological tests of vegetable lubricating compositions, it was found, that the addition of titanium dioxide changed the anti-wear and anti-seizure properties of the vegetable lubricating compositions under study. The introduction of various amount of titanium dioxide caused an increase of dynamic viscosity at lower shear rates and significant changes of viscosity in the low temperatures. The introduction of modifier led to the decrease of yield point value from content value of used additive of tested lubricating compositions.

Sol-Gel Synthesis of Zinc Alumotitanate, Monitoring of Chelation, Hydrolysis, Condensation, and Crystallization Processes.

Zinc alumotitanate sorbents with various compositions were prepared through sol-gel synthesis with the use of ethyl acetoacetate as a chelating agent. The formation and decomposition of chelates, providing insight into sol-gel process advancement, have been successfully monitored via 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. It has been established that Al(OBus)3 and Ti(OBun)4 react completely with Eaa, forming chelates after 1 h, while after 24 h hydrolysis is already advanced. Hydrolysis is accelerated in the presence of Zn(NO2)3·6H2O, supplying the water needed for hydrolysis. In dried gels, the amount of ethyl acetoacetate is greatly reduced, and it is mainly present unbound. According to XRD analysis, samples with none or less titania are composed of layered double hydroxide, while in samples with greater amounts of titania, crystal nitrates are present. In all samples except those without Al, the spinel phase with variable composition crystallizes.

Improvement of the rupture strength of MF shell microcapsule by incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles with an optimal content

AbstractMicroencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) are usually subjected to internal pressure caused by core volume changes or external mechanical stress during service. It is of great importance for individual microcapsule to achieve good mechanical performance to be effective in avoiding the leakage of core material and providing crucial protection to environment. Here, n‐octadecane was selected as core material and different amounts of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were added into the melamine formaldehyde (MF) shell, forming n‐octadecane@MF‐TiO2 hybrid shell MPCMs by in situ polymerization. It has been confirmed that TiO2 nanoparticles had been well embedded in the network structure of MF shell. The doping of TiO2 is beneficial to the inhibition of supercooling and the improvement of the thermal stability for hybrid shell microcapsules. Microcompression tests were conducted to determine the rupture loads of prepared microcapsules. TiO2 nanoreinforcements increase the rupture loads of MF‐TiO2 shell microcapsules and the improvement percentage in rupture load reaches a maximum of 138.14% at TiO2 content of 2 wt.% compared with pristine microcapsules. Crack deflection and pinning may account for the potential strengthening mechanism of the MF nanocomposites. The reinforced MPCMs will contribute to their more promising and widespread applications in thermal energy storage systems.

Effects of titanium dioxide additions on flash ignition characteristics of aluminum and iron nanoparticles

The flash ignition as a new ignition method has attracted lots of interest from researchers. The flash ignition can successfully achieve distributed ignition in a short time. To study the flash ignition and combustion characteristics of titanium dioxide mixed with iron nanoparticles and aluminum nanoparticles, an appropriate amount of titanium dioxide was added to the iron nanoparticles and aluminum nanoparticles to form the composite material. The ignition phenomenon of mixture materials was recorded by the high-speed camera and the temperature distribution of ignited materials was calculated by using the two-color method. The minimum ignition energy of mixture materials with different content of titanium dioxide and total mass was measured to analyze the method to decrease the minimum ignition energy. The results showed that the effect of the added titanium dioxide was insignificant on the combustion phenomenon of the iron nanoparticles. The temperature was still maintained at approximately 850 K compared with the pure iron nanoparticles. The minimum ignition energy of the mixture materials increased with the increasing content of titanium dioxide. As for the aluminum nanoparticles, titanium dioxide can enhance the explosion phenomenon occurring at the beginning of the flash ignition. In the exposure process. With the content of titanium dioxide in the range of 0%–20%, the minimum ignition energy of the mixture materials decreased greatly. The content increased to the range of 20%–40%, the minimum ignition energy was neglected. When the content was further increased to higher than 60%, the minimum ignition energy gradually increased until it gets the saturation condition.

Constructing Exfoliated, Ti3C2Tx MXene-Dispersed, LaCoO3 and pC3N4-Based Nanocomposites with In Situ Grown Titania through Etching/Oxidation for Stimulating Solar H2 Production

The use of a well-designed Ti3C2 MXene with in situ embedded titania nanoparticles to construct a porous carbon nitride (pCN)/LaCoO3 Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunction for stimulating solar hydrogen production has been explored. A novel oxidized/etched approach was employed to produce MXene to maximize charge separation in LaCoO3 perovskite-dispersed pCN. On increasing the HF etching time from 24 to 48 h, the amount of titania embedded over the MXene was increased, enabling 1.71 times more H2 evolution. More importantly, integrated etched/oxidized Ti3C2 nanoflowers showed more reaction area with enhanced light absorption, which was more prominent with increased temperature. The H2 evolution was significantly increased due to in situ embedded TiO2. Comparatively, optimized 15Ti3C2Tx/pCN was found to be more efficient at lower temperatures, which was further increased 7-fold with a 10Ti3C2Tx/pCN-coupled LaCoO3 Z-scheme heterojunction. This obvious enhancement was evidently due to utilizing the maximum redox potential with good interface interaction among the components to promote charge carrier separation. Among the sacrificial agents, TEOA was found to be more promising, with 9.1 times more H2 production due to its strong bond with amine-based pCN, which was further confirmed by quantum analysis. In conclusion, the Z-scheme photosystem is promising for efficient mobility and separation of charges and would also be beneficial for other solar energy applications.

The potential influence of high uric acid exposure on surface and corrosion susceptibility of pure titanium

This study investigated the corrosion susceptibility of pure titanium under uric acid exposure for 7 days based on surface analysis. The prepared pure titanium specimens, exposed to different concentrations of uric acid, were examined for surface microstructure, surface element composition and surface wettability using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and static contact angle measurement, respectively. The corrosion behaviors of titanium specimens were measured by open-circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization. The titanium ion release from the prepared specimens, which were immersed in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing different amount of uric acid, was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). More irregular pitting holes were observed on titanium surfaces exposed to a high concentration of uric acid, and XPS analyses revealed that the amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2) decreased. Titanium surfaces pre-treated with high uric acid became more hydrophobic. Furthermore, the results of OCP and potentiodynamic polarization tests showed increased corrosion susceptibility of titanium samples, while EIS data indicated more active corrosion behavior of titanium materials. The high concentration of uric acid also induced titanium ion release. High concentration of uric acid negatively influenced the surface characteristics and corrosion properties of titanium materials, which destroyed the titanium oxide film barrier. High uric acid exposure increased corrosion susceptibility of pure titanium specimens and accelerated titanium ion release.Graphical abstract

Comparative Study: Synthesis, Characterization, and ORR Activity of Pot and TiO2-Pot Nanocomposites

o-toluidine was polymerized with the incorporation of different amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2) by chemical oxidation method using potassium perdisulphate as oxidizing agent. Comparative studies were carried out with different nanocomposites of varying compositions of TiO2/PoT against poly-o-toluidine (PoT). The resulting poly-o-toluidine – TiO2 nanocomposites (PoTTNCs) were characterized by UV–Vis and FTIR spectral studies. TiO2 has a deep influence in the crystallinity of PoT chains order in nanocomposite structure as observed in the XRD pattern. Electrochemical characterization studies were carried out to compare the improved performance of varied compositions of TiO2/PoT with respect to PoT in different atmospheres.

Kinetic Study of Styrene Oxidation over Titania Catalyst Supported on Sulfonated Fish Bone-derived Carbon

The kinetic evaluation of titania supported sulfonated fish bone-derived carbon (TiO2/SFBC) as a catalyst in styrene oxidation by aqueous hydrogen peroxide was carried out. The catalysts were prepared by carbonation of fishbone powder at varying temperatures 500, 600 and 700 °C, respectively for 2 h, followed by sulfonation with sulfuric acid (1M) for 24 h and impregnated by varied titania concentration 500, 1000 and 1500 µmol. The physical properties of catalysts were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and the nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The catalytic activity result showed that TiO2/SFBC can be used as a potential catalyst in styrene oxidation. Worth noting that the sulfonation process has not only transformed the TiO2/FBC particulates (without sulfonation) to cuboid-shaped TiO2/SFBC (with sulfonation) but also contributed to the high selectivity of benzaldehyde. On the other hand, carbonization at different temperatures has an indistinct effect on catalytic performance due to their similar surface areas. The styrene conversion rate responded positively with the increasing amount of titania in the functionalized composites. The styrene oxidation by aqueous H2O2 unraveled the first-order reaction with the activation energy of ⁓63.5 kJ. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Evaluation of Tio2 and CaC03 in fiber cement roof tiles for reducing the thermal load buildings

In this research, different materials are evaluated to improve reflectivity and reduce the thermal load generated by solar irradiation in buildings that use fiber cement tiles. This study aims to find commercial materials that are affordable and of low weight per area so that the general community can obtain favorable results in reducing the thermal load in buildings. This study uses materials based on solutions of white enamel and titanium dioxide (Tio2), with different concentrations of TiO2 and calcium carbonate, dispersed on corrugated sheets of fiber cement roofing. In them, the range of variation and the temperature profile of the surface (internal and external) are evaluated as a function of the concentration of the mixture, the margin of experimental performance, the weight per unit area and the results are compared between sheets, with and without the new coating solution. The sheet that presented the best performance was the one that had in its mixture a composition by weight of 75.29% white enamel and 24.71% titanium dioxide. This can reduce the average temperature on the external surface up to 9.5°C in the same buildings in approximately and 3.85°C on the surface of the side that does not have the mixture. In general, the performance of the solutions is sensitive to the manufacturing process and materials (centrifuge of the mixture, the amount of calcium cobalt, the amount of titanium dioxide and the total dispersion of the mixture on the surface of the tiles roof fiber cement).

Microstructure, mechanical and erosion wear analysis of post heat treated iron alloy based coating with varying chromium

AbstractThe present work focuses on the effect of annealing heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical and erosion properties of iron alloy based coatings with varying chromium content. High velocity oxygen fuel coating method was used to deposit the coating over the substrate material 316 L stainless steel. The study was done in terms of microstructural analysis using x‐ray diffractometer, surface and cross‐sectional morphology using field emission scanning electron microscope, mechanical and erosion wear analysis. It was found that x‐ray diffractometer indicated presence of less amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) after heat treatment. However, the peaks of hardened phase of diironylidenetitanium (Fe2Ti) and iron‐chromium (Fe−Cr) was increased. Addition of chromium up to 10 wt. % improved the hardness and adhesion pull of strength by 16 % and 62 % respectively. On the other side heat treatment of iron alloy based coating having 10 wt. % chromium increased the hardness and adhesion pull off strength by 17.3 % and 35 % respectively. The erosion wear rate was also decreased with the annealing process. The study shows that the annealing process increases hardness and adhesion pull off strength but decreases porosity and erosion wear rate.

TiO2/Polyethersulphone films for photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in aqueous solution

In this study, TiO2-polyethersulfone films with different TiO2 loadings, prepared by the phase inversion method were tested as photocatalysts for degradation of acetaminophen in aqueous solution. The prepared films were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, AFM, and XPS. The successful incorporation of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles was confirmed by the XRD and SEM-EDX. SEM images revealed a much smoother surface for the pristine PES as compared to the TiO2-PES films, while EDX result confirmed the immobilization of titanium, as increasing amounts of titania were detected with increased loading of titanium dioxide. The SEM cross sectional images also show that the prepared films transformed into porous structures with tear-like pores and the porosity increased from 0.06%, for pristine PES, to 0.35% for the (14 wt%) TiO2-PES, and then dropped slightly to 0.32% in (17 wt%) TiO2-PES due to the onset of aggregation. The TiO2-PES photocatalyst film with 14 wt% content of TiO2 exhibited 51% degradation efficiency for a film surface area of 80 cm2, and a maximum efficiency of 80% at 320 cm2 film surface area. However, an increased TiO2 loading up to 17 wt% led to a decline in efficiency which is attributed to agglomeration and possible defective pore structure of the films. The reactivity of the acetaminophen molecule, modelled using the density functional theory (DFT), enabled identification of the acetamido group and the aromatic ring as the regions most prone to electrophilic and radical attack, respectively.

Processing of Agglomerates and Pellets Containing Various Amounts of Titanium Dioxide

Questions about the oxidative roasting of iron ore raw materials (agglomerates and pellets) are studied. Features of the phase structure of the iron ore raw materials containing titan and vanadium are discussed. Reducibility, durability, and the softening and melting temperatures of metallurgical iron ore raw materials are studied in vitro. The objects of the research are titaniferous ores containing different amounts of titan dioxide. The behaviors of agglomerates and pellets in a blast furnace are studied, and the influence of their physical and chemical properties on heat and mass transfer processes are researched by means of a mathematical model. The main indices of blast furnace smelting—productivity, coke consumption, composition of top gas, cast iron, and slag—are shown. It is established that the increase in titanium dioxide content in pellets, as the amount of concentrate with increased TiO2 content increases, does not cause deterioration in the quality of iron ore raw materials being prepared for blast furnace smelting. At the same time, as the hot strength of raw materials increases, the temperature at which softening begins increases and the temperature interval of softening of materials decreases.

New insight into the role of crosslinkers and composition on selectivity and kinetics of antimony uptake by chitosan-titania composite beads

Role of composition and the nature of crosslinking on the properties of titania-chitosan beads have been investigated in detail. The investigations were done in order to explore the feasibility of design and synthesis of titania-chitosan beads with bespoke functionality based on the intended application. This would greatly enhance the potential for the industrial application of these biopolymer based beads. Beads of varying compositions (of titania and chitosan) were prepared and crosslinked using epichlorohydrin or glutaraldehyde. The physical characteristics and antimony binding properties of the resultant crosslinked titania-chitosan beads were investigated in detail. Influence of chitosan amount on swelling was seen to be more predominant in the glutaraldehyde crosslinked beads (TA-Cts-Glu). TA-Cts-Glu beads showed more swelling and better antimony (Sb(III) and Sb(V)) uptake as compared to the epichlorohydrin crosslinked beads (TA-CTS-Epi). While TA-Cts-Glu beads showed faster uptake kinetics compared to the TA-CTS-Epi beads, the latter showed selectivity towards Sb(III) against transition metal cations. Further, the beads exhibited differential uptake of Sb(V) and Sb(III). TA-Cts-Glu beads prepared with equal amounts of titania and chitosan showed the maximum Sb(V) uptake while the TA-Cts-Epi beads with higher chitosan to titania ratio showed the least. Sb(V) binding was enhanced by the crosslinked chitosan, while the Sb(III) uptake was aided predominantly by the titania content in the beads.

Особенности формирования титаната цинка при электровзрывном диспергировании титанового и цинкового проводников в кислородсодержащей атмосфере

In present work, we have synthesized, for the first time, zinc titanate nanoparticles by electric explosion of titanium and zinc wires in an oxygen-containing atmosphere (argon - oxygen 20 vol. %). As-synthesized nanoparticles nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The particles have a spherical shape and an average particle size of 82 nm. The phase composition is presented by zinc titanate and a small amount of titanium oxide, which corresponds to the phase diagram of the TiO2-ZnO system. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was studied in the decomposition reaction of a model dye methylene blue and it was found that it was higher than that of titanium oxide nanoparticles obtained by electric explosion of a titanium wire in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. In addition, the synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated high antibacterial activity against MRSA bacteria.

Complex reinforcement potential of inorganic nanoparticles in bitumen

Although the modification of bitumen using nanoparticles has become popular in research studies recently, the degree of modification they provide is still debatable. This paper discusses the effects of three nanoparticles (silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate) on the physical properties and rheological behaviour of bitumen. The microstructural properties were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the physical properties were assessed through penetration, softening point and ductility tests. A dynamic shear rheometer was used to investigate the rheological properties of the bitumen, and the results were analysed through the 2S2P1D master curve model and complex reinforcement coefficient RM*. The results of XRD indicated substantial changes in the bitumen structure after adding the nanoparticles. The results showed that the physical properties and rheological behaviour of bitumen were significantly altered by adding the nanosilica to bitumen. However, using the same amount of titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate as additives was less effective than the use of nanosilica. It was also found that the 2S2P1D model and complex reinforcement coefficient RM*were very practical for satisfactory modelling and comparing the rheological properties of nanoparticle-modified binders.

Development of Sunscreen Products Containing Titanium Dioxide and <i>Aloe vera</i> Gel

This study aimed to develop sunscreen emulsion from natural sunscreening agents, titanium dioxide and Aloe vera gel extract that have good sun protection efficacy. The effects of formulation variables i.e., particle size and amount of titanium dioxide, amount of Aloe vera gel extract (spray dried powder) and combination of sunscreening agents (titanium dioxide and Aloe vera gel extract) on physical properties and sun protection efficacy (e.g., SPF, UVA/UVB ratio, critical wavelength) of sunscreen products were evaluated. The results showed that the smaller particle size of titanium dioxide improved the sun protection efficacy and increased the UVB absorption edge of the products. SPF of the formulations could be ranked as Nanofine TiO2 (particle size 25–30 nm) > Kingruti T-01 TiO2 (particle size 200 nm) > Pigment TiO2 (particle size < 45,000 nm) and UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength of the formulations could be arranged in order as follows: Nanofine TiO2 < Kingruti T-01 TiO2 < Pigment TiO2. Increasing amount of titanium dioxide from 5 to 15 %w/w increased significantly viscosity and SPF of formulations. Aloe vera gel extract itself did not significantly affect SPF, however, combination of Aloe vera gel extract and titanium dioxide seemed to have synergistic effect on sun protection efficacy and decreased viscosity of the formulation. According to the results, the good sunscreen formulation consisted of 15 %w/w Nanofine TiO2, 5 %w/w Aloe vera gel spray dried powder in emulsion base because it was broad spectrum sunscreen and showed high SPF (27.53±1.92), high UVA/UVB ratio with critical wavelength higher than 370 nm.

Synthesis of methanol blocking PVA-TiO2 cation exchange membrane for direct methanol alkaline fuel cell

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based cation exchange membrane has been synthesized for direct methanol alkaline fuel (DMAFC) cells by phase inversion technique coupled with chemical reaction. Nanocomposite membranes have been prepared by adding different amounts of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles into the sulfonated PVA solution. PVA was sulfonated by sulfosuccinic acid solution. Sodium ion conducting membranes are formed by a typical chemical reaction induced phase inversion process, using a nonsolvent bath of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The phase inversion technique coupled with chemical reaction significantly modified the chemical structure; improved thermal, mechanical, and surface properties of the sulfonated PVA based nanocomposite membrane. The mechanical and thermal properties of the membrane were investigated by UTM and TGA respectively. The chemical structure of membranes was analyzed by FTIR spectrometer. The presence of the TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium ions in the composite membrane was analyzed with the EDX technique. The surface morphology of membranes was studied by SEM micrographs. Moreover, water uptake, sodium ion conductivity, and methanol permeability of the membrane were altered with varying amounts of TiO2. Surface modified TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the ionic conductivity of the composite membrane to the range of 10-−2 S/cm. Furthermore, the value of the methanol permeability was obtained in the order of 10-7 cm2/s.

Nanostructure, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Mechanical Performance of PCL Membranes Reinforced with Antibacterial Nanoparticles

Recently, the application of porous bio-nanocomposites has been considered by many researchers for orthopedic application. Since experimental tests for obtaining the mechanical and physical properties of these nanostructured biomaterials are very expensive and time-consuming, it is highly recommended to model and simulate these bio-nanoscale materials to predict their mechanical and physical properties. In this study, three-phase porous bio-nanocomposite membranes were fabricated with Titanium oxide (TiO2), Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer. HA and TiO2 are both biocompatible and biodegradable. The samples were fabricated with various amounts of titanium oxide and the materials characterization has been performed on selected sample. The molecular dynamics technique (MD) have been used to predict the mechanical performance of the nanocomposite models. The MD simulations were performed for single phase material and the developed for two phases equivalent components as a new approach in using MD simulation results. The results indicated the close relationship between the experimental data and simulation values for the selected sample. Moreover, phase and morphology of these nanostructures have been investigated using SEM results. Therefore, based on the proposed approach, MD simulation can be applicable for predicting the properties of porous bio-nanocomposite membrane.

Sintering of Ti-based biomedical alloys with increased oxygen content from elemental powders

Revived interest for beta Ti alloys with increased oxygen content is motivated by the prospect of achieving material with low modulus and high strength simultaneously. Fine tuning of amount of oxygen and beta stabilizing elements is critical for achieving good mechanical properties. This study shows that powder metallurgy method of spark plasma sintering is capable of producing Ti-Nb-Zr-O alloys from elemental powders. This simple approach allows for quick sampling and production of several alloys with various chemical composition. Elemental powders were mixed with appropriate amount of titanium dioxide to achieve Ti-29Nb-7Zr-0.7O alloy. Sintering was performed at 1400 - 1500 °C for 15 – 30 minutes.

Investigation of mechanical properties of polymer composites used for orthopedic application

Abstract Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene and Titanium Dioxide composites were developed as alternative materials for orthopaedic applications. The amount of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) incorporated into the Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (PTFE) polymer matrix with the ranges of 5%, 10% and 15% of weight proportion and these materials were successfully fabricated by compression moulding. In this research work the density, compression strength, bending strength and hardness of composite materials have been determined. Above test results are compared with currently used orthopaedic implants and they are found satisfactory.