Amount Of Salt Research Articles

Accuracy of Declared Salt Content on Traffic Light Labelling of Nuts and Seeds in Isfahan, Iran.

Regarding the importance of the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and higher consumption of salt among the Iranian population than the level recommended by the World Health Organization, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the salt mentioned in the traffic light labelling of nuts and seeds. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. A total of 53 packaged nuts and seeds, including 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, and 10 samples of pumpkin, pistachios, almond, sunflower, peanut, and watermelon nuts and seeds, respectively, with traffic light labelling, were randomly purchased from several local markets in Isfahan, Iran. The amount of sodium was measured by the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy technique and then multiplied by 2.5 to achieve the amount of salt. Varying levels of traffic light labeling value accuracy were observed in most of the samples. In the almond, pistachio, peanut, and watermelon groups, the average amount of laboratory value had a statistically significant difference with the label value (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that the salt content of 82% of the studied samples had discrepancies with the values stated on the traffic light labelling. The presentation of an accurate amount of salt content is essential for promoting healthy eating habits and enabling individuals to make informed choices about their diet. It is recommended that regulatory authorities should review labelling guidelines and enforce stricter compliance to ensure accurate representation of salt content on packaged foods.

Effect of current density on the morphology and electrochemical properties of nanotubular TiO2 for implant applications

This study focuses on investigating the influence of current density (i) (A/dm2) at values of 0.5 A dm−2, 1.0 A dm−2 1.5 A dm−2, and 2.0 A/dm2 on the surface structure of nanotubular titanium dioxide (TiO2) in an ethylene glycol solvent containing a certain amount of fluoride salt and water. The surface structure observed via FESEM images reveals that different current densities yield different nanotubular TiO2 structures, predominantly in the form of anatase TiO2 crystals. EIS and CV measurements indicate that at a current density of i = 1.5 A dm−2, the nanotubular TiO2 layer exhibits corrosion resistance performance up to 90.06% compared to the bare titanium (Ti) samples. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrates enhanced attachment of BHK cells on anodized titanium surfaces compared to unmodified controls. These findings suggest that nanotubular TiO2 presents a biocompatible material with promising potential for biomedical implant applications.

Study of the Impact of High Temperature of Cooling Water and Hydrocarbon Waste Discharged from Musayyib Thermal Station to the Euphrates River Using Remote Sensing Stations

The spread of industrial activities, especially electrical power generation stations on the banks of rivers, increases the pollution of the surrounding water environment as a result of the release of industrial water that is not treated adequately. Among these stations is the Al-Musayyib Thermal Power Station. The research focused onstudying the quality of the water entering and leaving the station by installing two sensing stations. Remote monitoring of the Euphrates River, as the station contains several sensors, including measuring acidity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and the amount of total salts, in addition to a sensor for measuring refined fuel. These results are collected around the clock at a central station, where the results showed a decrease in the level of dissolved oxygen ranging between (3.5-5) RSD% 0.1-0.2 as well as an increase in The temperature of the excreted water ranging between from(30Cº-33Cº) RSD% 0.1-0.2, both of which negatively affect the environmental life of living organisms, as well as the appearance of a high percentage of pollutants resulting from refined fuel, ranging between (2.1-8.1) ppm, The findings will contribute to improving the efficiency of treatment plants to suit the environment surrounding the river, In order to preserve the water environment, it is necessary to place oil dispensers in the treatment units, as well as work to reduce the temperatures of the cooling water, which are at temperatures higher than the medical grades coming out of the station.

Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) in Varying Irrigation Water Salinity and Leaching Fractions

This study aimed to determine the response of yield and yield parameters of the ‘Cospirina’ lettuce plant, known to be moderate salinity tolerant, to different levels of salt water applications and different leaching rates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Hatay Province, Türkiye. Lettuce was irrigated at three different irrigation water salinity levels (EC0 = 0.5 dS m-1-control, EC2 = 2 dS m-1, EC4 = 4 dS m-1) and four different leaching fractions (LF0 = 0%, LF1 = 10%, LF2 = 20%, LF3 = 30%). Irrigation water salinity was adjusted by adding different amounts of NaCl salt to the tap water (EC0, control) with an EC value of 0.5 dS m-1. Plant water consumption (PWC) increased as the leaching fraction increased but decreased as salinity increased. PWC ranged from 7.32 – 10.5 L for EC0, 7.0 – 8.46 L for EC2, and 5.0 – 6.46 L for EC4. The mean water use efficiency (WUEy) was calculated as 31.43 g L-1, 32.12 g L-1, and 34.77 g L-1 in EC0, EC2, and EC4, respectively. Lettuce yield decreased with increasing soil salinity and the leaching fraction. Yield ranged from 182 g plant-1 (EC4LF0) to 282 g plant-1 (EC0LF2). When soil salinity increased from 0.82 dS m-1 (EC0) to 1.31 dS m-1 (EC2) and 2.09 dS m-1 (EC4), yields decreased by 10% and 28%, respectively. Increasing salinity significantly decreased the root length, root width, leaf number, number of commercial leaves, leaf width, leaf length, and biomass, while commercial head length and commercial head diameter remained unaffected.

Salt and Cardiovascular Disease

Heart disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Sedentary lifestyle, bad eating habits, and little to no exercise have led to an alarming rise of lifestyle-mediated diseases in recent times. Table salt is one of the staples of all our kitchens and dining tables. Salt contains almost 98% sodium chloride. The unregulated amount of salt in our diet has led to adverse cardiovascular consequences. Fast foods such as salted French fries and Chinese cuisine may contain as much as 7,000 mg of sodium in a single meal! The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends a daily intake of not more than 2.3 g of salt per day (roughly one teaspoon). For patients with hypertension, heart failure, or kidney disease, a lower daily cut-off of 1.5 g of salt has been proposed but is still under debate. There is conflicting evidence of going too low with salt restriction as recent studies have shown increased adverse events when salt was restricted to beyond the recommended per-day threshold. The DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) diet is a novel dietary pattern that is recommended for patients with hypertension. The DASH diet is not a restrictive or short-term diet but rather a sustainable and balanced approach to eating. It promotes a wide variety of foods, focusing on whole, unprocessed options, and encourages portion control. Adhering to a DASH eating pattern by itself can lower the systolic blood pressure by 6–11 mm Hg. Reducing salt intake can be challenging, as salt is present in many processed and packaged foods, restaurant meals, and fast food. More than 70% of the salt we eat, according to the AHA, comes from processed, prepackaged, and restaurant foods. “Salt Lite” is often marketed as a healthier alternative for individuals looking to lower their sodium intake. It typically contains a blend of potassium chloride with sodium chloride and is hence not totally “sodium free.” Individuals considering the use of “Salt Lite” should be aware of its higher potassium content and should not use it if they have a kidney disease or are on drugs that can cause hyperkalemia. There is a common misconception that pink Himalayan salt is lower in sodium than regular table salt. However, both types consist of approximately 98% sodium chloride. Research has not shown that Himalayan salt has any unique health benefits compared to other dietary salts. It is hence imperative for all individuals to restrict dietary salt intake to the recommended levels—as a measure toward a healthy lifestyle as well as a therapeutic modality for those with established cardiovascular diseases.

Salt Tolerant Microbes (Active Metabolites) Mediated Nanoparticle: Drug Delivery and Future Prospects

Salt Tolerant Microbes are a group of microorganisms that grow, develop, and survive in extremely high salt concentrations. Based on their tolerance level they generally grow up optimally at pH values beyond 9.0, but the growth is inhibited at the pH value that is most closely associated with neutral 6.5. They have minimal dietary needs and a good salt quantity that is high enough to osmotic pressure. They can produce biological metabolites that have certain actions such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer. We discussed in this article various pharmaceutical formulations of salt-tolerant microbes, every formulation shows the specific pharmacological actions like anti-cancer activity, anti-oxidant activity, and anti-microbial activity, and also discusses methods for the biosynthesis of salt-tolerant microbes’ nanoparticles.

Controlling the polymorphs of PVDF membranes: Effects of a salt additive on PVDF polarization during phase separation processes

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes, acclaimed for their outstanding chemical resistance, thermal stability, and mechanical properties, play a crucial role in diverse industrial purification applications. While various methods have been employed for fabricating PVDF membranes such as thermally induced, evaporation-induced, vapor-induced, and nonsolvent-induced phase separation processes, controlling the polarity of PVDF chains using these techniques remains challenging. Recent studies have shown that the nonpolar α-phase PVDF is susceptible to organic acid fouling owing to hydrophobic interactions, whereas the β-phase PVDF has demonstrated polarity and offers antifouling properties. Herein, porous PVDF membranes predominantly composed of the β-phase were successfully fabricated by incorporating a small amount of LiCl salt into the PVDF dope solution. The addition of LiCl influences ion–dipole moments between ions and PVDF during phase separation, simultaneously affecting the PVDF chain arrangement and membrane morphology. Since the LiCl additive alters both the pore size and structure of PVDF membranes, both freestanding and non-woven supported membranes were prepared and characterized to assess the effects of polarity and pore size on fouling tendency. Characterizations of prepared PVDF membranes revealed considerable changes in the PVDF polymorph, membrane morphology, pore size, and antifouling properties upon introducing the salt additive. Our findings imply that β-phase–dominant PVDF membranes can be effectively utilized in water purification applications.

Valorization of agitated thin film dryer (ATFD)-mixed-salt from textile wastewater for its application in leather manufacturing – a sustainable approach

ABSTRACT The textile industry uses sodium chloride and sodium sulphate during the dyeing process to improve the fixation of dyes on fabrics. After wastewater treatment, the reject stream is dried resulting in mixed salts as solid wastes that are not reused. The leather industry also uses a vast quantity of salt for temporary preservation of skins/hides and as swelling-suppressing agent during the pickling (acidification) process. Thus, an attempt was made to utilize the mixed salt obtained from the textile industry to replace sodium chloride in leather processing. It was found that a 40% w/w offer of ATFD salt was able to preserve the skins for 3 months, which was on par with the preservation carried out using a similar quantity of sodium chloride in conventional preservation process. Likewise, for the pickling process, an offer of 10% w/w ATFD salt provided sufficient deswelling action when compared to conventionally used sodium chloride. However, the residual colour of the mixed salts affected the quality of the leather obtained. To overcome this, an electro-oxidation treatment was carried out to obtain decolourized salts. The COD measurements showed that the 1% solution of ATFD-3 salt reduced from 471 ± 25 to 88 ± 16 ppm. A similar trend was also seen in BOD reduction from 80 ± 12 to 18 ± 10 ppm. These results confirmed that the colour removal could be due to the degradation of the organic contaminants present in the ATFD salt. Thus, the treated ATFD salt can be reused for leather processing without affecting leather quality, thus promoting the concept of circular economy.

#1429 Daily urinary potassium excretion is not a fixed percentage of daily potassium intake

Abstract Background and Aims High potassium intake is associated with a lower blood pressure and lower incidence of chronic kidney disease. Since a significant amount of potassium is lost via stool, the World Health Organization advices to multiply 24-hour renal potassium excretion by 1.3 for estimation of dietary intake. We analyzed whether this 1.3 factor for potassium intake varies in healthy volunteers and evaluated whether factors associated with tissue cation storage, namely sodium intake, aldosterone, cortisol and urine volume, affect the renal potassium excretion. Method We performed a post-hoc analysis of the long-term sodium balance studies Mars105 and Mars520. Ten healthy male participants consumed a fixed amount of salt (6, 9 and 12 grams/day for &amp;gt;29 days) and potassium (4 grams/day) for 105 (n = 4) and 205 days (n = 6). During the entire study period all urine was collected in 24-hour aliquots. We calculated the percentage of potassium intake that was excreted in the corresponding 24-hour urine collection during steady-state. We assessed whether this percentage was associated with sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol and urine volume using a multivariable mixed-effects model. Results Overall, the median renal potassium excretion was 80% of potassium intake (IQR 65-97%; range 24-304%). This corresponds to a conversion factor of 1.25 (IQR 1.03-1.54). Within individual subjects we also observed a marked day-to-day variation in the percentage of renal potassium excretion: the average intraperson width of the IQR was 25%. A higher sodium intake was associated with an increased percentage of renal potassium excretion, whereas a higher potassium intake was associated with a decreased percentage of renal potassium excretion. A significant positive interaction between the effects of sodium and potassium intake was present (P &amp;lt; .001; Fig. A). Furthermore, urinary aldosterone (Fig. B), urinary cortisol (Fig. C) and urine volume (Fig. D) were positively associated with the percentage of renal potassium excretion. Conclusion The percentage of consumed potassium that is excreted via urine shows considerable intra- and inter-subject variability. During steady-state this percentage is independently affected by sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol, and urine volume. Our results suggest that the WHO's fixed 1.3 conversion factor may lead to inaccurate estimations of potassium intake.

Study on Relationship of Socio Demographic, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Fast Food Intake among University of Cyberjaya Medical Students

Background and objectives: Fast food is defined as food which can be cooked quickly or is ready made to eat. Fast food restaurants have been mushrooming in all around the world even though fast food has been well known to have high amount of lipid, salt, sugar and food additives. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between fast food consumption in terms of socio demographic, knowledge, attitude and practice among medical students of University of Cyberjaya. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Faculty of Medicine students from University of Cyberjaya (UoC) using an online form using convenience sampling method. Data was analyzed using JASP software. Results: Overall, out of 393 respondents, the majority of them were female (66.9%), single (99.2%), Malay (53.4%) and Malaysian (96.7%). Almost half of the respondents take fast food 0 to 5 times per month (53.9%) and most frequently have it together with friends (43.8%). All of the respondents have a high level of knowledge on fast food and 91.6% of the respondents have a positive attitude for fast food. Our study also found that there is a significant association between knowledge score and attitude score about fast food and intake pattern (p &lt;0.001, p = 0.008 respectively). We also found that race and estimated parent’s/caretaker/own monthly income have significant association with frequency of fast food intake (p = 0.003, p = 0.002 respectively). Besides, our study identified the significant factors that attract university students towards fast food is fast food being the first thought that comes into student’s minds and speed of fast food preparation is fast (p &lt;0.001, p &lt;0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The study result showed that the predominant factor that influences the university students to choose fast food at the very first line is their socio demographic factors.

Cleaner reactive dyeing with the recycled dyeing wastewater

In order to recycle water and inorganic salts, sodium persulphate (SPS) was used to degrade the C.I. Reactive Red 195 (RR195) dyeing wastewater. The thermodynamic and kinetic relationships of RR195 dyeing in cleaner and conventional dyeing processes were analyzed and compared. The feasibility of the one-bath cyclic dyeing in the recycled dyeing wastewater was confirmed through the properties of dye utilization, color parameters and energy conservation. The appropriate conditions were 0.3 g/L of SPS and treatment at 95 °C for 30 min, which resulted in a decolorization rate of 99.7% for the dyeing wastewater, mainly due to the action of radical sulfate. When cotton fabric was dyed with the cleaner dyeing, the kinetic was pseudo-second-order and the thermodynamic was Freundlich adsorption. There was a 47.5% reduction in half dyeing time, a greater diffusion coefficient and standard affinity, and lower entropy and enthalpy values when dyeing in reused wastewater. Cotton fabrics were dyed with the proposed cleaner dyeing process, which reduced the amount of water and inorganic salt by 95.8% and 89.8%, respectively. The total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 53.6%, 69.8% and 42.6% lower than the conventional dyeing process, respectively. The recommended technology not only reduces the amount of dyeing wastewater but also enables the recycling of inorganic salts and water, which makes great progress in the textile industry.

Preparation of porous carbon with high performance as lithium-ion battery anode utilizing FeCl3/ZnCl2 as modifying agents

The anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are prepared by one-step carbonization using urea-impregnated cotton stalk (CS) as a carbon precursor and ZnCl2 and FeCl3 as an activator and catalyst, respectively. The addition of ZnCl2 contributes to the development of mesopore. Incorporating FeCl3 improves the graphitization of porous carbon, but has no significant effect on layer spacing. In addition, FeCl3 catalysis can increase the specific surface area and pore volume of porous carbon, especially the development of pore structure below 10 nm. In terms of electrochemical performance, the porous carbon is prepared at CS: ZnCl2: FeCl3 = 1:1:1 and possessed the best performance, with a reversible capacity of 487.7 mAhg−1 after 100 charge–discharge cycles at 0.1 Ag−1 and specific capacity retention of 83.61 %. This study greatly improves the cycling stability of the battery while reducing the amount of mixed salt, which is extremely significant for subsequent research.

Role of Calcium Chloride on the Eluting Process of Residual Ammonium from Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ore Tailings

A large amount of ammonium salt leaching agent will remain in the leaching site of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore (WREOs). The release of residual ammonium (RA) will seriously affect the water system ecology of the mining area, and it is urgent to control it. In this paper, column eluting was used to simulate the eluting process of RA in rare earth (RE) ore tailings, and the effects of calcium chloride concentration, eluting temperature, liquid-solid ratio, eluent pH and eluent flow rate on the eluting process of RA in rare earth ore tailings were discussed. It was found that calcium chloride could effectively elute the RA from ore tailings. Eluting agent pH almost had no effect on the eluting process of RA in the pH range of 4–6, and a greater impact on it at pH 8. The flow rate could effectively enhance the elution efficiency. The optimum conditions were calcium ion concentration of 0.1 mol/L, liquid-solid ratio of 2:1, pH 4–6, flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and elution at room temperature. At this time, the elution efficiency of RA was 91.85%. The eluting process of RA in ore tailings was controlled by the inner particle diffusing according to the kinetic analysis. The reaction order was 0.368, and the activation energy of the reaction is 12.450 kJ/mol. This will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient eluting process of residual ammonium in the leaching site of WREOs.

Improvement in Noodle Quality and Changes in Microstructure and Disulfide Bond Content through the Addition of Pepper Straw Ash Leachate.

Every year, a significant amount of pepper stalks are wasted due to low utilization. The ash produced from pepper stalks contains a significant amount of alkaline salts, which are food additives that can enhance the quality of noodles. Therefore, utilizing natural pepper straw ash to improve the quality of noodles shows promising development prospects. In this study, pepper straw ash leachate (PSAL) was extracted and added to noodles. The quality of the noodles gradually improved with the addition of PSAL, with the best effect observed at a concentration of 18% (PSAL mass/flour mass). This addition resulted in a 57.8% increase in noodle hardness, a 55.43% increase in chewiness, a 19.41% rise in water absorption rate, and a 13.28% increase in disulfide bond content. These alterations rendered the noodles more resilient during cooking, reducing their tendency to soften and thus enhancing chewiness and palatability. Incorporating PSAL also reduced cooking loss by 57.79%. Free sulfhydryl groups decreased by 5.1%, and scanning electron microscopy revealed a denser gluten network structure in the noodles, with more complete starch wrapping. This study significantly enhanced noodle quality and provided a new pathway for the application of pepper straw resources in the food industry.

A study of the effect of organic acids (gallic acid and ascorbic acid) on the coloration and functionalization of wool yarns with Millettia laurentii sawdust natural dye

Wastewater from the textile industry, especially the dyeing sector, is a major contaminant for aquatic ecosystems. Synthetic dye compounds and metal salts from leftover mordant and dyeing baths are washed into rivers, endangering aquatic life and the environment. In regards to the current study’s examination of Millettia laurentii sawdust’s potential as a natural color source, eco-friendly organic acids (gallic acid and ascorbic acid) were studied in conjunction with small amounts of metal salts (aluminum sulfate, stannous chloride, copper sulfate, and ferrous sulfate) for enhancing the color shade palette with simultaneous functionalization (antimicrobial and UV-protection) of wool yarns. The effects of metal salts up to ecologically permissible concentration limits on the dyeing and functional properties were assessed in combination with organic acids. The study focused on optimizing dyeing variables including pH (2–8), temperature (65–95 °C), dye concentration (25–125% o.w.f.), and dyeing time (15–90 min) using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFT) optimization by determining the color depth (K/S) values on the wool yarns. The optimized dyeing conditions were pH of 4, temperature of 95 °C, dye concentration of 75.0% (o.w.f.), and dyeing time of 60 min. The color characteristics (CIEL*a*b*c*ho) and fastness (Wash, rub, and light) properties are evaluated comparatively against control dyed wool yarns using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of control dyed and mordanted dyed wool yarns was evaluated in terms of the percentage microbial reduction of bacterial colonies. Metal salts especially ferrous sulfate in conjunction with gallic acid (Fe/GA) provided the highest average color strength (13.50) with a maximum percentage microbial reduction of 96.67%. UV protection ability was assessed by an Australian and New Zealand standards (AS/NZS 4399: 1996) method in terms of UPF values. UV protection levels were significantly improved by using binary combinations of organic acids and metal salts with the maximum protection offered by Fe/GA (97.66) and Sn/GA (97.90). Dyeing outcomes were significantly impacted by the chemical structure of organic acids (gallic acid and ascorbic acid) and the type of metal salts; the research proposes a more environmentally friendly natural dyeing process for the textile industry.

Rate of Post Obstructive Diuresis in Rapid Versus Gradual Bladder Decompression in Patients with Chronic Urinary Retention

Background: Post-obstructive diuresis (POD) is a polyuric state in which copious amounts of salt and water are eliminated after the relief of a urinary tract obstruction. POD is a clinical diagnosis based on urine output exceeding 200 mL per hour for two or more consecutives hours or 3L in 24 hours after decompressing an obstructed bladder, bilateral ureteric obstruction or unilateral ureteric obstruction in a solitary kidney. Methodology: This was a prospective, randomized study in which patients with chronic urinary retention were randomized into two groups: A and B. Group A had rapid urinary decompression with 18Fr urethral catheter attached to a urine bag, while group B had gradual decompression using a urethral catheter attached to an intravenous fluid giving set which was then attached to urine bag. Post obstructive diuresis in each group were assessed at designated times. Data Analysis and Result Presentation: Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM) SPSS version 21. Data was summarized by descriptive statistics. The two arms were compared for similarities in demographic variables. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using student t- test and Pearsons‘ Chi – square respectively. Significant p value was 0.05. Result: Sixty patients were recruited into the study and randomized into group A (rapid urinary decompression) and B (gradual urinary decompression) with 30 patients in each group. Thirteen patients (43.33%) had post obstructive diuresis in group A compared to 15 patients (50%) in group B. p value of 0.584. Diuresis resolved within 24 hours in 9 patients (30%) in group A and 11 patients (36.7%) in group B. p value of 0.999. The mean reduction in systolic blood pressure was 8.21 ± 2.63mmHg in group A and 7.63 ± 2.14mmHg in group B. p value of 0.583. The mean reduction diastolic blood pressure was 3.84 ± 1.31mmHg in group A and 3.41 ± 1.16mmHg in group B. P value of 0.624. No patient in both groups developed hypotension (BP of &amp;lt;90/60). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant different in post obstructive diuresis. However, over 46.7% of patients had diuresis in both groups without any one developing hypotension. This may be due to routine prophylactic fluid and electrolyte replacement using normal saline.

Phytoremediation ability of Panicum maximum and Salicornia europaea irrigated with treated wastewater for salt elements in the soil

Soil salinity is one of the major problems that threaten the soils in Jordan, which led to a decrease in the percentage of arable land in Jordan. The phytoremediation process is concerned with the restoration of contaminated soils using tolerant plants, such as halophyte plants. In this context, the potential short-term phytoremediation ability of Panicum Mombasa and Salicornia Europaea was evaluated and measured. A field experiment was conducted over two consecutive years to study the ability of these previous two crops for the phytoremediation of saline soils induced by treated wastewater irrigation. Both crops with bare soil as a control were irrigated together from the effluent of the Ramtha Wastewater Treatment Plant at the same time. Soil electrical conductivity was identified as the main parameter for measuring the plant’s ability for salt absorption. The results for both seasons show a higher accumulation of salts in bare soil significantly as expected since no plants were present to absorb these salts and no leaching requirements were added with irrigation water. The absorption rate for each crop was measured at the 1st season for comparison. It is measured for each crop depending on the length of the growing season. Salicornia’s absorption rate was greater than Panicum, and it reached 36 ppm/day for salicornia, whereas it reached 33 ppm/day for panicum. In the 2nd season, both crops are planted and harvested together. Salt absorbed percentage from the soil under Salicornia was greater than Panicum and it reached 73 % as compared to bare soil. However, in the soils under Panicum, the amount of salts absorbed reached 37 % as compared to bare soil. Plant analysis for both crops shows higher salt ions accumulation in Salicornia tissues than Panicum, and this explains the higher absorption rate for Salicornia than Panicum. Microbiological analysis for Panicum shows some contamination, whereas no contamination occurs in Salicornia. This is explained by the high salinity environment in Salicornia which is not favorable for e-coil, total, and fecal coliform to grow. The obtained Results from this research state that both crops have the ability for phytoremediation, with greater ability for Salicornia.

Advanced approach of forming cutting edge radii on cemented carbide cutting tools using plasma discharges in electrolyte

The paper deals with the task of preparing cutting edge microgeometry. Unconventional methods for edge preparation are presented, and an overview of articles, patents, and reports that deal with modern and advanced approaches are stated. Moreover, an innovative cutting edge preparation method using plasma discharges in an electrolyte was examined. The main aim was to determine the effect of the process parameters, namely electrolyte concentration, the temperature of the electrolyte, the voltage between electrodes and the operating time, on the shape and size of the cutting edge rounding as well as surface roughness and topography. The tested type of cutting tool was cutting insert. The cutting inserts were made of cemented carbide (WC + Co). It was examined that cutting edge radius sizes were strongly affected by the process parameter of plasma discharges in electrolyte as well as the shape of rounding. However, specific types of defects can occur on the cutting edge after edge preparation using plasma discharges in electrolyte. These defects can be avoided by correctly setting the process parameters. From the results of the experimental research, it was confirmed that cutting edges can be rounded without defects in the entire range of electrolyte concentration, but the setting of voltage and temperature of the electrolyte must be simultaneously considered. Furthermore, decreasing the electrolyte concentration, the temperature of the electrolyte and the voltage between electrodes resulted in a larger cutting edge radius. Cutting edge preparation using plasma discharges in electrolyte takes only a few seconds, depending on the cutting edge radius sizes. Cutting edge radii with a value of 20 μm were manufactured in 30 s. This innovative advanced edge preparation method is one of the most productive edge preparation methods. An even more important aspect is not to burden the environment with hazardous waste such as acids because this electrolyte solution can be prepared by dissolving a small amount of salt in tap water. The issue of the topography of the surface of cemented carbides after PDE treatment should be expecially heeded.

Application Of Remote Sensing Technologies On Industrial Outfalls

Industrial effluents are a byproduct of various industries. They may contain harmful and toxic substances of organic or inorganic origin, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, detergents, and oils. In addition, industrial effluent can also come from thermal power plants in the coastal area, which use seawater for cooling, which they return to the environment after the process. Hence, the zone near the outlet has increased temperature, affecting the mortality and reduction of certain types of fish and algae, variations in the number of phytoplankton, and other ecological problems (Zhao et al., 2015). Nowadays, an increasing amount of industrial wastewater from desalination processes is brine, which is considered a minor risk to public health but has a more significant impact on the environment (Lattemann and Amy, 2013). Due to the increase in population, the demand for drinking water has increased, especially on the islands and coastal areas. With the desalination process, drinking water is produced from sea or brackish water by removing suspended matter and dissolved minerals, mainly salt, and the effluent, i.e., brine, is discharged back into the coastal area. An increased amount of salt can potentially negatively affect the marine ecosystem, leading to the dehydration of cells and possible death of organisms (Missimer and Maliva, 2018). In addition, the brine may have a higher temperature than the environment and contain heavy metals and residues of hazardous chemicals applied in the process, such as anti-scale agents, flocculation agents, and coagulants (Panagopoulos and Haralambous, 2020.). The increasing hydrogen generation from renewable sources requires more freshwater. Consequently, a significant increase in this type of effluent is expected in the future. Therefore, analysis and monitoring of the operation of industrial outfalls is essential to preserve the marine environment and public health. Previous research (Law and Tang 2016) proposes long-term monitoring after the outfall has been commissioned to study environmental effects. Historically, monitoring of wastewater outfalls was mainly obtained by in situ sampling methods to ensure water quality in coastal areas (Gierach et al., 2017). Such practices have temporal and spatial limitations with high costs; hence, they are impractical for analyzing a larger coastal area. Therefore, in this research, we propose using remote sensing technologies for monitoring industrial outfalls.

Revealing the AcOH-Induced Dissolution Mechanism of Alcohol-Soluble Interlayers.

Water/alcohol-soluble cathode interlayers are widely utilized in organic electronic devices. However, the mechanism by which acetic acid (AcOH) facilitates the solubility of neutral cathode interlayers in water/alcohol remains unclear. This paper focuses on the AcOH-induced dissolution mechanism of neutral cathode interlayer materials and establishes quantitative relationships for chemical reactions. It was found that AcOH could react acid-base with the amino groups of PFN or PDIN, resulting in the formation of trace amounts of quaternary ammonium salts, which ultimately enhance the solubility of PFN and PDIN in methanol. Additionally, this study clarifies the debate about the role of neutral cathode interlayers in organic electronic devices: It is primarily the unprotonated groups of water/alcohol-soluble cathode interlayers that play a critical role in interfacial modification rather than the protonated groups produced by postacid reaction, which lays an important theoretical foundation for the development of high-performance interfacial materials.