Amounts Of Plasmalogens Research Articles

Analysis of the viscera lipid ofHaliotis discus hannai

In this study, we analyzed the lipid of viscera of Haliotis discus hannai. The total lipids of the abalone viscera were extracted using Folch method. Separated neutral lipids and phospholipids by Silica gel column chromatography. Different components of neutral lipids and phospholipids were separated by TLC, and the main components were prepared by TLC. The composition of fatty acids was analyzed by GC, derived with 10% H2SO4-CH3OH solution, then compared the composition of fatty acids of different components. The phospholipid content in Abalone viscera is up to 31.58%, the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid is significantly higher than that in the neutral lipid. Phospholipids contain a cer-tain amount of plasmalogen, especially in the phosphatidylethanolamine. The Abalone viscera is rich in phospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids, and it contains a certain amount of plasmalogen. The abalone viscera is the potential material for diet and medicine, which should be fully utilized.

Fatty acids of polar lipids in heart tissue are good taxonomic markers for tropical African freshwater fish

The fatty acid profiles in total, neutral and polar lipids in the heart tissues of five freshwater fish species (Nile perch Lates niloticus, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, marbled lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus, Bagrus docmak and African catfish Clarias gariepinus) from Lakes Victoria and Kyoga were determined chemometrically by methanolysis of the lipid extracts and gas chromatography of the resulting methyl esters. The analytical data were treated using multivariate principal component analysis. In neutral and polar lipids palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) were the dominant saturated fatty acids. The polyunsaturated fatty acids in the polar lipid fraction ranged from 33% to 56% and in the neutral lipid fraction from 23% to 30%, dominated by arachidonic acid (20:4n6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3). The amount of cholesterol in the neutral fraction was 57–89 mg g−1 lipid. The amount of plasmalogen was 12–27 mg g−1 and 14–37 mg g−1 lipid in the polar fraction and total lipid, respectively. In the principal component plots, the fish species from the two lakes were distinguished by fatty acid profiles in neutral, polar and total lipid from the heart tissue. However, polar lipid fractions were better markers of fish species and populations than the neutral fraction and total lipids. Heart tissues have low lipid levels dominated by polar lipids (phospholipids), with polyunsaturated fatty acids as the principal components. The dominance of genetically controlled phospholipids in the heart tissue makes heart tissue most suitable for differentiating between species and populations.

HOCl‐Mediated Glycerophosphocholine and Glycerophosphoethanolamine Generation from Plasmalogens in Phospholipid Mixtures

Many mammalian tissues and cells contain, in addition to (diacyl) phospholipids, considerable amounts of plasmalogens, which may function as important antioxidants. Apart from the "scavenger" function mediated by the high sensitivity of the vinyl-ether bond, the functional role of plasmalogens is so far widely unknown. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that plasmalogen degradation products have harmful effects in inflammatory processes. In a previous investigation glycerophosphocholine (GPC) formation was verified as a novel plasmalogen degradation pathway upon oxidation with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), however these investigations were performed in simple model systems. Herein, we examine plasmalogen degradation in a more complex system in order to evaluate if GPC generation is also a major pathway in the presence of other highly unsaturated glycerophospholipids (GPL) representing an additional reaction site of HOCl targets. Using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and (31)P NMR spectroscopy, we confirmed that the first step of the HOCl-induced degradation of GPL mixtures containing plasmalogens is the attack of the vinyl-ether bond resulting in the generation of 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) or 1-lysophosphatidylethanolamine. In the second step HOCl reacts with the fatty acyl residue in the sn-2 position of 1-lysoPtdCho. This reaction is about three times faster in comparison to comparable diacyl-GPL. Thus, the generation of GPC and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) from plasmalogens are relevant products formed from HOCl attack on the vinyl-ether bond of plasmalogens under pathological conditions.

Fatty acid and aldehyde composition of major phospholipids in salt gland of marine birds and spiny dogfish.

The lipophilic components of choline phosphoglycerides and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides obtained from the salt gland of herring gull and eider duck and from the rectal gland of spiny dogfish were investigated by means of thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All phospholipids analyzed were shown to contain small amounts of plasmalogens, and mainly C16, C18, and C18:1 aldehyde was detected. The fatty acids were composed of saturated, unsaturated, straight chain, and branched chain types, ranging between 14-22 carbon atoms. The lipophilic composition of the rectal gland phospholipids showed a higher degree of unsaturation and the presence of more branched chain fatty acids than that of the birds, possibly related to body temperature.

OCCURRENCE OF PLASMALOGENS IN ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

YOSHIYUKI KAMIO, SHIRO KANEGASAKI AND HAJIME TAKAHASHI Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan (Received April 14, 1969) Plasmalogens, aldehyde-containing phospholipids, were found to occur widely in all four fractions of ruminal microbes obtained after differential centrifugation of sheep rumen contents. Plasmalogens were also detected in ruminal and soil anaerobic bacteria which were obtained by enrichment cultures with various energy sources. They occurred widely in all strictly anaerobic bacteria and Propionibacterium tested. The strains included Desul fovibrio sp., Selenomonas ruminantium, Bacteroides ruminicola, Veillonel-la gazogenes, Peptostreptococcus elsdenii, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Pro-pionibacterium shermanii, Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium perfrigens, Clostridium kaneboi, and Clostridium kainantoi. Although the ubiquity of plasmalogens in these anaerobic bac-teria was confirmed, the amount of plasmalogens per unit weight of cells varied considerably depending on bacterial species. Amount of plasmalogens in Selenomonas and Propionibacterium also varied by cultural conditions. However, plasmalogens were not detected in aerobic bacteria and in facultative anaerobic bacteria even when they were cultured under strictly anaerobic conditions.

Function of growth factors for rumen microorganisms: II. Metabolic fate of incorporated fatty acids in Selenomonas ruminantium

The metabolic fate of the 14C-labeled fatty acid supplement of a medium was studied with Selenomonas ruminantium. Approx. 40% of the incorporated radioactivity was found in the cell-envelope fraction. The remaining radioactivity was present in smaller particles. Most of the radioactivity in the envelope fraction was present in phospholipids and that in smaller particles was associated with bound lipids. Phospholipids and bound lipids were extractable from cells separately by ethanol-ether and the subsequent chloroform-methanol treatment, respectively. The ethanol-ether fraction was found to contain plasmalogens. Fatty acids in this fraction were composed of saturated straight chain odd-numbered acids when the cells were grown with n-valerate, but were composed of odd- and even-numbered acids when the cells were grown with n-caproate. n-[1- 14 C]Valerate was incorporated into C 13, C 15 and C 17 acids and n-[1- 14C]caproate was the precursor of C 12, C 14 and C 16 acids. Although C 13 and C 15 acids were present in the n-[1- 14 C]ca+proate grown cells, they did not carry significant radioactivity. The fatty acids in the chloroform-methanol fraction were odd-numbered acids when cells were grown with n-valerate but were even-numbered acids when n-caproate was supplemented. The amount of plasmalogens and possibly of C 15 acid in free phospholipids present in the ethanol-ether fraction appear to be related to cell morphology.

Histochemistry of plasmalogen.

Unfixed frozen sections of kidney, heart and brain from Wistar rats were used for the following tests: 1. relative reactivity of plasmalogen in different tissues to fuchsin-sulfurous acid (FSA); 2. effect of various mercury compounds in producing the plasmal reaction, and use of dithizone to verify the attachment of mercury to tissue plasmalogen; 3. effect of pH as shown by graded concentrations of HCl and by phosphate and acetate buffers; 4. effect of various cations; 5. solubility of plasmalogen in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, n-pentanol and ethylene glycol; 6. effect of blocking reactions: acetal formation, bromination and iodination. The results showed that the amount of plasmalogen in brain is very much greater than that in heart muscle or in kidney and that the brain plasmalogen appears to be more reactive. All the highly ionized mercury compounds, HgCl2, Hg(NO3)2, Hg(CH3COO)2, and HgNO3 gave identical, immediate reactions. The moderately ionized K2HgI4 gave a less rapid rea...