Amount Of Phosphorus Research Articles

Study of cast iron pots and slags from Salovka I settlement

The article presents the geometric size and shapes of cast-iron pots which were found at the Salovka I settlement in the Upper Sura region. Also the paper reflects the results of studies of one of the fragments of a cast-iron pots, repair plate and slag from the settlement. Slag samples were studied by chemical analysis using methods for the determination the iron content in ores, concentrates and agglomerates. The repair plate and a fragment of the cast iron pot were analyzed using an electron beam spectrograph. In results a noticeable amount of phosphorus was found in the studied samples. This is due to the use of marsh, lake and meadow ores as raw materials for the local ferrous metallurgy. In order to form a statistical database on iron casting and blacksmithing in the Upper Sura basin and other areas, it is necessary to conduct further analytical research.

Assessment of the physicochemical profile of gluten-free flour and pasta products

The production of food products that do not contain gluten is being actively developed since it is not recommended for certain medical reasons, such as celiac disease. Therefore, developing high-quality and highly nutritional gluten-free (GF) pasta products is crucial. A shortage of domestic gluten-free food products characterises the consumer market of Kazakhstan. Buckwheat, rice, and corn flour are widely used to make gluten-free pasta. The results of the study showed that buckwheat flour contains significantly higher amounts of protein (11.9%), ash (1.54%), iron (2.47%), calcium (38.53%), magnesium (56.11%), phosphorus (267.55) and lower carbohydrate content (67.99%) compared to rice and corn flour. Moreover, pasta made from buckwheat flour also showed higher protein 9.39%, Ca (28.80 mg/100g), Mg (48.28 mg/100g), Fe (2.28 mg/100g), Na (5.50 mg/100g), P (196.45 mg/100g) content. Also, amino acids, such as lysine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, etc., were elevated in buckwheat flour-based pasta. Taken together, these data hint that buckwheat has the potential to become a nutrient-rich GF paste ahead of corn and rice. However, further research is needed to determine the cooking qualities and consumer acceptability.

Nano silica’s role in regulating heavy metal uptake in Calendula officinalis

BackgroundSoil contamination with heavy metals poses a significant threat to plant health and human well-being. This study explores the potential of nano silica as a solution for mitigating heavy metal uptake in Calendula officinalis.ResultsGreenhouse experiments demonstrated, 1000 mg•kg− 1 nano silica caused a 6% increase in soil pH compared to the control treatment. Also in 1000 mg. kg− 1 nano silica, the concentrations of available Pb (lead), Zn (zinc), Cu (copper), Ni (nickel), and Cr (chromium) in soil decreased by 12%, 11%, 11.6%, 10%, and 9.5%, respectively, compared to the control. Nano silica application significantly reduces heavy metal accumulation in C. officinalis exposed to contaminated soil except Zn. In 1000 mg.kg− 1 nano silica shoots Zn 13.28% increased and roots Zn increased 13% compared to the control treatment. Applying nano silica leads to increase the amount of phosphorus (P) 25%, potassium (K) 26% uptake by plant, In 1000 mg.kg − 1 treatment the highest amount of urease enzyme activity was 2.5%, dehydrogenase enzyme activity, 23.6% and the highest level of alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was 13.5% higher than the control treatment.ConclusionNano silica, particularly at a concentration of 1000 mg.kg − 1, enhanced roots and shoots length, dry weight, and soil enzyme activity Moreover, it increased P and K concentrations in plant tissues while decreasing heavy metals uptake by plant.

MODIFICATION OF SODIUM HUMATE WITH ALUMINUM DIHYDROPHOSPHATE DEPENDING ON TIME AND THE RATIO OF SOLID AND LIQUID PHASES

Due to their high chemical activity, humic compounds participate in various reactions. A large number of functional groups opens up wide possibilities for the humic compounds chemical modification. Most studies on the modification of humic substances are focused on studying the structure of humic substances, as well as on the factors influencing the completeness of the release of one humic substances fraction. The purpose of the work is to study the patterns of modification processes of sodium humate with aluminum dihydrogen phosphate, to determine the composition and properties of the resulting organomineral composite materials. Methods. Chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray analysis. Results and discussion. The composition and properties of organo-mineral composite materials obtained by conversion of sodium humate with aluminum dihydrogen phosphate have been determined. With an increase in the S:L ratio from 1:0.5 to 1:1.5, the yield of humic compounds increases from 15.62 to 21.92%, and the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen, on the contrary, the S:L=1:1.5 decreases, that is, the amount of phosphorus decreases from 37.51 to 32.19%, and the amount of nitrogen decreases from 1.78 to 1.11%. This is due to the improvement of diffusion conditions by reducing the medium viscosity and increasing the rate of primary components interaction. And the reduction in the amount of nitrogen occurs due to a decrease in ammonia consumption due to the humic substances neutralizing ability. Conclusion. It has been shown that the conversion of humic compounds with aluminum dihydrogen phosphate leads to a change in its composition and properties; the resulting products are enriched with phosphorus and nitrogen, and have good physicochemical and physicomechanical properties. After the macromolecules of humic compounds modification with aluminum dihydrogen phosphate, the number of oxygen-containing functional groups increases as a result of which the ion-exchange, complexing, sorption, detoxification and growth-stimulating properties is observed.

Geochemical and Organic Petrological Characteristics of the Bituminous Carbonate Succession (Upper Cretaceous Shu'ayb Formation) in Northern Jordan: Implications for Organic Matter Input and Paleosalinity, Paleoredox, and Paleoclimatic Conditions.

Bituminous carbonate rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Shu'ayb Formation from the Ajloun outcrop in Northern Jordan were geochemically and petrologically analyzed in this study. This study integrates kerogen microscopy results with geochemical results (i.e., biomarker, stable carbon isotope, and major elemental compositions) to understand the organic matter (OM) inputs and to reveal the dispositional setting and its effect on the occurrence of OM. The Shu'ayb bituminous carbonate rocks have high total organic carbon (TOC) and sulfur (S) contents, with average values of 12.3 and 4.59 wt %, respectively, indicating redox conditions during their precipitation. The high abundance of alginite (i.e., lamalginite) in the Shu'ayb bituminous carbonate sediments is a further evidence for redox conditions. The finding of mainly marine-derived OM was also demonstrated by the biomarker distribution and carbon isotope composition. The biomarkers are represented by a narrow Pr/Ph ratio of up to 0.97, abundance of tricyclic terpanes, and high C27 regular sterane, indicating that the OM was primarily derived from phytoplankton algae, along with small amounts of land plant-derived materials, and were accumulated under reducing conditions. The studied Shu'ayb bituminous carbonate facies is composed of mainly calcium (CaO; average, 45.10 wt %), with significant amounts of silicon (Si2O3; avg., 9.35 wt %), aluminum (Al2O3; avg., 6.91 wt %), and phosphorus (P2O3; avg., 1.47 wt %) and low amounts of iron (Fe2O3) and titanium (TiO2) of less than 1 wt %, indicating that the detrital influx was low in an open water depth system with higher primary bioproductivity. The geochemical proxy suggests that the Shu'ayb bituminous carbonate facies was established in a saline water environment, with Ca/Ca + Fe and S/TOC values of more than 0.9 and 0.50, respectively, which could be attributed to the increase in reducing conditions of the water column. The chemical index of alteration values of more than 0.8 also indicate that the Shu'ayb bituminous carbonate facies formed during warm and humid climatic conditions, thereby resulting in intense subaerial weathering.

Reactive organophosphorus retardant-enhanced sorbitol epoxy resins with highly thermal and flame-retardant performance

As a low-cost sugar-based chemical, sorbitol has been less reported in recent years in the field of epoxy resins. In view of the low viscosity characteristics of its epoxy monomer, it is of great significance to prepare the advanced resin system via a solvent-free green curing process. As known, most of the existing flame-retardant networks contain organophosphorus flame retardants. To achieve excellent flame- retardant effect, a large amount of phosphorus was added to the resin matrices. As a result, apart from exacerbating the migration of organophosphorus, their thermal stability and phase transition temperature are further reduced, thus weakening the thermal properties of the material to a certain extent. In order to overcome those problems, we introduced ultra-low amounts of phosphorus to achieve efficient flame retardant into the sorbitol -based epoxy resin. It was found that the introduction of EP-DOPO in 0.55 P wt% amount could achieve a UL94-V0 grade flame retardant effect. Different from other phosphorus-containing flame retardants, reactive EP-DOPO favored an improvement in both thermal stability and phase transition temperature, meanwhile, it effectively avoids the phosphorus migration as well.

Inorganic phosphate additives in meals and adaptations to 5-days of dietary inorganic phosphate loading alter acute calcium homeostasis in two randomized cross-over studies in healthy adults.

Diets containing inorganic phosphate additives are unbalanced with respect to calcium and these diets have been linked to the development of altered bone metabolism. Using 2 randomized cross-over studies in healthy humans, we (1) characterized the hormonal and urinary response to 2 meals with the same reported phosphorus amount (562-572mg), where one was manufactured with inorganic phosphate additives and a comparatively lower Ca:P molar ratio (0.26 vs 0.48), and (2) assessed how acute homeostatic mechanisms adapt following 5-d exposure to recommended dietary phosphorus amount (~700mg P/d) compared to a diet enriched with inorganic phosphate additives (~1100mg P/d). Participants were then challenged with 500mg of oral phosphorus in the form of inorganic phosphate after an overnight fast following each diet condition. Measurements included serum calcium, phosphate, PTH, and fibroblast growth factor 23 , vitamin D metabolites, and urine calcium and phosphate excretion. Following the meal containing inorganic phosphate additives with a low Ca:P ratio, serum phosphate was higher and more phosphate was excreted in the urine compared to the low additive meal. Although the Ca:P and calcium content was lower in the high additive meal, the same amount of calcium was excreted into the urine. Subsequently, increasing only dietary phosphate through additives resulted in lower 24-h excretion of calcium. The oral phosphate challenge promoted urinary calcium excretion, despite no consumption of calcium, which was attenuated when pre-acclimated to a high phosphate diet. These data suggest that ingestion of inorganic phosphate promotes calcium excretion, but homeostatic mechanisms may exist to reduce calcium excretion that are responsive to dietary intake of phosphate. Future studies are required to evaluate potential implication of diets enriched with inorganic phosphate additives on bone health.

Phosphorus flow characteristics in the waste system of Poyang Lake Watershed over the past 70 years

With the intensification of human activities, the amount of phosphorus (P)-containing waste has increased. When such waste is not recycled, P is released into the environment, leading to environmental issues such as the eutrophication of water bodies. In this study, based on the material flow analysis method, a P Waste Flow analysis model (P-WFA) was developed to analyze the P flow in the waste system of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. To address the research gap in long-term P flow analysis at the watershed scale, this study quantified the P content in the waste system of the Poyang Lake Watershed from 1950 to 2020. The analysis revealed that from 1950 to 2020, the total P input into the waste system increased from 5.49 × 104 tons in 1950 to 2.28 × 105 tons in 2020. The breeding industry system was identified as the primary source, accounting for 25.19–41.59 % of the total waste system. Over the past 70 years, P loss to surface water from waste systems has been primarily facilitated by manure from the breeding industry, as well as drainage from crop farming systems (77.74 % in 2020). At the same time, the P recycling rate (PRR) of the waste system exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease, increasing from 44.14 % to 47.75 % before dropping to 44.41 %. Population growth, urbanization, and changes in consumption levels in Jiangxi Province have led to changes in the dietary structure and fertilizer use, consequently affecting the P cycling pattern. This study presents a comprehensive P flow model for waste systems in the Poyang Lake Watershed. This model can be used as a reference to enhance P cycling and manage P loss in other large freshwater lakes.

A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Azolla filiculoides

Abstract. Rewetting drained peatlands for paludiculture purposes is a way to reduce peat oxidation (and thus CO2 emissions) while at the same time it could generate an income for landowners, who need to convert their traditional farming into wetland farming. The side effect of rewetting drained peatlands is that it potentially induces high methane (CH4) emissions. Topsoil removal could reduce this emission due to the removal of easily degradable carbon and nutrients. Another way to limit CH4 emissions is the choice in paludiculture species. In this study we conducted a field experiment in the coastal area of the Netherlands, in which a former non-intensively used drained peat grassland is rewetted to complete inundation (water table ∼ +18 cm) after a topsoil removal of ∼ 20 cm. Two emergent macrophytes with high potential of internal gas transport (Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia), and a free floating macrophyte (Azolla filiculoides), were introduced and intensive measurement campaigns were conducted to capture CO2 and CH4 fluxes as well as soil and surface water chemistry. Greenhouse gas fluxes were compared with a high-productive peat meadow as a reference site. Topsoil removal reduced the amount of phosphorus and iron in the soil to a large extent. The total amount of soil carbon per volume stayed more or less the same. The salinity of the soil was in general high, defining the system as brackish. Despite the topsoil removal and salinity, we found very high CH4 emissions for T. latifolia (84.8 g CH4 m−2 yr−1) compared with the much lower emissions from T. angustifolia (36.9 g CH4 m−2 yr−1) and Azolla (22.3 g CH4 m−2 yr−1). The high emissions can be partly explained by the large input of dissolved organic carbon into the system, but it could also be caused by plant stress factors like salinity level and herbivory. For the total CO2 flux (including C-export), the rewetting was effective, with a minor uptake of CO2 for Azolla (−0.13 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1) and a larger uptake for the Typha species (−1.14 and −1.26 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1 for T. angustifolia and T. latifolia, respectively) compared with the emission of 2.06 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1 for the reference site. T. angustifolia and Azolla, followed by T. latifolia, seem to have the highest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions after rewetting to flooded conditions (−1.4, 2.9, and 10.5 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1, respectively) compared with reference drained peatlands (20.6 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1). When considering the total greenhouse gas balance, other factors, such as biomass use and storage of topsoil after removal, should be considered. Especially the latter factor could cause substantial carbon losses if not kept in anoxic conditions. When calculating the radiative forcing over time for the different paludicrops, which includes the GHG fluxes and the carbon release from the removed topsoil, T. latifolia will start to be beneficial in reducing global warming after 93 years compared with the reference site. For both Azolla and T. angustifolia this will be after 43 years.

Responses of soil enzymatic activities and microbial biomass phosphorus to improve nutrient accumulation abilities in leguminous species

Fertilizers application are widely used to get a higher yield in agricultural fields. Nutrient management can be improved by cultivating leguminous species in order to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms that increase the amount of available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) through fertilizer treatments. A pot experiment was conducted to identify the leguminous species (i.e., chickpea and pea) under various fertilizer treatments. Experimental design is as follows: T0 (control: no fertilizer was applied), T1: P applied at the level of (90 kg ha−1), T2: (K applied at the level of 90 kg ha−1), and T3: (PK applied both at 90 kg ha−1). All fertilizer treatments significantly (p < 0.05) improved the nutrient accumulation abilities and enzymes activities. The T3 treatment showed highest N uptake in chickpea was 37.0%, compared to T0. While T3 developed greater N uptake in pea by 151.4% than the control. However, T3 treatment also increased microbial biomass phosphorus in both species i.e., 95.7% and 81.5% in chickpeas and peas, respectively, compared to T0 treatment. In chickpeas, T1 treatment stimulated NAGase activities by 52.4%, and T2 developed URase activities by 50.1% higher than control. In contrast, T3 treatment enhanced both BGase and Phase enzyme activities, i.e., 55.8% and 33.9%, respectively, compared to the T0 treatment. Only the T3 treatment improved the activities of enzymes in the pea species (i.e., BGase was 149.7%, URase was 111.9%, Phase was 81.1%, and NAGase was 70.0%) compared to the control. Therefore, adding combined P and K fertilizer applications to the soil can increase the activity of enzymes in both legume species, and changes in microbial biomass P and soil nutrient availability make it easier for plants to uptake the nutrients.

Particulate and water-mobilizable phosphorus from a watershed with a plain river network contributes equal amounts of algal available phosphorus to its downstream lake

This research was designed to estimate the contributions of phosphorus (P) in different factions from an upstream plain river network to algal growth in a downstream shallow eutrophic lake, Taihu Lake, in China. During three flow regimes, the P fractions in multiple phases (particulate, colloidal and dissolved phases) and their algal availabilities were assessed via bioassays with Dolichospermum flos-aquae as the test organism. The P partitioning patterns among multiple phases were strongly affected by the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) that changed with the river flow regime, with stronger disturbance of sediments at lower water levels (low flow) and weaker disturbance of sediments at higher water levels (high flow) in the plain river network. The median TSS concentration across the river network decreased from 157.4 mg/L during low flow to 31.8 mg/L during high flow, and the median particulate P concentration decreased from 0.132 mg/L to 0.093 mg/L. The particulate P contributed equally to the amount of algal available P (AAP) as did the water-mobilizable P (colloidal plus dissolved phase) in the rivers flowing into Taihu Lake. The annual average concentrations of particulate algal available P (P-AAP), colloidal algal available P (C-AAP) and dissolved algal available P (D-AAP) were estimated to be 0.032 mg/L, 0.012 mg/L and 0.019 mg/L, respectively, during 2012–2018, accounting for 50.8 %, 19.0 % and 30.2 %, respectively, of the total AAP. At the watershed scale, controlling P drainage from downstream urbanized areas should be emphasized. Additionally, controlling sediment resuspension or reducing the TSS concentration in the inflowing rivers is important for decreasing the particulate P flux to downstream lakes.

Synthesis and characterization of a high-temperature polycyanophosphate resin

A phosphorus-containing polymer with very high thermo-oxidative stability was synthesized for the first time by addition of silver nitrate to tricyanophosphine (P(CN)3). By optimizing the reaction time and silver nitrate concentration to a 1:1 molar ratio, a new polycyanophosphate [p(CP)] was formed as the primary phosphorus-containing product over the competing species, P(CN)3. The reactions and products were monitored by FT-IR, ICP-OES, NMR, and XPS spectroscopic techniques, which indicated a complicated oxidation reaction that converted the P(III) precursor species to P(V) polyphosphate species with pendant cyano- and isocyano- moieties. The p(CP) resin was found to contain a high (17.6 at.%) amount of phosphorus by ICP-OES, which contributed to its excellent thermo-oxidative resistance with a high char yield of over 60 wt.% at 1000 °C (1273 K) in air, indicating that the material could be particularly useful for high-temperature applications.

Phosphorus and nitrogen-containing soybean oil polyols: Effect on the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of polyurethane foam.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in producing new materials that use renewable resources and halogen-free flame retardants with nonleaching properties. This research focuses on designing and synthesizing phosphorus-nitrogen-based biopolyols for use in polyurethane (PU) foam production. Polyol (ESBO-DYM) with dual functionalities, renewability, and nonflammability is synthesized through the epoxy ring-opening reaction of epoxidized soybean oil with phosphorus and nitrogen-containing tetraol products (DYM). The mechanical and flame retardant properties of PU foams with the addition of an ESBO-DYM were investigated. Increasing the amount of phosphorus in the PU foams increased the thermal stability properties. Using 100% ESBO-DYM as a polyol in the foam formulation increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value to 22.9% and resulted in the highest char yield according to the thermal gravimetric analysis (17% at 600 °C). Additionally, the introduction of ESBO-DYM polyol into the formulation resulted in a decrease in the compression strength of the foams. The foam density decreased as the amount of ESBO-DYM polyol in the formulation increased. The foam with the highest amount of ESBO-DYM had a foam density of 29.1 kg/m3. The morphology of the foams was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result of this study, flame retardant polyurethane foams were formulated using a renewable source, polyol, along with commercial compounds.

Effects of N, P, and K application rates on distribution of 13C assimilates, starch accumulation in grains and fertilizer utilization of wheat

Clarifying the appropriate application rates of N, P, and K fertilizers and the physiological mechanisms of wheat under water-saving recharge irrigation in the North China Plain would provide a theoretical basis for formulating reasonable fertilization plans for high-yield and high-efficiency wheat production. We established four treatments with different amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), and potassium (K2O) application: 0, 0, and 0 kg·hm-2 (F0), 180, 75, and 60 kg·hm-2 (F1), 225, 120, and 105 kg·hm-2 (F2), and 270, 165, and 150 kg·hm-2 (F3). During the jointing and anthesis stages of wheat, the relative water content of each treatment in the 0-40 cm soil layer was replenished to 70%, to investigate the differences in wheat flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, distribution of 13C assimilates, grain starch accumulation, and fertilizer utilization. The results showed that the relative chlorophyll content of flag leaves, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, 13C assimilate allocation in each organ, enzyme activities involved in starch synthesis, and starch accumulation in the F1 treatment were significantly higher than that in F0 treatment, which was an important physiological basis for the 20.9% increase in grain yield. The above parameters and yield in the F2 and F3 treatments showed no significant increase compared to F1 treatment, while fertilizer productivity and agronomic efficiency of N, P, and K decreased by 17.5%-58.4% and 12.7%-50.7%, respectively. Therefore, F1 could promote flag leaf photosynthetic assimilate production and grain starch accumulation under water-saving supplementary irrigation conditions, resulting in higher grain yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency.

Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Wild Ganoderma applanatum Mushroom from Kerala, South India: Insights into Dietary Nutritional, Mineral, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities.

The present study focused on the mushroom Ganoderma, which has been used in Eastern countries for centuries as a food and medicinal source. Specifically, the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma applanatum from the Kerala Forest Research Institute in Thirussur, Kerala, India, were analyzed for their nutritional and medicinal properties. The methanolic extracts of G. applanatum were used to examine secondary metabolites and proximate profiles, revealing the presence of various phytochemicals such as terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Further analysis revealed the presence of significant amounts of calcium, sodium, phosphorus, and manganese. The compounds were characterized using chromatographic analysis, FTIR, and GC-MS, which revealed potential therapeutic compounds with C-H and C-O bonds in the amide group, β-glycosides, and C-C/C-O vibrations of phenolic substances. Mushroom extract at a concentration of 100 µg mL-1 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. This study suggests that G. applanatum has a rich biochemical composition and pharmacological potential, making it a promising candidate for drug development and traditional medicine, and contributes valuable insights into its diverse therapeutic applications.

Overexpression of GmPAP4 Enhances Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Seed Yield in Soybean under Phosphorus-Deficient Condition.

Legume crops establish symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), a process that provides a prominent natural nitrogen source in agroecosystems; and efficient nodulation and nitrogen fixation processes require a large amount of phosphorus (P). Here, a role of GmPAP4, a nodule-localized purple acid phosphatase, in BNF and seed yield was functionally characterized in whole transgenic soybean (Glycine max) plants under a P-limited condition. GmPAP4 was specifically expressed in the infection zones of soybean nodules and its expression was greatly induced in low P stress. Altered expression of GmPAP4 significantly affected soybean nodulation, BNF, and yield under the P-deficient condition. Nodule number, nodule fresh weight, nodule nitrogenase, APase activities, and nodule total P content were significantly increased in GmPAP4 overexpression (OE) lines. Structural characteristics revealed by toluidine blue staining showed that overexpression of GmPAP4 resulted in a larger infection area than wild-type (WT) control. Moreover, the plant biomass and N and P content of shoot and root in GmPAP4 OE lines were also greatly improved, resulting in increased soybean yield in the P-deficient condition. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GmPAP4, a purple acid phosphatase, increased P utilization efficiency in nodules under a P-deficient condition and, subsequently, enhanced symbiotic BNF and seed yield of soybean.

Study on the overall performance of ZrO2 nanoparticle reinforced Co and CoP composite coating prepared by electrodeposition

Co coating and CoP alloy coating reinforced by ZrO2 nanoparticles are prepared on the surface of the brass substrate by DC electrodeposition to improve the magnetic property and corrosion resistance. The Co/ZrO2 and CoP/ZrO2 composite coating electrodeposited on the surface of brass can be used in the field of thin-film magnetic heads, thin-film sensors and electronic circuits. By comparing the performance of different cobalt-based alloy coatings, the influence of ZrO2 nanoparticles on the electrodeposition and performance of Co coating and CoP alloy coating is studied. It is found that cobalt electrodeposition is a typical irreversible process with diffusion control. The CoP alloy coating comprises about 81% Co and 19% P. However, the electrodeposited CoP/ZrO2 composite coating possesses about 86% Co, 3% P, and 11% Zr. The incorporation of a 15 g/L ZrO2 nanoparticle with the size of 50 nm is beneficial to improve the cobalt content and decrease the amount of phosphorus in the CoP/ZrO2 composite coating. The hardness of CoP alloy coating is about 350 HV. However, the surface hardness of Co/ZrO2 and CoP/ZrO2 composite coating is about 400 HV and 470 HV, respectively. All the cobalt-based coatings show cellular surface morphology. The ZrO2 nanoparticles incorporated in the cobalt coating can enter into the cobalt lattice or disperse at the grain boundary to refine the grain size and limit the displacement of magnetic domain to improve the corrosion resistance and coercivity extremely. It is found out that the electrodeposited CoP/ZrO2 composite coating has the best corrosion resistance with only 9.7 μA/cm2 corrosion current density and the largest coercivity of 665.1 Oe. The optimal corrosion resistance and good magnetic performance of prepared CoP/ZrO2 is a promising material in the field of microelectromechanical systems as micro pumps, magnetic read heads, micro motors, and so on.

Single-step immobilization of hydroxyapatite on fluoropolymer surfaces for enhanced cell adhesion

Herein, we report a single-step immobilization of hydroxyapatite (HAp) on the surface of poly(vinylidene fluoride) copolymer. This method utilizes the ability of fluoropolymer to undergo a limited swelling in acetone/water mixture followed by an entrapment of HAp on its surface. We found that while acetone/water ratio does not affect the thickness of HAp-containing layer, an increase in acetone content results in higher amounts of calcium and phosphorus found in modified area. HAp immobilization not only improved the hydrophilicity of the poly(vinylidene fluoride) copolymer surface but also contributed to enhanced cell adhesion (0.8 ± 0.4 % for the fluoropolymer surface vs. 86.9 ± 9.1 % for the modified fluoropolymer surface) and viability (increased by up to 30 %). Overall, this method represents a potent strategy for the modification of fluoropolymers which allows for the fabrication of bioactive implants using standard laboratory equipment.

Regulation of Electronic Structures of the Urchin-Like NiCoP/CoP Nanocatalysts for Fast Hydrogen Evolution.

The exploration of stable, efficient, and low-cost catalysts toward ammonia borane hydrolysis is of vital significance for the practical implementation of this hydrogen production technology. Integrating interface engineering and nano-architecture engineering is a favorable strategy to elevate catalytic performance, as it can modify the electronic structure and provide sufficient active sites simultaneously. In this work, urchin-like NiCoP/CoP heterostructures are prepared via a three-step hydrothermal-oxidation-phosphorization synthesis route. It is demonstrated that the original Ni/Co molar ratio and the amount of phosphorus are crucial for adjusting the morphology, enhancing the exposed surface area, facilitating charge transfer, and modulating the adsorption and activation of H2O molecules. Consequently, the optimal Ni1Co2P heterostructure displays remarkable catalytic properties in the hydrolysis of ammonia borane with a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 30.3 molH2 ⋅ min-1 ⋅ molmetal -1, a low apparent activation energy of 25.89 kJ ⋅ mol-1, and good stability. Furthermore, by combining infrared spectroscopy and isotope kinetics experiments, a possible mechanism for the hydrolysis of ammonia borane was proposed.

Adsorption kinetics of phosphorus on a calcium silicate hydrate based adsorbent

Phosphorus (P) is a fundamental element for plant and animal growth; however, an excessive amount of phosphorus can cause a threat to ecological environmental safety and human health. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize an adsorbent based on calcium silicate hydrates using mixture of polonite and calcium oxide and to determine its adsorption capacity for phosphorus ions. Additionally, pseudo-first- and pseudo-second- order kinetic models were employed to understand the adsorption process.The adsorbent based on calcium silicate hydrate was synthesized in a mixture of CaO and Polonite (CaO/SiO2 molar ratio 1.5) under hydrothermal conditions (16 h, 200 °C). It was determined that during hydrothermal treatment two crystalline (tobermorite and α-C2SH) and semicrystalline type calcium silicates hydrates were formed. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out at temperatures of 25, 35, and 45 °C in a thermostatic absorber by stirring 10 g of synthetic adsorbent in 1 l of KH2PO4 solution containing 0.2 g of P5+/L (20 mg of P5+ per gram of adsorbent) of phosphate ions. The duration of adsorption lasted up to 168 h. It was determined that adsorption capacity of synthetic adsorbent for phosphorus ions depends on the reaction duration and adsorption temperature. Synthetic adsorbent showed an extremely high adsorption capacity (>18 mg P5+/g) for phosphorus ions under all adsorption conditions. The most intensive adsorption occurred at a temperature of 35 °C as within 1 h 1 g of adsorbent adsorbed 16.6 mg of phosphorus. The equilibrium was reached after 48 h, when adsorption capacity reached 18.7 mg P5+/g. The kinetic calculations and the results of X-ray diffraction showed that chemisorption occurred during the experiments.