Amounts Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Research Articles

Essential fatty acid content in the ethnozoological products used in the folklore medicines by the Tangkhul tribe of the North East India

Tangkhul tribes are main habitant of the Ukhrul district of Manipur, a north eastern state of India and popular for using the products of animal fauna in the folklore medicines for curing certain human ailments. To our knowledge, no investigation has been done on the essential fatty acids content in the animal products used in the traditional medicines by the Tangkhul tribe of Manipur. The objective of the study is to determine the essential fatty acids concentration in the selected ethnozoological products namely, Periplaneta americana, Upupa epops, Scolopendra gigantea, Pheretima posthuma, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Sus scrofa domesticus, and Tylototriton verrucosus by Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) methods. The result of the study revealed that unsaturated fatty acids are found to be contained generally higher than saturated fatty acids in the seven-ethnozoological products studied. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, Oleic Acid (7579.19 ± 70.23 mg/100g) is found to be highest in concentration and is recorded in the P. americana. Some of the common essential PUFAs recorded in the samples of the ethnozoological products studied were Linolenic Acid, Linoleic acids, Erucic Acid, Oleic Acid, Elaidic Acid, Palmetoleic Acid, Myristoleic Acid etc. with the highest concentration of linolenic acid (5518.03mg/100g) found in the P. americana. The used of seven ethnozoological products mentioned per se by Tangkhul Tribes of Manipur in their folklore medicines for the treatment of various human ailments may be attributed to the presence of various polyunsaturated fatty acids especially high amount of omega-3 fatty acids, palmetoleic acid, ecosapentanoic acid in them.

Extraction, characterization, and therapeutic potential of Omega-3 fatty acids from Belone belone skin.

This study provides the fatty acid profile, presence of Omega 3 fatty acids (ω3FAs) and therapeutic potential of the skin of Garfish (Belone belone), a highly nutritious fish. The ω3FAs were obtained using the urea crystallization method and confirmed by UV VIS spectroscopy, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of the ω3FAs was assessedthrough antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and toxicity assays. The oil extracted fromGarfish skin (GS)predominantly contains ω3FAs, palmitic acids, and oleic acids. The ω3FAs exhibit high anti-free radical activity and ferric reducing activity. It reduces nitric oxide production as well as lipid peroxidation under certain time. They also demonstrateeffective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The biofilm formation is efficiently reduced by ω3FAs and eradication effects on biofilm are higher at 4000µg/mL of concentration. When tested against brine shrimp larvae, ω3FAs were found to be non-toxic. The studyindicates thatGS skin oil contains asignificant amountof omega-3 fatty acids andhas potential therapeutic benefits due toits antioxidant and antibacterial properties,withoutcausing anytoxic effects.Omega-3 fatty acids have the potential toenhance the treatment ofinfections caused byharmfulbacteria and their biofilm formation.Further research is needed to understand how omega-3 fatty acids work to kill bacteriaand how theyaffect bacterial gene expression.

Antioxidant Status, Lipid Metabolism, Egg Fatty Acids, and Nutritional Index of White-Egg Laying Hens Fed Flaxseed Cake.

Flaxseed cake contains high levels of phenolic compounds, which have numerous biological activities, as well as a considerable amount of omega-3 fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, which remains after oil extraction. In this study, we examined the effects of flaxseed cake meal (FSCM) on the antioxidative status, lipid metabolism, egg fatty acid profile, and egg health index of white-egg laying hens. A total of 63 Hisex White laying hens were divided into three experimental treatment groups and fed diets containing 0, 5, or 10% FSCM from 48 to 58 weeks of age. Feeding with 5 and 10% FSCM did not significantly (p>0.05) influence total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, or the high-/low-density lipoprotein ratio in the serum and egg yolk; however, 10% FSCM significantly (P<0.05) increased serum high-density lipoprotein. Dietary FSCM also did not affect (P>0.05) antioxidant markers in the eggs and blood plasma. Notably, dietary inclusion of FSCM significantly increased (P<0.05) total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid levels in egg yolk, whereas the n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio was markedly (P<0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, including 5-10% FSCM improved (P<0.05) egg health indices, with 10% being the most beneficial. Together, these findings indicated that the inclusion of up to 10% FSCM in laying hen diets improved egg yolk lipid and fatty acid profiles, as well as egg quality and nutritional and metabolic indices.

Blending of linseed oil with edible oil to improve nutritional quality of edible oil blends

Per capita consumption of edible oils has significantly increased (Yadav et al., 2022). Deficiency of essential omega-3 fatty acid, altered omega-6 to 3 ratio and its impact on human health is well established (Simopoulos, 2002). Majority of the edible oil consumed in India are rich in omega-6 fatty acid, saturated fatty acids and have limited amount of omega-3 fatty acids. In orderto improve omega 6:3 ratio, omega-3 fatty acid intake needs to be raised. Blending can effectively improve the omega-3 content and thereby omega-6 to 3 ratio (Joshi et al., 2022). However, maintaining the nutritional quality, long term storage and thermal stability of these blended oils is a major challenge.

Determination of the Optimum Conditions for Emulsification and Encapsulation of Echium Oil by Response Surface Methodology.

Echium oil (EO) contains substantial amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, which are important because of their benefits to human health. However, they are prone to oxidation. The aim of this study was to obtain the optimum conditions of microencapsulation of EO using spray drying by applying the response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite circumscribed design (CCC) was employed with a ratio of maltodextrin (MD):EmCap modified starch (MS) (80-90%, w/w), oil concentration (15-25%, w/w), and homogenization speed (5-15 × 103 rpm) as independent variables affecting droplet size (μm) and viscosity (Pa·s), which were chosen as responses for the emulsification process. The results revealed that the emulsion conditions containing MD:MS (89.7%:10.3%, w/w), oil concentration of (16.0%), and homogenization speed at (14.8 × 103 rpm) were found to be the optimum conditions. Furthermore, for encapsulation, CCC was employed with inlet temperature of 140-180 °C, air flow of 20-30%, and pump rates of 15-25% as independent variables. Total yield (%) and encapsulation efficiency (%) were chosen as responses for the encapsulation process. On the other hand, optimum conditions for encapsulation were as follows: inlet temperature of 140 °C, airflow rate of (30%) 0.439 m3/h, pump rate of (15%) 4.5 mL/min with respect to selected responses.

Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and chia (Salvia hispanica) are essential traditional crops with excellent nutritional properties. Quinoa is known for its high and good quality protein content and nine essential amino acids vital for an individual's development and growth, whereas chia seeds contain high dietary fiber content, calories, lipids, minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc), and vitamins (A and B complex). Chia seeds are also known for their presence of a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids. Both quinoa and chia seeds are gluten-free and provide medicinal properties due to bioactive compounds, which help combat various chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases such as cancer. Quinoa seeds possess phenolic compounds, particularly kaempferol, which can help prevent cancer. Many food products can be developed by fortifying quinoa and chia seeds in different concentrations to enhance their nutritional profile, such as extruded snacks, meat products, etc. Furthermore, it highlights the value-added products that can be developed by including quinoa and chia seeds, alone and in combination. This review focused on the recent development in quinoa and chia seeds nutritional, bioactive properties, and processing for potential human health and therapeutic applications.

UV mutagenesis followed by hydrogen peroxide treatment ameliorates lipid production and omega-3 fatty acids levels in Chlorella sp.

The high potential Chlorella sp. was obtained after the UV mutation which produces higher biomass and lipid content than the wild type. The lipid content and biomass were increased from 34 to 48 % dry cell weight and 1.42 to 1.97 g/L respectively. Further, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment increased both biomass and lipid content in mutant, whereas wild type did not show any considerable change in both biomass and lipid content. A 3-fold increase in total lipid yield was observed after the H2O2 treatment in mutant when compared to the untreated wild type. H2O2 treatment also altered the fatty acid composition of lipids resulting in enhanced eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content. Overall results indicate that the strain improvement of Chlorella sp. by UV mutagenesis and oxidative stress by H2O2 treatment enhances the biomass and lipid content with high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Furthermore, the H2O2 treated mutant cells showed upregulation of the important genes involved in the fatty acid synthesis pathway.

Characteristics and Omega-3 Content of Tilapia Sausage Subtitued with Mackerel Fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) Oil

Tilapia fish sausage is a practical ready-to-eat food product to fill nutritional needs. Sausage is made through a process of mixing ingredients, inserting them into the casings, heating, and cooling. Mackerel oil can be used to increase omega-3 levels in tilapia sausage products. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of tilapia sausage substituted with mackerel fish oil, determine the best formulation for substitution of mackerel fish oil in tilapia sausage, and determine the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in tilapia sausage. The study was conducted in a laboratory, using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment given substitution of mackerel oil and palm oil is (control)K (6:0); P1 (4:2); P2 (3:3); P3 (2:4) and P4 (0:6). The data of moisture content, fat content, emulsion stability, omega-3 and colour were processed using SPSS 16. The results showed that the substitution of mackerel fish oil for palm oil could have a significant effect on the moisture content, oil content, amount of omega 3, appearance and hedonic sausages. The best results were obtained by substitution of mackerel oil in treatment P4 with a moisture content value of 58.70%, fat content 2.83%, emulsion stability 93.68%, colour analysis 53.37 (L), -1.27 (a*) and 48.30 (b*) and the average hedonic test result was 8.09 &lt;µ&lt; 8.66. Omega-3 levels in treatment K (control) were obtained at 0.0610%, consisting of ALA 0.034% and EPA 0.027%, while in treatment P4 the higher omega-3 levels were 1.287%, consisting of ALA 0.324%, EPA 0.365% and DHA 0.598%.

Assessing Intraspecific Genetic Variability in Cannabis sativa Populations of Punjab Pakistan Using RAPD and DNA Barcode Markers

Cannabis sativa possess substantial amount of omega-3 fatty acids and several medicinal benefits with potential secondary metabolites. This study employed rbcL, matK, and trnH-psbA barcode markers and RAPD marker to explore genetic diversity in C. sativa populations in Punjab, Pakistan. In population genetic study using DNA barcode markers, cladogram showed investigated samples were genetically similar; however, demonstrated significant genetic diversity with the available DNA sequences of this plant from other regions and countries. The nucleotide sequence variation (% divergence) indicated high intraspecific variation in plants of different geographical zones. However, the RAPD marker analysis displayed genetic diversity among collected Cannabis sativa samples. The principal component analysis reinforced these findings by providing a spatial representation of genetic distances among the samples that revealed a considerable genetic diversity among the collected material and significant intraspecific variation was observed, indicating diverse genetic profiles across geographical regions. This research highlights the potential of molecular markers in germplasm selection for breeding programs.

Разработка обогащенных кондитерских кремов на растительных маслах с модификацией углеводного профиля

The World Health Organization insists on limiting easily digestible carbohydrates, saturated fats, and trans-isomers of fatty acids in human diet. Therefore, formulations of high-calorie confectionery products have to be modified. The research objective was to develop confectionery creams with a modified carbohydrate profile and a reduced calorie content, fortified with omega-3 fatty acids and dietary fibers.&#x0D; The study featured a traditional formulation of butter cream and experimental samples of confectionery creams on vegetable oils with a modified carbohydrate profile. The research involved standard methods of assessing sensory and physicochemical properties of the control and experimental cream samples. The content of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers was estimated by enzymatic gravimetric method, while the content of tocopherols was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.&#x0D; The test samples of creams on vegetable oil with modified carbohydrate profile had a fiber content of 4.0–18.5 g/100 g, represented by oat bran powder with 28% beta-glucan, arabinogalactan, and inulin. The amount of omega-3 fatty acids was 0.2 g/100 g, and the fat content was 15–26%. Easily digestible carbohydrates were represented exclusively by lactose of milk powder (0.5–3.5 g/100 g of cream). The test creams were fortified with D-α-tocopherol acetate: 2.6–4.5 mg/50 g. The density of the resulting products was 0.75–0.90 g/cm3, which made it possible to use them both as independent desserts and as semi-products.&#x0D; The developed confectionery creams complied with the legislation of the EurAsEC on food products fortified with dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. They can be labeled as sugar-free (≤ 0.5 g/100 g) or low sugar (≤ 5 g/100 g) products. Therefore, they are safe for customers with obesity and diabetes.

Enrichment of Yogurt with Encapsulated Fish Oil by Complex Coacervation Using Almond Gum and Gelatin as Wall Materials

ABSTRACT This study reported the efficiency of almond gum as a novel wall material in complexation with type B gelatin to encapsulate fish oil containing 37% omega-3 fatty acids. Results showed that the obtained microcapsules exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 70.5% with particle size of 3.2 μm. The oxidative stability of encapsulated and non-encapsulated fish oil, tested in accelerated storage test (60°C, 4 weeks), showed that encapsulated fish oil possessed a significant stability against oxidation. Produced fish oil microcapsules were used to produce fortified yogurt. Yogurt samples were stored for 4 weeks at 4°C. Enriched yogurts showed higher amount of omega-3 fatty acids, where 82% of omega-3 fatty acids was preserved after 4 weeks of storage compared to 67% in yogurt fortified with non-encapsulated fish oil.

A self-emulsifying omega-3 fatty acids delivery system for enhanced gastro-intestinal absorption in rats.

Omega-3 fatty acids have many health benefits as they help to prevent and treat coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Omega-3 fatty acids miscible in lecithin were found to spontaneously form microemulsions in water. The particle sizes of emulsions ranged from 300 to 800nm and their morphologies were observed by optical microscopy. In vitro testing showed that the amounts of omega-3 fatty acids released by self-emulsifying delivery (SED) formulations containing lecithin, were higher than that released by a commercial formulation without lecithin. The Cmax values of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were approximately 1.38-1.40-fold for the optimized SED formulation than for the control group (P < 0.01). Similarly, the mean AUC0 - 48 values of DHA or EPA in the SED group were 1.27-1.29-fold higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Phospholipids and lecithin were found to have considerable potentials as bioavailability enhancing excipients for SED systems.

Full production cycle performance of gene-edited, sterile Atlantic salmon - growth, smoltification, welfare indicators and fillet composition

Using germ cell-free (GCF), sterile, dnd-knockout salmon for farming could solve the problems associated with precocious maturation and genetic introgression of farmed breeds into wild populations. However, prior to using GCF fish in the salmon farming industry, it is crucial to understand if, or how, the GCF phenotype differs from wild type (WT) counterparts in terms of growth and welfare. To characterize the GCF phenotype throughout a production cycle, we reared GCF and WT salmon in indoor common garden tanks for 3 years, until harvest size. Regarding body size, smoltification markers (mRNA levels of gill Na+/K+-ATPase [NKA] subunits), plasma stress indicators (pH, glucose, sodium, chloride, calcium), relative heart size, prevalence of vertebra deformities and fillet proximate composition, GCF fish could not be distinguished from WTs. Transient differences were detected in plasma concentrations of lactate and osmolality, and only a few genes were differentially expressed in WT and GCF transcriptomes of muscle and pituitary. At harvest, fillets from GCF and WT salmon contained the same amount of omega-3 fatty acids, however the relative content of omega-3 fatty acids was higher in GCF compared to WT males. Towards harvest size, body growth rate, condition factor and relative liver size were significantly higher in WT than in GCF fish, probably relating to initiation of puberty in WTs. Since GCF salmon never become sexually mature, it is possible to postpone the time of harvest to exploit the growth potential uninhibited by sexual maturation. In conclusion, GCF salmon performed to a large extent similarly to their WT counterparts but had the clear advantage of never maturing.

Fatty acids of erythrocyte membranes and blood serum as biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer

The aim of the study was to identify fatty acids (FA) of erythrocyte membranes and blood serum, which can serve as potential biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer.Material and methods. the study involved 65 patients with stage I-II CRC (mean age 63,3 ± 9,6 years (30 men, 35 women) and 35 people in the comparison group, matched by age and sex. the composition of fatty acids of erythrocyte membranes and blood serum was studied using a gc/ms system based on three agilent 7000B quadrupoles (USA). methods of the MATLAB software (R2019a, MathWorks) and the R programming language were used for statistical processing: t-test, unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA), Fold change, Volcano plot, machine learning method (Random Forest), Roc analysis, Heatmaps.Results. patients with stage I-II CRC showed a decrease in the level of saturated, individual monounsaturated fatty acids and a highly significant increase in the most of the polyunsaturated fatty acids with a predominance of omega-3. For most of the fatty acid levels, significant differences in erythrocyte membranes and serum between the groups were found. the levels of erythrocyte myristic, pentadecanoic, 7-palmitoleic, saturated/polyunsaturated Fa ratios (the content of which was significantly lower at stages I-II CRC than those in the control) and the levels of α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, the amount of omega-3 Fa, EPA + DHA, docodienic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, docatetraenoic fatty acids (the content of which was significantly higher in colorectal cancer than those in healthy subjects) were the most discriminating parameters in distinguishing patients with I-II stage CRC and healthy individuals. in the blood serum, the level of biomarkers had the following fatty acids: arachidonic, myristic, docosahexaenoic, the amount of omega 3 puFa, the ratio of omega 6/omega 3 puFa, pentadecanoic, docosapentaenoic, and docodiene. a model that included a list of fatty acids, such as С14:0, С15:0, С16:1;7, С18:3 n-3, C20:2 n-6, C20:3 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:4 n-6, C22:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3, sum of omega-3, omega-3 (EPA + DHA), and saturated / polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio provided auc 0,916 with a specificity of 0,90 and sensitivity of 0,95 in distinguishing patients with stage I-II CRC from healthy individuals.Conclusion. the study of the levels and ratios of fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and blood serum should be considered a promising trend in the search for biomarkers for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

Gamma radiation effects on vitamins, antioxidant, internal and molecular structure of Purslane seeds

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Purslane contains the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and has better nutritional quality. Gamma irradiation is harmless and dependable method for refining the shelf life and nutritional quality of the stored seeds. The aim of this research is to study the influence of irradiation by gamma on structure, ascorbic acid and phenolic content of Purslane seeds. The results show that, ascorbic acid, phenolic content, carbohydrate and protein content in Purslane seeds decreased after exposed by gamma rays. Super oxidase dismutase, fat and fiber content in Purslane seeds increased after exposed by gamma radiation. The shape, size, interconnection and arrangement of molecules in/or around benzene ring in Purslane cells changed after exposure to gamma radiation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Valorisation of viscera from fish processing for food industry utilizations

Fish viscera is a valuable source of functional materials for the food industry, such as protein, oil, enzymes, protein hydrolysate, peptones, sterols, producing biodiesel, and other oleochemical industries. The major components of fish viscera are oil and protein, and their quantity depends on the fish habitats. Viscera oil from fish contains appreciable amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. The protein of fish viscera is a raw material for protein concentrates, hydrolysate, and bioactive peptides. All are valuable ingredients in food processing and product formulation. Most viscera are fish digestive tracts and organs responsible for producing enzymes, and several enzymes are found in high activity, such as lipases and proteases. The extraction of lipases and proteases from fish viscera and their utilizations have been intensively studied. Currently, the isolation of each major component from fish viscera is conducted separately. Therefore, it is challenging to obtain all valuable components from fish viscera to have a zero-waste process. This article reviews the separation of major components of fish viscera by conventional and emerging technology and the proposed simultaneous and integrative separation of all valuable major components.

THE NEWEST INFANT NUTRITION CONCEPTS: POSTBIOTICS AND LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Early life nutrition significantly impacts on growth and development as well as on health including elder ages. Postbiotics are compounds produced by microorganisms and released from food components or microbial constituents, including non-viable cells that, when administered in adequate amounts, promote health and well-being. Postbiotics: compounds deriving from bacterial metabolism, such as exopolysaccharides, vitamins, lactic acid, bacteriocins, enzymes, surfactants, antioxidants, and SCFAs; complex molecules released from food compounds (enzymatically produced during food fermentation), such as peptides and GOS, e.g., 3’GL and 6’GL; components released from lysed cells including DNA, RNA, cell walls and, perhaps, other cytoplasmic components, and surface layer proteins. Recently, a new fermentation technology has been developed for infant nutrition manufacturing. It uses two types of food-grade lactic acid producing microorganisms (Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) that naturally delivering postbiotics. LCPUFAs have an important role in the immune system regulation, blood clots, neurotransmitters, cholesterol metabolism, and in the structure of membrane phospholipids in the brain and the retina. From February 2020, the new infant formulas standards have been in force in the European Union. They require the mandatory addition of docosahexaenoic acid at concentrations in two to three times higher than normal concentrations in human milk. New recipes of Nutrilon Premium+ infant milk formulas are the first and only fermented formulas that contains scGOS / lcFOS prebiotics (9:1, 0.8g / 100 ml), 3’GL postbiotic and the appropriate amount of omega-3 fatty acids in Ukraine’s market at the present time.

Supercritical CO 2 extraction and quality comparison of lipids from Yellowtail fish ( Seriola quinqueradiata ) waste in different conditions

Every year, a large amount of by-products produced by fish processing industries is discarded or used for less profitable purposes. In this study, we will describe a technique for producing high-quality, edible oil from the viscera of yellowtail fish (Seriola quinqueradiata) which can be served as a source of omega polyunsaturated fatty acids. Yellowtail fish viscera oil was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction and Soxhlet apparatus. SC-CO2 extraction was carried out in a semi-batch process at a temperature and pressure ranging from 40°C to 50°C and from 15 to 30 MPa, respectively, and a CO2 flow rate of 27 g/min for 3 hr. During the experimental study, the influence of operation parameters such as extraction time, operating pressure, and operating temperature on yield of oil was investigated. The highest yield of oil was found in Soxhlet-ethanol extraction (56.13%) followed by n-hexane extraction (48.48%) and SC-CO2 (40.87%). The extracted oil was then characterized to ascertain its quality. SC-CO2-extracted oils have lower free fatty acid, p-Anisidine, and peroxide values compared to Soxhlet-extracted oils. The greatest amount of omega-3 fatty acids in yellowtail fish viscera oil extracted by SC-CO2 (20.14%) was found at 30 MPa and 40°C. Practical applications In our study, the edible oil was extracted from the yellowtail fish viscera using a conventional and supercritical CO2 extraction. During supercritical CO2 extraction, the effect of different extraction factors like time, temperature, and pressure on the yield and quality of the oil was also analyzed. Supercritical CO2 extracted oils have comparatively better oxidative quality than conventional extracted oils. Moreover, the oils contain a reasonable amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, among them docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid play a crucial role in preventing different cardiovascular diseases and improve physical and mental health. Therefore, the utilization of the by-products obtained from the yellowtail fish can be a good source for human-grade food oil which contributes to the food industry, decreases environmental pollution, and also reduces waste processing cost.

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids from linseed oil improve quality of post-thaw but not fresh sperm in Holstein bulls

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a member of the n-3 fatty acid family present in fish oil, has several positive effects on bovine sperm, including membrane integrity, motility and viability, as well as cold sensitivity. Our objective was to investigate effects of varying amounts of omega-3 fatty acids from linseed oil, administered orally, on quality of fresh and frozen-thawed bull sperm. Twenty fertile Holstein bulls (874 ± 45.38 kg) were randomly and equally assigned to four groups and received encapsulated (rumen-protected) fats for 12 weeks, as follows: group P, 300 g palm oil; group Pl, 200 g palm oil + 100 g linseed oil; group pL, 100 g palm oil + 200 g linseed oil; and group L, 300 g linseed oil. Sperm quality of fresh and frozen-thawed semen was evaluated by routine assays including sperm motion characteristics (CASA), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin), membrane activity (hypo-osmotic swelling test; HOST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. There were no significant differences among groups in semen volume, sperm concentration or sperm quality parameters in fresh semen. However, after freezing-thawing, total and progressive motility in group P (59.61 ± 1.95 and 40.19 ± 2.48%, respectively; LSM ± SEM) were lower (P < 0.05) than in groups Pl (66.06 ± 1.95 and 47.53 ± 2.48%), pL (65.67 ± 1.95 and 47.48 ± 2.48%) and L (65.36 ± 1.95 and 47.62 ± 2.48)%, with no significant differences among the latter three groups. Furthermore, membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin) and activity (HOST) were lower (P < 0.05) in group P (55.79 ± 2.15 and 42.19 ± 2.17%) compared to groups Pl (62.73 ± 2.15 and 48.93 ± 2.17%), pL (64.06 ± 2.15 and 50.01 ± 2.17%) and L (64.47 ± 2.15 and 49.68 ± 2.17%), with no significant differences among the latter three. Furthermore, there were more (P < 0.05) morphologically abnormal sperm in group P (25.99 ± 1.62%) than in groups Pl, PL and L (21.55 ± 1.62, 21.69 ± 1.62 and 20.90 ± 1.62%). In conclusion, feeding Holstein bulls 100–300 g linseed oil daily improved sperm cryotolerance.

Biofilm cultivation of marine dinoflagellates under different temperatures and nitrogen regimes enhances DHA productivity

Dinoflagellates contain large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, including the nutritionally important docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, their cultivation in suspensions is characterized by low growth rates. Twin-layer porous substrate photobioreactors (TL-PSBRs) have been shown to support growth of different microalgal species, including the robust dinoflagellate Symbiodinium voratum. In the present study, the potential of cultivating marine autotrophic dinoflagellate species in a TL-PSBR for DHA production was explored. Based on initial screening experiments, two Symbiodinium species with high biomass and DHA productivities were selected: the symbiotic Symbiodinium microadriaticum CCAC 2475 B and the free-living Symbiodinium voratum CCAC 3869 B. The effects of three different temperatures (17, 22 and 27 °C) and nitrogen regimes (nitrate, ammonium and nitrogen-free) on biomass growth, total lipid accumulation and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content, with emphasis on DHA, were evaluated. The two lower temperatures (17 and 22 °C) enhanced growth and total lipid accumulation of S. microadriaticum CCAC 2475 B and S. voratum CCAC 3869 B. Cultivation at 22 °C and nitrogen limitation led to a significant positive effect on DHA productivity. Symbiodinium. microadriaticum CCAC 2475 B reached a DHA productivity of 145.4 mg m−2 day−1 and DHA content in the dry biomass of 2% (w/w) after 4 days of nitrogen depletion. The results of the present study demonstrated that autotrophic dinoflagellates, when cultivated on a TL-PSBR, produce comparable amounts of lipids and fatty acids to other commercially used microalgal species including the valuable DHA.