Amount Of Dietary Protein Research Articles

Fracture Risk in Vegetarians and Vegans: the Role of Diet and Metabolic Factors.

There is strong evidence that poor dietary intake of certain micro- and macro-nutrients can negatively affect bone health. It is unclear if diet is the primary culprit for poor bone health in the vegan population. Plant-based diets are gaining public interest since they may improve metabolic health. Studies that examine vegetarians and vegans together show a lower bone mineral density (BMD), but not always increased fracture risk compared to omnivores. However, vegans consistently have higher risk of fracture at multiple bone sites, especially at the hip. There is higher fracture risk in vegans which may be due to calcium and vitamin D intake, as well as amount of dietary protein and quality. Other nutrients (B vitamins, Se, Zn, Fe, iodine) or physiological factors (lower body mass index, microbiome, or endocrine profile) may also play a role but have not been examined and require further study.

Evaluation of optimum dietary protein requirement for maximum growth of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) fingerlings

A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of varying dietary protein on growth performance, health status, intestinal enzyme activity, carcass composition and intestinal histomorphology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings for defining the optimum dietary protein. Five groups were fed with different crude protein content: T1 (36%), T2 (38%), T3 (40%), T4 (42%) and T5 (44%). Each group was run in triplicate with 10 fingerlings per tank. The group fed with 38% crude protein showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher specific growth rate, daily weight gain, weight gain percentage and low feed conversion ratio as compared to groups which had a protein content lesser/higher than 38%. The body composition and digestive enzyme activity were significantly higher in T2 followed by T1 (36%). The excretion of total ammonia and orthophosphate was also lowest in T2. The intestinal histomorphology examination revealed significantly increased absorptive area in T2 compared to other treatment groups. The findings indicate that optimum amount of dietary protein is crucial for achieving maximum growth, and feeding fish with diet containing excess or lesser than optimum protein content leads to lesser growth besides more excretion thereby affecting the quality of water.

Macronutrient Ratio Modification in a Semi‐Purified Diet Composition: Effects on Growth and Body Composition of Juvenile Zebrafish Danio rerio

AbstractThe interaction of dietary macronutrients in the control of growth, body composition, health, and longevity has received renewed attention. The protein leverage hypothesis proposes an inverse relationship between dietary protein levels and obesity development (low protein promoting high obesity), although the majority of laboratory studies have utilized a design modulating the protein amount within a single dietary protein source composition. We investigated whether varying the levels of dietary protein amount and sources would have impacts on growth and body composition using the Zebrafish Danio rerio model. At 28 d postfertilization, Zebrafish were fed 1 of 12 dietary treatments for 12 weeks. Diets contained different protein sources (fish protein hydrolysate [FPH], soy protein isolate [SOY], casein [CAS], or a mixture of all three sources including wheat gluten [MIX]). Sources were formulated at three protein concentrations (18, 33, or 48% as fed, substituted with wheat starch for caloric balance). Body length, height, and weight were measured over time and at termination. Contributions of macronutrients to growth and body fat outcomes were estimated by LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression. Male and female length, height, and weight increased significantly in response to increasing dietary protein. Male and female fish fed SOY or FPH had the highest amount of body lipid at all protein concentrations relative to those fed CAS or MIX. Relative body lipid was highest in fish that were fed the lowest protein concentration. These data suggest an important role of macronutrient balances, including dietary protein amount and source, in relation to the protein: energy (carbohydrate and lipid) ratio on growth and body composition outcomes. These outcomes may ultimately reflect metabolic alterations that can lead to confounding interpretations of health and disease status. Furthermore, these data reinforce the need to consider and report dietary composition in establishing rigorous and reproducible nutritional guidelines for Zebrafish.

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Profile on Nocturnal Metabolism, Sleep, and Wellbeing: A Review.

Sleep is a crucial biological function and a well-established driver of health and wellbeing across the lifespan. In this review, we describe how sleep in humans is associated with specific circadian metabolic and physiological changes, and how the organization of sleep-wake states is related to regulation of nocturnal metabolism during fasting. Among the modifiable factors that can contribute to sleep-related benefits, emerging evidence suggests that diet and nocturnal changes in glucose regulation are strong determinants of sleep quality. Here, we review studies that have explored the importance of quantity and quality of dietary carbohydrates and proteins in modulation of sleep and sleep-related health benefits. Future research may guide the creation of nutritional solutions to improve sleep, which could lead to positive changes in health, wellbeing, and overall quality of life.

Blood erythrocyte indices in rats under conditions of acetaminophen-induced toxic injury against the background of alimentary protein deficiency

Despite the available information on variations in the erythrocyte chain of homeostasis under the conditions of drug-induced toxic damage, the question of the biochemical characteristics of erythrocytes in the expose of toxic doses of paracetamol on the background of dietary imbalance in protein remains open. 96 white nonlinear rats were used for the study. During the experiment, the animals consumed a semi-synthetic diet AIN-93 in accordance with the recommendations of the American Institute of Nutrition on the principle of paired nutrition, taking into account the amount of dietary protein per kilogram of diet. Modelling of acute toxic lesions was performed by administration to experimental animals of acetaminophen per os at a rate of 1250 mg/kg body weight. We found that toxic damage by acetaminophen is a key factor in reducing the level of total hemoglobin in the blood of animals (40% compared to control) with a simultaneous decrease in its average concentration (18%) and content in a single erythrocyte (35%), indicating the development of hypochromia, which is an indicator of iron deficiency in the body (iron deficiency anaemia). The synergistic effect of nutritional protein deficiency and the exposition of toxic doses of acetaminophen is accompanied by a decrease in total erythrocytes (50% compared to control) due to their increased hemolysis (up to 32% in 0.9% NaCl) with a simultaneous decrease in hematocrit up to 16% and the average volume of erythrocytes (1.4 times compared with the control). At the same time, the established changes in oxyhemoglobin decrease against the background of increased fetal hemoglobin content under the conditions of toxic damage and alimentary protein deficiency may serve as an additional criterion for comprehensive assessment in the diagnosis of anaemic syndrome in inflammatory diseases of different genesis against nutrient-associated conditions. Thus, the study of changes in erythrocyte indices in the development of acetaminophen-induced lesions on the background of nutrients’ alimentary deprivation can increase the effectiveness of monitoring the course of these pathologies and approaches to their correction.

INFESTATION OF PEST OF PULSES LEGUME GRAINS Callosobruchus spp AND SUBSTANTIAL LOSS OF DIETARY VEGAN PROTEIN

The current study is the reviews of the work done for pest infestation in different legume pulse grains Pulse grains have been found to have different susceptibility for the attack of pulse beetle. An insect has varied fecundity on different varieties of pulses. India is agriculture based country and agriculture is the key sector of Indian economy. Including many kharif and rabbi crops, pulses are cultivated in all parts of country. Pulse cultivation has its own significant place in agriculture as it has been considered as complimentary to cereal crop in many aspects and positioned as a second most important crop plant [1].Study indicates 20-40% of dry matter of pulse grains is made up of beneficial dietary proteins [2]. Insufficiency of adequate amount of protein in diet may lead to protein energy malnutrition. Like poverty and hunger, to combat PEM is another great provocation for agriculture and nation. Pulse grains legumes are good source of protein and other nutrient materials. Crop plant of Arhar has its own advantage for agriculture. The leguminous plants are used in crop rotation to improve the fertility of soil as the root nodules harbor the nitrogen fixing bacteria; fixes atmospheric nitrogen to nitrogen compound about 72-350 kg/hectare/year . The current study emphasizes the different facts of pulse beetle and their infestation in arhar seed grains. About eight months of the year have been found to be susceptible for infestation; remarkable growth and development of pests continue during six months of the year. Arhar pulse grains are most suitable for pest infestation. Bold variety of arhar was identified to be the most preferred for maximum oviposition having larger and smooth surface area. Temperature suitable for oviposition was noticed between 28-370c. Developmental period was found to be of lesser duration and survival of adults was more in bold varieties as compared to the smaller variety. Developmental period was recorded as 24-30.3 days in bold legume grains and 26-32.3 days in smaller size grains. Survival of male and female insect pest was also different as male survived for 7-10.6 days and females for 8.3-12.6 days. Increased growth rate of insect population was there with the increase in temperature and humidity. Significant Weight loss, content loss and percent germination loss have been found in the pulse grains of both varieties in the current studies. Indian economy relies significantly on agriculture and loss and damage of complementary crop plant certainly affect it. At this point there is need to consider the condition of Mass poverty of India after pandemic covid -19 which has been ascertained after more than 45 years The outcome of pandemic recession is more than 2 fold increase in the number of poor from 60 million in a year to 134 million (Reports of downtoearth.org.in). Furthermore any rise in price would snatch the accessibility of the easily available protein diet from people living in indigence.

Effects of Dietary Protein Source and Quantity on Bone Morphology and Body Composition Following a High-Protein Weight-Loss Diet in a Rat Model for Postmenopausal Obesity.

Higher protein (>30% of total energy, HP)-energy restriction (HP-ER) diets are an effective means to improve body composition and metabolic health. However, weight loss (WL) is associated with bone loss, and the impact of HP-ER diets on bone is mixed and controversial. Recent evidence suggests conflicting outcomes may stem from differences in age, hormonal status, and the predominant source of dietary protein consumed. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of four 12-week energy restriction (ER) diets varying in predominate protein source (beef, milk, soy, casein) and protein quantity (normal protein, NP 15% vs. high, 35%) on bone and body composition outcomes in 32-week-old obese, ovariectomized female rats. Overall, ER decreased body weight, bone quantity (aBMD, aBMC), bone microarchitecture, and body composition parameters. WL was greater with the NP vs. HP-beef and HP-soy diets, and muscle area decreased only with the NP diet. The HP-beef diet exacerbated WL-induced bone loss (increased trabecular separation and endocortical bone formation rates, lower bone retention and trabecular BMC, and more rod-like trabeculae) compared to the HP-soy diet. The HP-milk diet did not augment WL-induced bone loss. Results suggest that specific protein source recommendations may be needed to attenuate the adverse alterations in bone quality following an HP-ER diet in a model of postmenopausal obesity.

Association of Dietary Protein Intake and Grip Strength Among Adults Aged 19+ Years: NHANES 2011-2014 Analysis.

BackgroundResearch on the role of protein in the diet has evolved beyond a focus on quantity to include the impact of its quality and distribution across meal times in an effort to optimize dietary protein recommendations.ObjectiveTo determine the association of dietary protein amount, type, and intake pattern with grip strength in adults.DesignData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 for adults 19 + years (N = 9,214) were used with exclusions for pregnant and lactating women. Intakes of dietary total protein (TP), animal protein (AP, including dairy), plant protein (PP), and leucine (Leu) were determined using day 1 24 h dietary recall data after adjusting for the complex sample design of NHANES. Regression analyses were used to assess the association of dietary protein and leucine intake quartiles, and whether consuming > 20 g of dietary protein at one or more meals was related to grip strength with adjustment for age, gender, and ethnicity.ResultsMean intake of TP among adults aged 19 + years was 83.6 ± 0.5 g/day, and 2/3rd of this was from animal sources (including dairy). Grip strength increased (p < 0.05) with increasing quartiles of TP, AP, PP, and leucine among all adults 19 + years (β = 1.340.19, 1.27 ± 0.19, 0.76 ± 0.20, and 1.33 ± 0.23, respectively), 19–50 years (β = 1.14 ± 0.27, 1.06 ± 0.25, 0.77 ± 0.30, and 1.18 ± 0.27, respectively), and 51 + years (β = 0.95 ± 0.26, 1.08 ± 0.27, and 1.05 ± 0.27, respectively, for TP, AP, and Leu); however, the increase was more pronounced for AP than PP. Grip strength also increased (p < 0.05) with increasing the number of meal occasions containing > 20 g of dietary protein (β = 1.50 ± 0.20, 1.41 ± 0.25, and 0.91 ± 0.37 for 19+, 19–50, and 51 + years, respectively), and significant increases were detected for two meals compared to zero meals.ConclusionDietary protein quantity, quality, and distribution should be considered collectively when looking to optimize protein intake to support muscle strength and function.

Evaluating type and amount of dietary protein in relation to metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Fasa Persian cohort study

Background and aimMetabolic syndrome is characterized by several conditions including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose levels, and hypertension; which all are directly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the amount and source of dietary protein with the risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in adult men and women.Material and methodThis study was performed using Persian cohort data, Fasa branch, which included 3660 men and 5262 women. Individuals were divided into five groups for total dietary proteins, plant proteins, and animal proteins using the quintiles, and the odds of incidence for metabolic syndrome and each component was evaluated.ResultsA higher intake of total protein was associated with lower odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.24 95% CI 0.18–0.33, P-trend < 0.001 in men, OR: 0.42 95% CI 0.34–0.51, P-trend < 0.001 in women) and all of its components. men (OR: 0.35 95% CI 0.25–0.48, P-trend < 0.001) and women (OR: 0.41 95% CI 0.33–0.52, P-trend < 0.001) in the highest quintile of plant protein intake had a reduced prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components. An increased animal protein intake was associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (P-trend < 0.001), a declined risk of having elevated triglycerides (P-trend = 0.016) in men, and a reduced risk of having abdominal obesity in men (P-trend < 0.001) and women (P-trend < 0.001).ConclusionA higher consumption of total protein and plant protein was associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components. Increased consumption of animal protein seemed to be related to a lower prevalence abdominal obesity. Also, only in men, animal protein was associated with decreased risk of having metabolic syndrome.

Розчинність протеїну кормів як індикатор перетравності і доступності поживних речовин в раціонах бугайців

The research was conducted on steppe red bulls with duodenal and ileocecal anastomoses when feeding isoenergetic, isoprotein hay-concentrate diets with different levels of soluble protein (SP) and rumen degradable protein (RDP). We studied the transformation of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), crude fat (CF), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) separately in a complex stomach, small (SI) and large (LI) parts of the intestine. Assimilation of protein by animals was assessed by the amount of it digested in SI, and unproductive costs — by the part of nitrogen in the urine. Diets consisted of hay, peas and mineral supplements. Different amounts of SP in the diets were achieved by feeding natural pea (control) or pea grilled at a temperature of +105°C (experiment). When feeding a diet with a reduced level of SP and RDP, the apparent intensity of digestion decreased, which was manifested in a slightly smaller amount of feed consumed, and in a smaller number of duodenal and ileocecal chyme. In a complex stomach, the CP digestibility of the experimental diet with a reduced level of SP was 10% lower. In the control diet with a high level of SP, more CP was degraded in rumen and more ammonium nitrogen was supplied to SI. The availability of CP for digestion in SI on the experimental diet was 5.8% higher, against control, with 8–10% higher digestibility of DM, OM and CP, but lower digestibility of CA and CF. In LI, the digestibility of nutrients in the studied diets was multidirectional. A significant amount of dietary protein was depreciated in the control diet with a high level of SP due to a 40% increase in urinary nitrogen excretion.

Molecular characterization and expression profiles of leptin receptor in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Leptin receptor (LEPR) is a type of transmembrane receptor and a member of the class I cytokine receptor family that plays a decisive role in the physiological functions mediated by leptin. In this study, a fish LEPR gene (CiLEPR) was cloned from Ctenopharyngodon idella. The open reading frame (ORF) sequence of the CiLEPR gene included 3504 bp, which encoded 1078 amino acids that formed six functional domains, including five FN3 domains and a lep_receptor_Ig domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CiLEPR amino acid sequence was closely related to that of LEPR from Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The qRT-PCR results showed that the CiLEPR gene was widely expressed in all investigated tissues of C. idella and was relatively highly expressed in the gills. The results of the circadian rhythm experiment revealed that the intestinal expression of the CiLEPR gene changed regularly over time. In C. idella intestinal cell experiments, it was observed that recombinant leptin could upregulate the expression levels of CiLeptin, CiLEPR and CiPepT1 in the intestines of C. idella. The results of experiments in which fish were fed with various protein sources demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of CiLeptin, CiLEPR and CiPepT1 in the fish meal group were higher than those in the soybean meal group at 28 d. The data indicated that C. idella fed diets with medium amounts of dietary protein (37%) expressed the highest mRNA levels of CiLeptin, CiLEPR and CiPepT1 after 4 weeks. These results provide a basis for further studies on the nutritional regulation and physiological functions of leptin receptors in fish.

Effects of an increased habitual dietary protein intake followed by resistance training on fitness, muscle quality and body composition of seniors: A randomised controlled trial

Resistance training and a sufficient amount of dietary protein have been suggested to build up and maintain muscle mass, strength and function into old age. As there is still no consensus on the optimum amount of protein intake in older people, this study aims to evaluate first whether it is achievable to double the recommended amount, which is 1g/kg BW/d in German speaking countries, via food administration and secondly whether this would lead to stronger improvements when subsequently combined with resistance training. In total, 136 community-dwelling older adults (54% females, 72.9±4.8yrs) were randomly assigned to one of the three study groups: observational control (CON), recommended protein (RP+T) and high protein (HP+T) intake groups. After six weeks of observation or nutritional counselling to achieve the respective protein target levels, eight weeks of resistance training (2x/week) were applied in RP+T and HP+T groups. Parameters indicative for muscle mass, strength and function were measured at baseline (t1), before (t2) and after the training period (t3). Baseline protein intake for the different groups were 0.83 (CON), 0.97 (RP+T) and 0.78 (HP+T) g/kg BW/d and increased by 0.18±0.31 (RP+T, p=0.003) and 0.83±0.33 (HP+T, p>0.001) g/kg BW/d between t1 and t3 while CON remained unchanged. Most of the physical performance parameters improved over time, but no interaction effects between group and time could be observed. While body fat mass initially increased from t1 to t2 (0.8±2.3kg, p=0.001), skeletal muscle mass decreased (-0.5±1.9kg, p=0.025), a trend which was reversed from t2 to t3 only in HP+T group (body fat mass:-0.47±2.12kg, p=0.041; muscle mass: 0.51±1.57kg, p=0.021). The findings suggest that a substantial increase of habitual protein intake above the currently recommended levels is achievable within 17 weeks in community-dwelling older adults, whereby the extra amount of protein led to minor changes in body composition but not physical performance or muscle quality (NCT04023513).

The relationship between protein intake and gut microbiota in community-dwelling older men from the MrOS study.

Older patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have higher mortality and poorer long-term outlook compared to younger individuals. This may contribute to the assumption that aggressive management of geriatric TBI is futile. The present study examined the long-term recovery potential and underlying mechanisms associated with advanced age in male C57BL/6 mice using a controlled cortical impact model of TBI. Older (18 mos) mice had higher mortality compared to younger (10 wks) mice at 12 weeks post-injury. While aging alone had a profound impact on behavioral ability, the recovery slope in some, but not all, neurobehavioral tests was relatively similar between young and old injured mice. NanoString analysis identified several age- and injury-specific genes that were differentially expressed, including those involved with the complement, phagocytosis, and autophagy pathways. Flow cytometry demonstrated dysregulation of autophagic function in microglia with normal aging which was exacerbated after TBI. Given the critical role for autophagy in promoting the cellular degradation of cytoplasmic materials, we reasoned that treatment with the autophagic inducer, trehalose, may be a viable therapeutic strategy. Trehalose was administered in the drinking water (3%) starting at d1 post-injury up to 8 weeks. Older TBI mice treated with trehalose exhibited either delayed deficits or enhanced recovery in cognitive and motor tasks. Trehalose modified expression of autophagy markers and reprogrammed the microglial response to TBI. Our data indicate that microglia undergo chronic changes in autophagic regulation that are associated with poor outcome. Boosting autophagy may be a promising therapeutic strategy for older TBI patients.

Dietary Protein Requirement Threshold and Micronutrients Profile in Healthy Older Women Based on Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass.

Although multiple nutrients have shown protective effects with regard to preserving muscle function, the recommended amount of dietary protein and other nutrients profile on older adults for maintenance of high muscle mass is still debatable. The aims of this paper were to: (1) identify dietary differences between older women with low and high relative skeletal muscle mass, and (2) identify the minimal dietary protein intake associated with high relative skeletal muscle mass and test the threshold ability to determine an association with skeletal muscle phenotypes. Older women (n = 281; 70 ± 7 years, 65 ± 14 kg), with both low and high relative skeletal muscle mass groups, completed a food questionnaire. Skeletal muscle mass, fat-free mass (FFM), biceps brachii thickness, vastus lateralis anatomical cross-sectional area (VLACSA), handgrip strength (HGS), maximum elbow flexion torque (MVCEF), maximum knee extension torque (MVCKE), muscle quality (HGS/Body mass), and fat mass were measured. Older women with low relative skeletal muscle mass had a lower daily intake of protein, iodine, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), Vit E, manganese, milk, fish, nuts and seeds (p < 0.05) compared to women with high relative skeletal muscle mass. The minimum required dietary protein intake for high relative skeletal muscle mass was 1.17 g/kg body mass/day (g/kg/d) (sensitivity: 0.68; specificity: 0.62). Women consuming ≥1.17 g/kg/d had a lower BMI (B = −3.9, p < 0.001) and fat mass (B = −7.8, p < 0.001), and a higher muscle quality (B = 0.06, p < 0.001). The data indicate that to maintain muscle mass and function, older women should consume ≥1.17 g/kg/d dietary protein, through a varied diet including milk, fish and nuts that also contain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and micronutrients such as iodine, Vit E and manganese.

An evaluation of the growth, blood biochemistry, hepatic glucose metabolism and hepatocyte apoptosis in the genetically improved farmed tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed diets with distinct protein to corn starch ratios

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary distinct protein to starch ratios on the growth, feed utilization, blood biochemistry, hepatic glucose metabolism and hepatocyte apoptosis of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three iso-lipidic (ca 6.56%) diets were formulated with elevated corn starch levels at the cost of protein provision, being designated as diets P40S5 (40.4% protein and 4.62% starch), P30S25 (30.4% protein and 24.2% starch) and P20S50 (19.9% protein and 48.6% starch). Tilapia juveniles (initial mean body weight, 32.0 g/fish) were assigned to 12 rectangular tanks (250 L each) with 20 fish per tank and fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that either excess (40%) or insufficient (20%) amount of dietary protein impaired the growth of tilapia. Excess dietary protein led to unsatisfactory protein catabolism (lower protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value, and higher mRNA levels of hepatic glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 1 and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase paralogs), while insufficient amount of protein resulted in lower whole-body protein percentage. An increase in dietary starch from 5% or 25% to 50% was associated with enhanced lipid and glycogen storages in the liver of tilapia. Consistently, dietary starch reception up to 50% upregulated the expression of hepatic representative genes involved with glycolysis (glucokinase and phosphofructokinase muscle type a) and lipogenesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase α and fatty acid synthase) while downregulated the expression of the gluconeogenic glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit paralogs. TUNEL staining suggested that stronger apoptosis signal was recorded at the bile duct epithelium of the P20S50 fish. Concomitantly, plasma bile acid level nearly doubled, and an incidence (50%) of ‘green liver’ was observed in this treatment as compared with the P40S5 and P30S25 fish, indicating that bile acid metabolism disorder might be induced. Though plasma glucose (4.66–5.11 mmol/L) was not responsive to different treatments, advanced glycation end-products accumulated in the blood of the P20S50 fish, suggesting that 50% starch reception was probably associated with the progression of diabetes-associated pathologies. The overall results in this study suggested that tilapia might possess capability to tolerate dietary corn starch level up to 50% in a short-term exposure, whereas a long-term exposure might induce detrimental effects on liver functions.

Postprandial concentration of circulating branched chain amino acids are able to predict the carbohydrate content of the ingested mixed meal

The amount of the macronutrients protein and carbohydrate (CHO) in a mixed meal is known to affect each other's digestion, absorption, and subsequent metabolism. While the effect of the amount of dietary protein and fat on the glycemic response is well studied, the ability of postprandial plasma amino acid patterns to predict the meal composition is unknown. To study the postprandial plasma amino acid patterns in relation to the protein, CHO, and fat content of different mixed meals and to investigate if these patterns can predict the macronutrient meal composition. Ten older adults were given 9 meals with 3 different levels (low, medium, and high) of protein, CHO, and fat in different combinations, taking the medium content as that of a standardized western meal. We monitored the postprandial plasma response for amino acids, glucose, insulin, and triglycerides for 8h and the areas under the curve (AUC) were subsequently calculated. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if amino acid patterns could predict the meal composition. Increasing meal CHO content reduced the postprandial plasma response of several amino acids including all branched chain amino acids(BCAA) (leucine; q<0.0001, isoleucine; q=0.0035, valine; q=0.0022). The plasma BCAA patterns after the meal significantly predicted the meal's CHO content (leucine; p<0.0001, isoleucine; p=0.0003, valine; p=0.0008) along with aspartate (p<0.0001), tyrosine (p<0.0001), methionine (p=0.0159) and phenylalanine (p=0.0332). Plasma citrulline predicted best the fat content of the meal (p=0.0024). The postprandial plasma BCAA patterns are lower with increasing meal CHO content and are strong predictors of a mixed meal protein and CHO composition, as are plasma citrulline for the fat content. We hypothesize that postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations can be used to predict the meal's macronutrient composition.

Seasonal investigation of fallow deer cellular cementum from Mediterranean ecosystems and its implications for reliable cementochronology applications

We aim to extend our understanding of the seasonal formation of cellular cementum, and its functional relationships in fallow deer (Dama dama) from Mediterranean ecosystems, in order to achieve reliable cementochronology applications. We provide a specific reference for fallow deer in a specific ecosystem, as needed for forensic, paleontological and wildlife ecology research. A semi-quantitative rating of the last outermost increment deposited in the cellular cementum interradicular pad of the lower first molar (M1), together with the knowledge of the animal's date of death, provided the methodological basis of this study. We also analyzed the occurrence of each cementum state by season, as well as the influence of the photoperiod and seasonal diet quality variations, using indices such as cell wall digestibility (CWD), protein (N), and carbohydrate (C). In adults more than 4 years old we detected a significant seasonal cementum growth pattern in spring-summer, whereas the formation of rest lines took place mainly from October to February. All of our findings show a photoperiod control of cementum seasonal growth patterns, linked to the organism's annual growth cycle, whereas N and C probably do not influence seasonal deposition patterns. The deposition of the cementum begins to stop when the photoperiod begins to decrease, i.e. when the days begin to be shorter, which in the Mediterranean ecosystems of southern Spain takes place in the autumn and winter months. At this time, the amount of dry matter in food consumed increases, and voluntary food intake decreases. The amount of dietary protein and carbohydrate seems to influence the amount of cementum deposited each year, rather than the seasonal deposition pattern, at least in adults. No significant seasonal pattern was found for the younger fallow deer. Until this seasonal pattern is clarified, young specimens should be excluded from cementochronology applications, such as season-at-death estimations. Studies on the quantitative thickness of cementum increments should also be performed in order to confirm cementochronology as a useful tool for studying climatic variations and their biological impacts.

High Myoglobin Diet Induced Colon Dysbiosis and Inflammation by Regulating Heme or Iron Metabolism

Abstract Objectives Changes in the gut microbiota caused by excessive meat consumption are often accompanied by various metabolic and inflammatory disorders, which are also largely related to the time and amount of dietary proteins. Myoglobin, a pigment in meat, which is difficult to digest. This study aimed to evaluate how the amount of myoglobin diets affected oxidative stress and colon homeostasis in mice. Methods C57BL/6J mice were fed casein, low-myoglobin (LMb), medium-myoglobin (MMb) or high-myoglobin (HMb) diets for 3 or 8 weeks (n = 10 each group). Proinflammatory factors and intestinal morphology in colon tissue, heme and iron metabolites in duodenum tissue were detected, fecal metabonomic was analyzed by LC-MS and gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results Increased intake of a myoglobin diet decreased body weight, causing low-grade inflammation and colonic hyperplasia. The mice fed with HMb diets had the lowest feed intake and body weight, upregulated proinflammatory factors including IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β and TNF-α, and iron metabolites including SLC46A1, Ferridin-H, HO-2, TFR2, but downregulated ZO-1 and occuludin. As the myoglobin content increased, the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium in colon increased at 3 or 8 weeks, especially in MMb and HMb diets. In addition, myoglobin diets at 3 and 8 weeks upregulated cellular processes and signaling, lipid metabolism and genetic information processing, and downregulated enzyme families compared to the casein diet. These changes were related to tryptophan metabolism and steroid biosynthesis pathway. Conclusions The negative impact of a high myoglobin diet may cause intestinal oxidative stress, inflammation and colonic hyperplasia, induce dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolism in mice through releasing heme and iron. Funding Sources This work was supported by the grants from NSFC (32072211).

Dietary Avian Proteins Are Comparable to Soybean Proteins on the Atherosclerosis Development and Fatty Liver Disease in Apoe-Deficient Mice.

Background and aim: The type and amount of dietary protein has become a topic of renewed interest in light of their involvement in metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. However, little attention has been devoted to the effect of avian proteins despite their wide human consumption. The aim was to investigate the influence of chicken and turkey as sources of protein compared with that of soybean on atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease. Methods and results: To this purpose, male and female Apoe-deficient were fed purified Western diets differing in their protein sources for 12 weeks. After this period, blood, liver, aortic tree and heart base samples were taken for analyses of plasma lipids and atherosclerosis. Plasma triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, esterified cholesterol levels and radical oxygen species in lipoproteins changed depending on the diet and sex. Females consuming the turkey protein-containing diet showed decreased atherosclerotic foci, as evidenced by the en face atherosclerosis analyses. The presence of macrophages and smooth muscle cells in plaques were not modified, and no changes were observed in hepatic lipid droplets in the studied groups either. Paraoxonase activity was higher in the group consuming turkey protein without sex differences, but only in females, it was significantly associated with aortic lesion areas. Conclusions: Compared to soybean protein, the consumption of avian proteins depending on sex resulted in similar or lower atherosclerosis development and comparable hepatic steatosis.

Nutraceutical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Properties of Pyropia vietnamensis (Tanaka et Pham-Hong Ho) J.E. Sutherl. et Monotilla

Background: Pyropia genus is one of the most nutritionally rich marine algae which contain various bioactive compounds. Among Indian Pyropia species, Pyropia vietnamensis (P. vietnamensis), which was earlier known as Porphyra vietnamensis has recently documented with various reports. The present work is designed to evaluate the radical scavenging, nutraceutical and microbicidal properties of Pyropia vietnamensis. Methods: P. vietnamensis was collected from the coastal region of Maharashtra, namely Harihareshwar. Dried algal material was extracted with different solvents. Nutritional parameters such as fatty acids, minerals, dietary fibers, vitamins, lipids, ash content and protein were measured as per the standard protocol (WHO guidelines). Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric procedures were used to estimate total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Free radical scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide and superoxide anion (O2¯) assays. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by in vitro microdilution procedure to estimate minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bacterial concentration, against Gram-- positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris). Results: Nutritional analysis revealed that Pyropia vietnamensis contained a considerable amount of dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrate, methyl palmitate, magnesium, sulphur and sodium. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of methanolic fractions (913±21.7, 128±11.7) were more than an aqueous fraction (841±21.2, 3.7±11.1). Aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions showed significant antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (65.5±1.2 μg/mL, 68.3±1.6 μg/mL), nitric oxide (71.5±3.5 μg/mL, 52.3±1.9 μg/mL), and O2¯ (50.6±1.02 μg/mL, 62.1±1.03μg/mL) free radicals. Aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest total antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration as 110–490 μg/mL and minimum bacterial concentration as 248–689 μg/mL against one Gram-positive and three Gram-negative microorganisms. Conclusion: Aqueous, ethyl acetate, and methanolic fractions of Pyropia vietnamensis exhibited good antimicrobial spectrum and antioxidant activity. This could be useful in preventing various oxidative stresses and pathogenic microbial strains.