Amount Of Wealth Research Articles

Socio-economic Inequality as a Prerequisite for the Abolition of the Middle Class

The article is discussed the factors affecting the economic well-being of citizens, analyzed the reasons for the uneven distribution of incomes of the population, which led to modern differentiation and increased socio-economic inequality, which entails the complete disappearance of the middle class. Possible ways to reduce income asymmetry to change the current situation are proposed. Strengthening the processes of globalization in the modern world, increasing the role of transnational corporations leads to even greater stratification of society and economic inequality. In addition, the result of growing economic inequality in the leading countries of the world is the aggravation of social problems. This raises the question, if there is a concept of social justice, maybe income inequality is not always so bad? In recent years, the problems of socio-economic inequality have raised a lot of questions and discussions among leading scientists and politicians. Searches are being made for objective causes of economic inequality, as well as ways to eliminate them. Increasingly, the question is raised whether only governments can influence the processes of smoothing the consequences of socio-economic inequality, which has a negative impact on socio-economic relations in society? A significant stratification of the population in terms of income entails serious socio-economic consequences, such as the washing out of the middle class, which is the backbone of the state in conducting economic policy; destruction of human capital; growth of social costs; growing social and political tension. It should be noted that inequality in the incomes received by the population causes an uneven distribution of the quality of consumed goods, works and services and affects the amount of savings. Naturally, in any society, there are differences between citizens, expressed in the amount of wealth they own, but when these differences reach an extreme level or grow very rapidly, the social cohesion of society is threatened.

Malaysian Tax System: An Overview

In many societies and countries around the world over many centuries, taxation has been acknowledged as a very important tool for national development and growth. The amount of wealth (e.g., public revenue) produced by the economic activities carried out in a society is one of the primary indicators by which development and growth should be assessed. The main purpose of this article is giving a brief overview of the Malaysian tax system by attempting to provide a conceptual framework. The article specifically provides a concise but precise overview of the Malaysian tax system, tax law, and tax policies. This brief overview could lead to better grasp of tax system among interested such as potential investors and taxpayers thus improve future investments and tax revenue.

In the Shadow of the Golden Calf.

Abstract The article offers the first comprehensive account of relations between Germany and Switzerland in the years 1919 to 1931 based on archival sources from both countries. Emphasising the interaction between finance and diplomacy, it provides new insights into the role played by the Swiss offshore centre for the German Reich after the First World War. During the inflationist period of 1919‒1923, as well as in the crisis of 1929‒1931, Switzerland, like the Netherlands, welcomed a huge amount of wealth from Germany while at the same time becoming an important creditor of the Reich. These developments had a significant impact on German internal and foreign policies at the time. Nevertheless, the article article argues that, despite the intensity of financial flows, Switzerland pursued a diplomatic course that was more plurilateral than the Netherlands. Even during the second part of the 1920s, when Swiss capital was placed on the German market in massive dimensions, there was no German orientation in Swiss foreign policy similar to what had happened in the years before the First World War. Switzerland’s foreign relations became more neutral during the 1920s. This article consequently proposes a nuanced perspective on the role of the small European countries in German foreign policy, highlighting the need to differentiate between them in spite of their common features and to consider, in a non-deterministic way, the interaction between finance and diplomacy.

It Does Not Compute: Copyright Restriction on Tax Deduction for Developer’s Donation of Software

Great amounts of wealth can be represented by intellectual property (“IP”), including computer software. Computer software creators, and other inventors, artists and authors, may desire to enthusiastically support their favorite charitable endeavors. The tax consequences for the creative genius donating his or her IP to charity will depend on whether his or her creation is protected by patent, trade secret or trademark on the one hand, or copyright on the other. In general, the donor of a patent, trade secret or trademark enjoys favorable tax treatment – he or she is entitled to claim an income tax deduction for the full fair market value of the IP donated. In contrast, as a result of the Tax Reform Act of 1969, the donor of a copyright is not allowed to claim a full fair market value deduction – instead, he or she may claim a deduction only for his or her cost basis in the copyright (which may be very small, or nothing). The following example demonstrates the different income tax results possible.

Evolution of family systems and resultant socio-economic structures

Families form the basis of society, and anthropologists have observed and characterised a wide range of family systems. This study developed a multi-level evolutionary model of pre-industrial agricultural societies to simulate the evolution of family systems and determine how each of them adapts to environmental conditions and forms a characteristic socio-economic structure. In the model, competing societies evolve, which themselves comprise multiple evolving families that grow through family labour. Each family has two strategy parameters: the time children leave the parental home and the distribution of inheritance among siblings. The evolution of these parameters demonstrates that four basic family systems emerge; families can become either nuclear or extended, and have either an equal or strongly biased inheritance distribution. Nuclear families in which children leave the parental home upon marriage emerge where land resources are sufficient, whereas extended families in which children staying at the parental home emerge where land resources are limited. Equal inheritance emerges where the amount of wealth required for a family to survive is large, whereas strongly biased inheritance emerges where the required wealth is small. Furthermore, the frequency of polygyny is low in the present model of agricultural societies, whereas it increases for the model of labour-extensive subsistence patterns other than agricultural societies. Analyses on the wealth distribution of families demonstrate a higher level of poverty among people in extended families, and that the accumulation of wealth is accelerated in families with strongly biased inheritance. By comparing wealth distributions in the model with historical data, family systems are associated with characteristic economic structures and then, modern social ideologies. Empirical data analyses using the cross-cultural ethnographic database verify the theoretical relationship between the environmental conditions, family systems, and socio-economic structures discussed in the model. The theoretical studies made possible by this simple constructive model, as presented here, will integrate the understandings of family systems in evolutionary anthropology, demography, and socioeconomic histories.

Financial incentives to poor countries promote net emissions reductions in multilateral climate agreements

Financial incentives to poor countries promote net emissions reductions in multilateral climate agreements

فقه الواقع وأثره في تقنين الاشتراك المالي بين الزوجين

The research discussed The Foundations of Reality Jurisprudence and the beginning of legalizing of the financial contribution between spouses, and family problems foreseen in the application of the Law on Financial Participation between Spouses.
 Research has found the inviolability of legalizing financial participation between spouses for the following reasons:
 - The breakdown of the family and the marital relationship due to this partnership because the nature of the marriage contract differs from the nature of the company's contract of affection and compassion, donation In The marriage and demand financial benefit through accounting and supervision in the company's contract .
 - Reluctance to marry and demand the right of the body away through the marriage to escape the effects of this partnership, as is the case in the Western country, or the choice of the husband is based on the amount of wealth one of them has, making the marriage based on Financial ambitions.
 - Disputes, lawsuits and financial judicial charges expected upon divorce, as is the case in the country where this law is applied.
 - Injustice between spouses occurs if one of the spouses is the principal component of the wealth by means of his or her work and effort, if the husband loses his or her work or reduces his or her income, he or she will automatically turn into the property of his wife in personal spending because It has become a common money.
 -The poor educational impact on children because marriage turned into an attempt to gain wealth and reduce material loss between spouses..
 - The partnership contract involves a lot of unknown money earned between spouses throughout their lives. The future income of both spouses throughout their life is known only to God, And Islamic law has prohibited the contract on the unknown.
 - Violation of the inheritance regime in the Islamic Sharia because both the wife and the husband are entitled to one half of each other's estate in all circumstances, which will also result in an imbalance and change in the amount of inheritance established by the Islamic sharia for the children and relatives.

Decolonizing Science, Digitizing the Occult: Theory from the Virtual South

AbstractIn this article Newell uses two case studies to explore one of the central threads of Mbembe’s Abiola lecture, the idea that there is a relationship between the plasticity of digital technology and African cosmologies of the deuxième monde. One case concerns the viral YouTube video #sciencemustfall, in which students at the University of Cape Town criticize “Western” science and demand that African forms of knowledge such as witchcraft be incorporated into the meaning of science. The second case considers fieldwork among the brouteurs of Côte d’Ivoire, internet scammers who build intimate relationships on false premises using social media. They acquire shocking amounts of wealth in this way which they display on their own social media accounts. However, they are said to use occult means to seduce and persuade their virtual lovers, trapping their prey in the sticky allure of the world wide web. Newell uses both examples to highlight the overlaps between the transformational efficacies embedded in both occult ontologies and digital worldings, calling for the possibility of using African cosmologies of the second world to produce a ‘theory from the south’ of virtual sociality.

Decision-making capacity evaluations: the role of neuropsychological assessment from a multidisciplinary perspective

Decision-making capacity (DMC) in aging adults has become increasingly salient as the number of older adults, life expectancy, and the amount of wealth to be transferred from older generations have all increased. The accurate and reliable determination of older adults’ DMC is a particularly important topic given its implication in legal, financial, and health decisions. Based upon the four-ability DMC model promulgated by Appelbaum and Grisso in the 1980’s, a number of MacArthur Competence Assessment Tools have been developed and widely utilized. However, these tools do not include cognitive testing or other sources of objective data and have limited validity in a medico-legal setting, necessitating additional options for the evaluation of DMC. This is significant from the perspective of the patient because they have a vested interest in accurate and objective assessment of their DMC across domains.Given the disparities in the assessment of DMC, the authors propose, through this debate article, that the evaluation of DMC in the aging adult population utilize a combination of traditional interview and domain specific instruments and neuropsychological testing. To achieve a consensus on the issue, medical experts in a number of fields related to capacity evaluation, including psychiatry, neurology, neuropsychology, and general medicine were consulted and recruited as authors. Experts in Swiss law and ethics were also consulted and provided input.A tendency to focus on a single capacity, and in particular, the ability to consent to medical treatment, arose in the literature. Similarly, there are many instruments purporting to evaluate a single capacity (e.g., consenting to medical treatment, managing finances), while other areas important to the evaluation of DMC received little attention (e.g., activities of daily living, the ability to live independently, to marry, to resist undue influence, and to make a will or advanced care directive). Medical and legal experts in the multidisciplinary group agreed that there is a clear need for more consistency across evaluation of DMC domains and that a combined approach of traditional methods and neuropsychological testing provides a more thorough evaluation and better serves the patient.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN FISKAL PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN DAN KOTA DI JAWA TIMUR DALAM TRANSPARANSI DI WEBSITE

This research aims to analyze the relationship between the fiscal capacity of district and city governments in East Java Province with uploading on the website. This research is important to find out the extent to which the Government needs to provide public information that can be accessed by the public and stakeholders, and the existence of transparency that provides a positive image for the government. This type of research is associative research. The population in this study were all-district / city local governments in East Java with a focus on 2017. Based on the criteria determined in the sample selection using purposive sampling techniques, there were 36 local governments used in the study. Research results show that the amount of wealth owned by local governments does not encourage local governments to disclose financial statements on local government websites. While local governments with high levels of leverage tend to cover their financial statements. This can be due to the higher leverage, the lower the funding obtained from creditors. The high level of leverage that is owned by local governments makes creditors will rethink in lending funds because it takes into account the ability to pay long-term obligations. In addition, the use of high debt as a source of regional financing can signal a negative performance of local governments.

PENERAPAN WAKAF UANG SECARA PROFESIONAL MENURUT HUKUM ISLAM (Application of Cash Waqf in Good Governance)

In term of terminology, the word Waqf means 'holding back something to acquire advantage'. Certain things can be something active like land or passive like money as cash waqf (waqf al nuqud). Money as waqf is still not explored and managed to the maximum, even though its potential is massive because Indonesia is a majority Muslim country. The great potential of waqf challenges is also not easy. The main obstacle is more on human resources and their management strategies. The problem of good and efficient management of waqf is a problem. Therefore, the greater the wealth and diversity of waqf that can be managed by Nadzhir professionally with proper management, the more benefits can be derived from managing cash waqf with good governance will strengthen the role of waqf in improving the economy and welfare of the community. This research uses literature study method by referring several primary and secondary sources in the form of books, and relevant journals discussing the problems of waqf, money waqf, and good governance. The results of this study state that in the context of waqf management, Good Governance can be more easily interpreted as trustful waqf management so that waqf property can be collected, managed and distributed properly for the benefit of the people. Potential money as cash waqf is also very promising, because waqf in this form are not with ownership of large amounts of wealth. 
 Key words: Waqf, Cash Waqf, Good Governance

Environment and Wellbeing: Eco-psychiatry in Sundarban Delta, India

<p>Wellbeing is a multidimensional practical concept that captures a mix of people’s life circumstances. Categorically wellbeing may be divided into three divisions: physical, mental and social wellbeing. As a construct, it may also be perceived as objective wellbeing (relates to material attributes like the amount of wealth, provision of education and health care and social infrastructure) and subjective wellbeing (how people think and feel about their quality of life). In both, the dimension Environment, more specifically the natural environment plays an important key role- both negative and positive. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), [1] postulates the ecosystem approach as a means of understanding the roles played by land, water and living resources of the environment (ecological resources) in the life of people as well as integrated management of cultural and biological diversity of the land and the people. Ecosystems are defined as the functional units that are in continual dynamic and complex interaction among plants, animals, water bodies, forest, climate and all other non-living issues in the environment. Ecosystem services are the benefits that people are supposed to or actually obtain from the ecosystem. These inter-phase interactional dynamics is the guiding principle of Ecopsychiatry - where environmental issues influence positively or negatively on the mental health of the people (individual) and the community (collective). Or in other words the impact of environmental specificity (of normal or abnormal state) on the mental health and wellbeing (as also physical and spiritual) of the community or individual. </p><p>The following inter-connected Eco-psychiatric issues that negatively impacted human wellbeing (both physical and mental) are discussed:</p><ol><li>Anthropogenic factors and its impact on population density, land distribution, agricultural production, food insecurity and poverty.</li><li>Attempts to enhance the crop production in a climatic uncertainty and saline field by pesticide over/incorrect -use - resultant in a high incidence of mortality and morbidity (accidental and deliberate self-harm/suicide) of human and pesticide contamination of the environment.</li><li>Nutritional deficiency, animal health and livestock: salinization of water impacted the availability of freshwater fish species, and thus depriving the poor of their protein food source and adversely impacting the income and family integrity.</li><li>Risk factors in human-animal conflicts (tiger/ crocodile/snake attacks) and resultant mortality and morbidity: forest exploration for livelihood measures (fishing, timber-honey-crab-collection) leading to death, family disruption, poverty and overuse of eco-resources.</li><li>Sea-level change and its impact on environment and wellbeing: the health of human, animals, mangrove vegetation, repeated storm and flood, inundation of salt water in agricultural field (high salinity), flood and destruction of life and property is a recurrent event.</li><li>Land erosion and destruction of islands and internal and external migration and displacement of population.</li><li>Climate change and its impact on agriculture, food production, eco-resources and health and emergence of vector-born and water-borne diseases. Cyclone related disaster and it's public/ animal (tiger) health effects on the environment and population health.</li></ol>

The Meaning of Mount McKay: Anemki-waucheau and Settler Colonial Reterritorialization in Thunder Bay, Ontario

This article interrogates the settler colonial history of Thunder Bay through place names and argues that gendered forms of anti-Indigenous violence are part of the city’s social architecture. Between 1860 and 1910, settlers produced vast amounts of wealth and built a local industrial economy founded upon land-based resources such as silver, timber, and shale; at the same time, settlers forcefully relocated Anishnaabe peoples to multiple reserve sites, prevented them from participating in the emergent industrial economy, and used their sacred mountain as a quarry for brick-making and as a stop-butt for a settler rifle range. The article deploys the concept of settler colonial reterritorialization to critique the ways in which this history has been sanctioned and celebrated through local place names such as Mount McKay, Fort William, Port Arthur, and Simpson Street. Ultimately, I show that the material violence of enfolding the land and its resources into an exploitative and exclusive settler colonial economy emerged in tandem with the power to name the land in honour of white men who played primary roles in that very violent historical process.

Why has Macao attracted the world-record gaming revenue?

Macao, located on the southeast coast of China, is perfectly situated to receive patrons from China about thirty years after its open-door policy in 1978 when they have accumulated significant amounts of wealth. With its gaming liberalization and the supply of such mainland Chinese patrons, Macao has become the world’s gambling capital since 2007. This article aims to analyze the major factors leading to this dominant economic performance. The experience of the mainland Chinese in the Cultural Revolution and the Era of the Gang of Four has motivated them to get rich quick to enjoy the material comforts that they have been deprived. Given that baccarat has a low house edge and is easy to play, many mainland Chinese like to play baccarat in Macao. Moreover, the interaction with the card afforded by baccarat, makes patrons feel that that they can control over the gambling outcome, and this fits the mainland Chinese psychology in their attempt to win much and quick with their high stakes. On the other hand, casinos have trained croupiers to make their patrons stay longer, including being polite, identifying the emotional status of patrons, managing patrons’ emotions and regulating the croupiers’ own emotions. In this way, casinos in Macao not only can make patrons experience sovereignty while in control of the staff-client interactions, but also help Macao attract the world-record gaming revenue.

Preventing plunder: Military technology, capital accumulation, and economic growth

A growing body of research highlights the correlation between strong, centralized states and economic growth. Given the important role that national defense has played in the development of the state, it seems as though this would imply some relationship between military expenditures and economic development. However, there is no consensus on the direction of the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth. In this paper, we propose a resolution to this puzzle. We argue that military technology is a limiting factor for wealth (and therefore capital) accumulation. Since wealth must be protected from plunder and/or destruction, the amount of wealth that can be accumulated is constrained by a society’s ability to adequately defend it. We present a theoretical model consistent with this idea and perform a Monte Carlo experiment to determine the implications of this hypothesis for empirical work. We find that the long-run relationship between military expenditures and private production is positive. However, in sample sizes consistent with existing data, the relationship is ambiguous. As a result, we provide support for this idea by relying on historical examples consistent with our hypothesis. Finally, we consider the implications of our hypothesis for the development of state capacity.

Urban Vulnerability and Adaptability to Climate Change: A Case Study of Cities in the Yangtze River Delta

The cities of the Yangtze River Delta are densely populated with large amounts of wealth, for which reason they are faced with greater disaster risks brought by climate change. As a major research tool on climate change policies, vulnerability assessment provides reference for adaptive management. Based on literature review and case study, the paper first constructs the overall vulnerability assessment model for cities of the Yangtze River Delta by utilizing the indices of sensitivity and adaptability. Then, it assesses 16 typical cities of this region through factor analysis, an objective evaluation method, analyzes the driving factors of climate vulnerability in each city and conducts group comparisons according to their sensitivity and adaptability. Finally, it points out the importance of cities’ adaptability to climate change under multiple pressures of climate change, population growth and urbanization in the future, and gives some suggestions, such as strengthening risk assessment on climate change, including climate-proofing measures in urban development planning, protecting climatically vulnerable groups in cities, enhancing comprehensive capacities for disaster management in cities and encouraging the R&D and innovation on adaptation technologies.

Pembiayaan Mikro BRI Syariah: Upaya Pemberdayaan dan Peningkatan UMKM oleh BRI Syariah Cabang Kendari

Understanding of micro, small and medium enterprises is based on indicators (1) the amount ofwealth such as cash, supplies, land, machinery for production (2) the amount of investment that isconsidered as working capital (3) total sales in a year (4) total number of employees.Micro Business Financing BRI Syariah is a business financing product intended for middle classpeople who have micro, small and medium enterprises to meet the needs/capital increase. in an effortto increase Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Kendari City, BRI Syariah has three financingproducts for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises; (1) Micro 25iB; is a product without collateralfinancing, the ceiling of Rp. 5juta to Rp. 25juta (2) Micro 75iB; is a financing product with collateral,the ceiling of Rp. 10juta to Rp. 75M (3) Micro 500iB; is a financing product with collateral, theceiling of Rp. > 75juta to Rp. 500million.

Maximum Withdrawal Rates: A Novel and Useful Tool

Even after accumulating a portfolio of investment assets, retirees still need to know how much of their wealth they can spend each year without risking running out of money before they die. Traditionally, financial advisers use extensive simulation to predict a “failure rate” (i.e. the probability of a retiree running out of money before they die). Unfortunately, the failure rate approach is flawed because strategies with the same failure rate may not be comparable overall. For example, different withdrawal strategies may have the same failure rate but wind up leaving significantly different amounts of wealth behind.Instead of failure rate, this author recommends using the maximum withdrawal rate, or MWR, approach that predetermines a desired bequest (which could be zero or some positive sum), thus enabling an apples‐to‐apples comparison of retirement strategies. In addition to permitting direct comparisons of retirement strategies, the MWR provides a way to assess how likely a retiree is to sustain a target sequence of inflation‐adjusted withdrawals. This is the main advantage of the MWR; it is a single tool that can be used to explore two of the most important issues in retirement analysis.The MWR as presented here is essentially a measure of the best a retiree could have done had he known the future returns of his portfolio. Obviously, one cannot be sure of future rates of return ahead of time, so the MWR does not eliminate all retirement risk. That said, its adoption would be an improvement upon current practice.

Preventing Plunder: Military Technology, Capital Accumulation, and Economic Growth

A growing body of research highlights the correlation between strong, centralized states and economic growth. Given the important role that national defense has played in the development of the state, it seems as though this would imply some relationship between military expenditures and economic development. However, there is no consensus on the direction of the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth. In this paper, we propose a resolution to this puzzle. We argue that military technology is a limiting factor for wealth (and therefore capital) accumulation. Since wealth must be protected from plunder and/or destruction, the amount of wealth that can be accumulated is constrained by a society's ability to adequately defend it. We present a theoretical model consistent with this idea and perform a Monte Carlo experiment to determine the implications of this hypothesis for empirical work. We find that the long-run relationship between military expenditures and private production is positive. However, in sample sizes consistent with existing data, the relationship is ambiguous. As a result, we provide support for this idea by relying on historical examples consistent with our hypothesis. Finally, we consider the implications of our hypothesis for the development of state capacity.

Свердловская железная дорога в конце 1940-х — начале 1950-х гг.: состояние производственной дисциплины

The article is devoted to the subject only fragmentarily developed in the national historiography, especially in regard to its regional dimension. The study is conducted on materials of three regional and one federal archives of Russia: the State archive of the Sverdlovsk region, the Russian state archive of economics, Territorial body of Federal state statistics service for Sverdlovsk region and the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its known importance for the social sciences, especially history, sociology and law. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in these archives are introduced into scientific usage. It is argued that industrial discipline and criminality as social phenomena are traditionally researched by representatives of sciences such as law and sociology. It is stated that only several works can be mentioned within the historians’ works dedicated to the problems studied in the article within the USSR and the Sverdlovsk region in the specified period. It is declared that the choice of the research subject, in addition to a lack of historical research, is caused by the very significant role of rail transport in the economy. It is noted that one of the features of rail transport is the concentration in the sphere of its operation the large amounts of wealth. It is emphasized that the very specific nature of the functioning of the railways places high demands on the discipline of their personnel. It is proved that in the studied period the USSR was slowly overcoming the consequences of the Great Patriotic war. It is concluded that on the railroad the level of discipline was somewhat higher, and the level of crime was lower than in other sectors of the economy.