Amount Of Water Use Research Articles

Water and chemical consumption in the textile processing industry of Bangladesh

The textile wet processing industry is considered a notorious polluter due to its widespread use of natural resources without proper replenishment. Bangladesh is one of the largest producers of textile products in the World, and therefore, it is vulnerable to environmental degradation. Bangladesh is predominantly a cotton processing country; therefore, reactive dyes are commonly used, and the dye combination is very water and chemical-intensive. There is a scarcity of information on the consumption of water, textile dyes and the generation of wastewater in the textile sector. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the amount of water use, wastewater generation, and chemical use in textile wet processing units. Therefore, a face-to-face in-depth questionnaire-based survey was conducted in 18 textile wet processing factories, including knit composite, knit dyeing, yarn dyeing, denim dyeing, and knit and yarn dyeing. The average specific groundwater consumption to process 1 Kg of textile materials was 164 L/Kg (SD ~ 81.8); dyehouse water was136 L/Kg (SD ~ 70.6), while corresponding wastewater was 119 L/Kg (SD ~ 73.0). This high consumption of groundwater is directly linked to the depletion of groundwater in the region, where textile industries are situated and also, causes water pollution through wastewater generation. The water used in the dyehouse water was usually soft water and found to be in a range of 68% to 100% that of groundwater extracted. For chemical use, a factory used 449 g of chemicals to process 1 Kg of textile materials, in which the most widely used chemicals were inorganic and basic chemical in nature. However, the chemical use varied from 152 g/Kg to 705 g/Kg of textile production. The total chemical consumption ranged from 954 tons to 4,525 tons a year. More than 50% of the wastewater treatment plants were biological, a quarter of combination and physico-chemical and biological, and the rest were chemical treatment plants in this study. Even though this study may not represent the whole textile wet processing industry of Bangladesh, however, This study provides baseline information on water and chemical consumption and wastewater generation. Our findings would be helpful for policy makers and researchers to identify transformative challenges required at the national level.

Clean Water Demand Prediction Model Using The Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Method

Cities or districts as population centers with various service facilities, really need the provision of clean water. The agency that handles clean water in Indonesia is the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM). PDAMs were established in every city and district in Indonesia as agencies that serve the community's need for clean water. One of them is the Regional Public Company (Perumda) Tirta Pakuan and as time goes by the number of customers will definitely increase so that the need for clean water will also increase. The purpose of this research is to create a Clean Water Demand Prediction Model using the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Method to find the most optimal modeling. The data in this study were obtained from data reports is from Perumda Tirta Pakuan. The prediction model development process is carried out through Visual Studio Code tools. To find a model with the smallest error rate using various ratios, namely 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50, then testing is also carried out based on the number of different hyperparameter values in batch sizes 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and max epoch 50, 100, 150, 200, 250. From all the experiments that have been carried out, the most optimal is batch size 5 and epoch 50 with a ratio of 60:40 for water production to get RMSE 0.4862 and MAPE 2.5252% while for the amount of water use with a ratio of 50:50 get RMSE 0.4674 and MAPE of 2.5163%.

Community Participation Provides Hydrological Environmental Services In the Watershed Area

The extent of critical and potential critical land in the Kambaniru watershed has encouraged community perceptions where management of land and forests in the watershed-based area of community empowerment is an important effort. To be able to achieve a good Kambaniru watershed condition, the behavior and activities of land and forest utilization by the community must comply with the principles of soil and water conservation. High population growth rate and followed by pressure on land has the potential to create new social problems in the form of poverty. On the other hand, the large potential of people who are willing to provide hydrological environmental services in watershed areas can be used as government investment. Therefore, opportunities for community participation need to be managed through an incentive approach through a cost-sharing mechanism. The overall objective of this study is to formulate a cost-sharing regression model of hydrological environmental services; to analyze the value of hydrological benefits for households at the upstream level in the Kambaniru watershed area, and assess the condition of community poverty levels based on pressure on land in the Kambaniru watershed area. This study concludes the formulation of the cost-sharing regression model of hydrological environmental services in the Kambaniru watershed area can explain the condition of the amount of water use and water requirements for households. The condition of population poverty is triggered by high pressure and dependence on land and forests. The recommendation is that farmer household should be given hydrological benefit compensation and lending without interest.

Water Productivity In Drip Irrigation System For Hydroponic Caisim Plant (Brassica chinensis var. Parachinensis) With Various Polybag Sizes And Different Planting Media

his research was conducted in a plastic house at the Lampung State Polytechnic from June to October 2022. The study was a factorial experiment consisting of two factors with a randomized block design. The first factor is the type of planting media with 4 kinds, such as cocopeat, husk charcoal, sand, and soil. The second factor is the polybag size, such as small, medium, and large sizes. Each factor or treatment was repeated 3 times. The tools and materials used are drip irrigation, digital scales, polybags, pearl NPK fertilizer and caisim seeds. The objectives of the study were (1) to measure the growth and production of caisim plants on various planting media and polybag sizes, (2) to measure the amount of irrigation water used, and (3) to calculate the water productivity of caisim plants. The observed variables included crop production, amount of water use, and water productivity. Data analysis using ANOVA at the 5% significant difference test level. The results showed that there was no interaction between the type of planting media and the size of polybags, but the response in the treatment between types of planting media and between polybag sizes was significantly different. The type of media significantly affected the number of leaves, plant height, production, and water productivity of hydroponic caisim plants using a drip irrigation system. Polybag size did not significantly affect the number of leaves, plant height, production, and water productivity of hydroponic caisim plants using a drip irrigation system. In hydroponic caisim cultivation using drip irrigation, cocopeat growing media gave an average number of 9.8 leaves, plant height 34.4 cm, production 97.1 g, and water productivity 6.18 kg/m3 and was not significantly different from soil medium.

Rising agricultural water scarcity in China is driven by expansion of irrigated cropland in water scarce regions

Rising agricultural water scarcity in China is driven by expansion of irrigated cropland in water scarce regions

Differences in Transpiration Characteristics among Eucalyptus Plantations of Three Species on the Leizhou Peninsula, Southern China

How much transpiration water consumption varies between eucalyptus species is unknown, making the suitability of a particular eucalyptus species for large-scale planting in a given area, or whether interspecific differences need to be taken into account for eucalyptus water consumption estimates, uncertain. Here, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Ec), Eucalyptus pellita F. v. Muell. (Ep), the most resistant species, and Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake × Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden (Eug), the most widely planted species, were monitored for sap flow. Their stand transpiration was also estimated and its relationship to various influencing factors analyzed for the same stand age and site, and predictive models for daily transpiration (T) developed. The results showed that the T of all eucalyptus species was jointly influenced by meteorological factors, soil water content (SWC), and leaf area index (LAI), with great variation in the T response to each influencing factor among species. Accordingly, we developed species-specific transpiration prediction models that could adequately explain the changed T of each species (R2-values: 0.863–0.911). There were significant differences in the stand daily mean sap flow density (JC) and transpiration among the three species. Although Ec had a significantly lower JC than Ep, it was significantly higher than Eug on all timescales, where the mean annual JC of Ep (0.11 cm min−1) was 1.4 and 2.6 times that of Ec (0.08 cm min−1) and Eug (0.042 cm min−1), respectively. Transpiration of Eug was significantly less than Ep, but significantly greater than Ec on all timescales, where the annual transpiration of Ep (743.41 mm) was 2.4 and 1.5 times that of Ec (311.52 mm) and Eug (493.58 mm), respectively. These results suggest that interspecific differences cannot be ignored when estimating transpiration rates in Chinese eucalyptus plantations, whose amount of water use should be considered when choosing the most optimal species to plant regionally.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ZAT ADITIF TIPE F (SUPERPLASTICIZER) DENGAN VARIASI PENGURANGAN AIR TERHADAP NILAI KUAT TEKAN PADA MORTAR

Many concrete technological innovations are expected to produce high quality. One of them is by improving the quality of the constituent material, namely mortar which functions as a matrix for binding aggregates in the concrete mixture. Reducing the water content in the mortar mixture results in a decrease in the workability of the mortar and causes the mortar to be hollow/porous so that the resulting quality decreases. Added materials are needed that can reduce the amount of water without reducing the value of flow. This study uses an additive type F (superplasticizer) with variations in water reduction which aims to determine its effect on the compressive strength value of the mortar. The test object is in the form of a cube with variations in the addition of 1% and 2% superplasticizer from the use of cement, and variations with the addition of superplasticizer with the same amount but reducing the amount of water use by 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% respectively. The test results showed that the addition of SP increased the compressive strength of the mortar. The increase in mortar with the addition of SP obtained the optimum value for the mixture B-1 of 30.128% with a compressive strength value of 36,889 MPa and B-2 of 34,513% with a value of 38,143 MPa. The addition of superplasticizer levels also affects the flow mortar value, namely the higher the addition of SP, the higher the flow value. The optimum value of flow mortar in sample B-2 was 20 cm.

Intrusion Detection Using Machine Learning for Risk Mitigation in IoT-Enabled Smart Irrigation in Smart Farming

The majority of countries rely largely on agriculture for employment. Irrigation accounts for a sizable amount of water use. Crop irrigation is an important step in crop yield prediction. Field harvesting is very reliant on human supervision and experience. It is critical to safeguard the field’s water supply. The shortage of fresh water is a major challenge for the world, and the situation will deteriorate further in the next years. As a result of the aforementioned challenges, smart irrigation and precision farming are the only viable solutions. Only with the emergence of the Internet of Things and machine learning have smart irrigation and precision agriculture become economically viable. Increased efficiency, expense optimization, energy maximization, forecasting, and general public convenience are all benefits of the Internet of Things (IoT). As systems and data processing become more diversified, security issues arise. Security and privacy concerns are impeding the growth of the Internet of Things. This article establishes a framework for detecting and classifying intrusions into IoT networks used in agriculture. Security and privacy are major concerns not only in agriculture-related IoT networks but in all applications of the Internet of Things as well. In this framework, the NSL KDD data set is used as an input data set. In the preprocessing of the NSL-KDD data set, first all symbolic features are converted to numeric features. Feature extraction is performed using principal component analysis. Then, machine learning algorithms such as support vector machine, linear regression, and random forest are used to classify preprocessed data set. Performance comparisons of machine learning algorithms are evaluated on the basis of accuracy, precision, and recall parameters.

Monte Carlo Simulation Of Estimating Clean Water Supplies

Estimates are important tools in effective and efficient planning for predicting future events. Identical estimates of the future values of a variable for planning or decision making of a situation to estimate future values. Monte Carlo simulation is a simulation model that involves a series of random and sampling with a probability distribution that can be known and determined, then this simulation can be used. In this study, data is taken from the amount of water usage in PDAM Tirtanadi H.M branch. Yamin, North Sumatra from January 2018 to June 2019. Then, the data is processed and analyzed using Monte Carlo Simulation to determine the forecast results in the years that follow. The result is an estimated amount of water usage in 2019 and 2020 at PDAM Tirtanadi H.M branch. Yamin, North Sumatra is 8,604,556 and 8,592,873. The estimated amount of water use is down from the amount of water use in 2018 which reached 8,685,356. The amount of water usage in 2018, 2019 and 2020 decreases by about .

Effective Handwashing Practice in Dilla University Referral Hospital; Duration of Hand Rubbing and the Amount of Water as Key Enablers.

Background:Ineffective hand hygiene in healthcare settings is a global challenge that is associated with a high rate of nosocomial infections. The study aimed to measure the effectiveness of handwashing at Dilla University referral hospital.Method:This study consisted of 2 parts; the survey work and laboratory analysis. A total of 63 participants were selected to take surveys using an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect the data regarding the socio-demographic and hand hygiene-related practices. A laboratory tests (swab test) was used to assess handwashing effectiveness from 63 participants by taking 126 swab test (63 before and after hand washing sessions). A swab test was collected from the palms of each participant before and after hand washing using a sterile technique. The cultures were then incubated aerobically overnight at 37°C, and examined for microbial growth. The bacterial load was reported as the number of colony-forming units (CFU).Result:The proportion of effective hand washing in Dilla University Referral Hospital was 82.5%. The mean colony-forming unit before and after handwashing were 55 and 2 CFU/ml, respectively with an average reduction of 94.6% in terms of CFU/ml. The mean amount of water used for effective handwashing was 336.03 (±219.46) ml. There was a significant mean difference in the amount of water used and duration of hand rubbing between effective and non-effective handwashing among the participants (P < 0.01). The bacterial load before and after handwashing indicated that there was a significant (53.3 mean CFU) reduction in bacterial load after handwashing practice which indicated that the handwashing intervention in the Referral hospital was effective (P < 0.01).Conclusion:The proportion of effective Hand washing in Dilla University referral Hospital was 82.5% with a 94.6% reduction in terms of (CFU/ml). The amount of water use and the duration of hand rubbing showed a significant difference in the reduction of the microbial load.

Prospects for Decreasing the Amount of Water Use by Thermal Power Plants in Russia through Application of Heat Pumps

Prospects for Decreasing the Amount of Water Use by Thermal Power Plants in Russia through Application of Heat Pumps

Artisanal tannery wastewater: quantity and characteristics

Tannery wastewater is one of the most toxic waste generated in industries. In spite of this, there still remains a paucity of information on characteristics of wastewater generated from artisanal tanneries. This study, therefore, assessed the water consumption, wastewater generation rates, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater produced from each process unit of an artisanal tannery in Ghana. The study revealed that the total amount of water use in the tannery ranged between 1171 and 2120L/day whilst the total volume of wastewater generated was within 820 and 1324L/day. Physicochemical characteristics of the different wastewater types generated at the tannery including chemical oxygen demand (13600–24333.30 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (1445.64–2803 mg/L), ammonia (3.20–21.38 mg/L), colour (950.35–53900.10PtCo), electrical conductivity (8170 - 10080 μS/cm), turbidity (450.24–1805NTU), suspended (1033.50–3216.40 mg/L) and dissolved (26166.50–4996.65 mg/L) solids exceeded the guidelines set by the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency. There were also high levels of chlorides, sodium, sulphates and calcium ions. The most dominant anion and cation in the wastewater were chlorides (715–20490.60 mg/L) and sodium ions (258–14056.45 mg/L) respectively. Heavy metals identified in the wastewater included zinc, aluminium, iron and chromium ions with the most dominant one being aluminium ions (0.58–78.18 mg/L). Whilst the E-coli was below detectable limit, the count of total coliforms ranged between 0 and 4.5 × 104CFU/100mL. Five helminth egg species (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Enterobius vermicularis) were identified with their numbers surpassing the safe limit set by the World Health Organisation for irrigation purposes. These results indicated that the indiscriminate discharge of the untreated wastewater on the bare soil as it is practised at the tannery has the potential to adversely affect public and environmental health. Appropriate treatment schemes are therefore, required to treat the wastewater to safe limits prior to discharge.

Treatment Of Domestic Liquid Waste Using Filtration And Adsorption Methods At Villa Citra Makale Housing

Domestic liquid waste comes from household activities that contain pollutants that can contaminate soil and water bodies. If the waste is simply dumped into a water body without being treated first, it can pollute the surrounding environment, so the aim of the study was to determine the volume of wastewater produced and to treat the waste using filtration and adsorption methods. The research method used is descriptive quantitative method by calculating the amount of water use to get the volume of wastewater and wastewater treatment with filtration and adsorption methods. The results showed that the volume of wastewater produced was 11.14 m3/day, and the results of wastewater treatment with filtration and adsorption methods showed that several parameters had decreased, namely the BOD value of 27.38%, Total Coliform of 93.95%, and color of 75%.

Treatment Of Domestic Liquid Waste Using Filtration And Adsorption Methods At Villa Citra Makale Housing

Domestic liquid waste comes from household activities that contain pollutants that can contaminate soil and water bodies. If the waste is simply dumped into a water body without being treated first, it can pollute the surrounding environment, so the aim of the study was to determine the volume of wastewater produced and to treat the waste using filtration and adsorption methods. The research method used is descriptive quantitative method by calculating the amount of water use to get the volume of wastewater and wastewater treatment with filtration and adsorption methods. The results showed that the volume of wastewater produced was 11.14 m3/day, and the results of wastewater treatment with filtration and adsorption methods showed that several parameters had decreased, namely the BOD value of 27.38%, Total Coliform of 93.95%, and color of 75%.

Sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation of anthropogenic water uses for quantifying relation between groundwater overuse and water stress in Mongolia

In Mongolia, overuse and degradation of groundwater is a serious issue, mainly in the urban and economic hub in Ulaanbaatar, and the Southern Gobi mining hub. The authors have recently applied a process-based eco-hydrology model, NICE (National Integrated Catchment-based Eco-hydrology) to these two contrasting river basins in order to explicitly quantify spatio-temporal variations in water availability. In this study, they further extended the model to couple with inverse method for sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation of anthropogenic water uses (NICE-INVERSE). The model quantified the spatio-temporal variations of livestock water use in these river basins in comparison with the estimated values by aggregating statistical data, GIS data, observation data, and field surveys in their previous studies. The amount of water use by animals were generally small for each soum (district), and could also be heavily returned back to the ecosystems. The result also showed a temporal decreasing trend of unit water use in some typical livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats), suggesting a substantial increase in water stress due to local-regional eco-hydrological degradation by urbanization and mining. These results clarified the substantial increase in water stress of groundwater degradation was mainly caused by urbanization and mining locally in addition to climatic change. Sensitivity analysis and inverse estimation of model parameters helped to improve the accuracy of hydrologic budgets in basins. This methodology is powerful for evaluating spatio-temporal variations of water availability in regions with fewer inventory data on urbanization, mining, and livestock.

Evaluation of groundwater usage in relationship to groundwater vulnerability to sea water intrusion in Cilacap Coastal

Besides being able to cause land subsidence, excessive groundwater use in coastal areas can also cause to sea water intrusion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of groundwater in the study area in relation to its vulnerability to sea water intrusion. Because groundwater in the study area is used for domestic, industry and livestock purposes, the water use that is taken into account is the use of water for the three sectors. The amount of water used for domestic purposes is calculated based on the population and the amount of water needed of each person per day. The amount of water use for industry is calculated based on the number of industrial employees and water usage of each employee per day. Water use for livestock is calculated based on the number of livestock and water use of each livestock per day. The results of this water usage calculation are then linked to the criteria for groundwater vulnerability to sea water intrusion and the depth of the interface. Observing the relationship between groundwater usage and the vulnerability of groundwater to sea water intrusion and the depth of its interface, Tegal Kamulyan, Cilacap and Sidakaya villages, all of which are located in South Cilacap District, need attention. The three village are classified as moderate vulnerability to sea water intrusion and shallow interface depth, but their water usage is quite high. For this reason, it is necessary to make efforts to find other water sources for domestic, industry and livestock requirement other than groundwater.

PENERAPAN METODE EXPONENTIAL MOVING AVERAGE PADA PERAMALAN PENGGUNAAN AIR DI PDAM KOTA GORONTALO

Facing the dry season, it is probable that there is a lack of water or excess distribution at one point during distribution to every house that uses PDAM water every day. This will result in community instability in using water and inaccurate users. Therefore, forecasting of the amount of water used in PDAM Kota Gorontalo for the next period. The method used to forecast is the Exponential Moving Average method. Criteria in determining the best method is based on the value of Mean Absolute Deviation and Mean Absolute Percentage Error. After forecasting each smoothing constant is compared, the best model. in predicting the amount of water use in PDAM Kota Gorontalo is an Exponential Moving Average with a smoothing constant of 0.15 because it has the smallest MAD and MAPE values.

Households’ Perceptions of “Reasonable” Water Bills in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

A survey of 2075 households was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2019 to estimate what respondents thought a “reasonable” monthly water bill would be for a randomly-assigned monthly quantity of water. Two different elicitation procedures were used to estimate respondents’ reasonable water bills. First, 830 respondents were asked two open-ended questions: (i) to state a water bill that they considered reasonable for the exogenously-assigned monthly quantity of water, and (ii) to state a reasonable water bill for their current water use. Second, 1245 respondents were asked a series of questions from a stochastic payment card (SPC). Four results are new and unexpected. First, respondents report some bills to be too low, suggesting perhaps that they realize suggesting perhaps that they realize that heavily subsidized water services and that heavily subsidized water services have unintended, negative consequences for consumers such as unreliable, poor quality service. Second, when asked about why they found a monthly water bill for specific quantity of water use “reasonable,” 25% of respondents said that one of the reasons was that “the bill is enough to cover the cost of provision,” suggesting that some respondents considered the costs to the supplier when deciding whether or not a monthly water bill for specific quantity of water use was reasonable. Third, respondents’ self-reported reasonable water bills suggest support for a positive fixed charge in the tariff structure. Fourth, many respondents’ interpretation of the term “reasonable water bill” does not seem to place too much emphasis on the affordability of the bill to poor households.

Potential Effect of Irrigation Intervals and Potassium Phthalate on Fennel Plants Grown in Semi-Arid Regions

Increasing competition on water resources between the agriculture sector and other sectors requires new irrigation regimes to perform relevant levels of production in semi-arid regions. Field experiment was conducted during two successive seasons at the Experimental Farm of EL-Quassassin, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. This experiment was prepared to assess the effects of different irrigation intervals, potassium phthalate and their combinations on the growth, number of umbels, fruit yield,water use efficiency, and volatile oil production of fennel plant during two successive winter seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018, respectively. Three irrigation treatments, main factor, as follow: I1(every three days, which is the common in this regionwith 1150 m3/ha), I2 (every five dayswith 766 m3/ha), and I3 (every seven dayswith 383 m3/ha), and the potassium phthalate as subsidiary factor (0, 400,500, and 600 ppm) were applied. The results showed that, the highest vegetative growth parameters were related to the potassium phthalate at the rate of 600 ppmand irrigation intervals 3 days.The highest values of fruit yield, as well asthe volatile oil production were significantly affected by the potassium phthalate and irrigation frequency in both seasons. Nevertheless, the concentrations of the macro and micro-nutrients in fruits revealed an increasing trend with increasing the irrigation intervals.In addition, the lower the amount of water use, the higher the water use efficiency.The results of GLC analysis of fennel volatile oil indicated that methyl chavicol as the main component varied between (63.02 and 80.82%). The treatment of potassium phthalate at 600 ppm with irrigation every 3days resulted in the lowest methyl chavicol percentage.Thus, the proper irrigation interval increases the plant water stress tolerance by increasing the water use efficiency and the nutrient concentrations of yield.

Direct root-zone irrigation outperforms surface drip irrigation for grape yield and crop water use efficiency while restricting root growth

Direct root-zone irrigation is a novel subsurface drip irrigation strategy for water conservation. However, a comparison with traditional irrigation methods is lacking to better define the potential advantages of direct root-zone irrigation. A two-year study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon under direct root-zone irrigation and surface drip irrigation in a commercial vineyard with loamy sand soil in a semi-arid region of southcentral Washington State, USA. Plant water status, root traits, grape yield, berry morphology and composition, and crop water use efficiency were compared between irrigation methods under three irrigation rates. Compared to surface drip irrigation, direct root-zone irrigation improved grape yield by 9–12% and crop water use efficiency by 9–11% under varied climate conditions with minor effects on berry composition, which could be potentially adjusted by irrigation rate. Moreover, grapevines irrigated through direct root-zone irrigation had 48–67% and 50–54% decrease in root number, respectively, at high and moderate irrigation rates in the upper soil profile (0–60 cm) with a decrease in water stress as revealed by higher midday stem water potential. Irrigation rate was the major factor influencing berry morphology. In fact, reduced irrigation resulted in a decrease in weight, size and number of berries. We conclude that direct root-zone irrigation could be a successful tool for improving yield and crop water use efficiency, potentially encouraging deep rooting to alleviate the water stress in grapevine under seasonal drought, and offering the ability to modify berry morphology and composition by adjusting the amount of water use.