Amounts Of Vitamin D3 Research Articles

EFFECT OF VITAMIN D3 ON HEMATOLOGIC INDICES AND RESISTANCE OF LAYING HENS

The content of vitamin D3 in standard fodder for laying hens varies within 2,5-3,500 IU / kg. It is known that vitamin D is involved in bone metabolism and regulates calcium homeostasis in the body. Experiment was carried out in three groups of laying hens of the crossbreed Hayesks brown, which for 30 days fed fodder, the content of vitamin D3 in which was respectively 2,5; 5,0 and 10,0 thousand IU / kg. An increase in the content of vitamin D3 from 2.5 to 10.0 thousand IU / kg increased the concentration of 25-OH D3 in blood plasma by half (from 15.10 to 27.25 ng / ml). The dose of 5.0 ths. IU / kg did not affect the concentration of 25-OH D3 (16.56 ng / ml). Increased vitamin D in the diet increased the number of red blood cell and, consequently, hemoglobin concentration in the blood (p <0.05) and decreased the number of white blood cell (p <0.05-0.01). In the blood of chickens that received high levels of vitamin D in the diet, more monocytes and neutrophils were detected. Particularly significant effects were observed for monocytes, the proportion of which in the blood of laying hens in group 2 increased by 1.2; and in laying hens of the third group - 1.6 times (p <0.01), compared to the laying hens of the 1st group. With an increase in the amount of vitamin D3 in the diet of leucocytes, the proportion of lymphocytes decreased, the content of which in laying hens of 1-, 2- and 3rd groups was 58.95, respectively; 54.57 and 48.26%. Under the influence of feeding 10.0 thousand IU / kg of vitamin D3 in the blood of hens, the phagocytic activity increased (p <0.05), which is consistent with the increase in the number of monocytes and neutrophils. The bactericidal activity of blood serum of laying hens of groups 2 and 3 (5.0 and 10.0 ths. IU / kg D3) was 20% higher (p <0.05) than in laying hens of group 1 (2, 5 thousand IU / kg D3). Thus, an increase in the diet of laying hens in vitamin D3 increases the innate imunity and does not stimulate a specific link.

Effect of Serum Vitamin D Content on the Clinical Course of Psoriasis

Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of serum vitamin D insufficiency in patients with psoriasis and study the relationship between dietary intake of vitamin D and clinical characteristics. Materials and Methods: Totally eighty individuals were enrolled and were equally divided into two groups (40 patients in each group): Group A consisted of psoriasis patients, whereas Group B consisted of controls. By using the PASI scale, psoriasis plaques were identified and assessed. The predesign questionnaire was developed and was given to each participant to complete it. Age, gender, the length of the psoriasis, concurrent illnesses, and medications were among the collected data. A dermatologist examined all of the patients and gathered information about their demographics, health, and any other pertinent information. Blood samples were taken to measure the level of serum vitamin D using the immuno-enzyme method. All measurements were conducted during winter months to avoid the influence of sun exposure on synthesis of vitamin D3 and its derivative 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. SPSS (v 25.0) was used for analysis and the results were shown in the form of graph and table. Results: Statistically significant difference was found in 25(OH) D3 levels between psoriasis affected individuals and healthy individuals. Both groups have low level of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. In our results there is negative correlation between 25(OH) D3 and PASI. There is also a negative correlation between 25(OH) D3 and duration of psoriasis. Practical implication: This study will help the clinical practitioner to advise the patients with psoriasis to use enough amounts of vitamin D3 that will help to normalize the vitamin D level in patients. It is believed that psoriasis can cause a progressive decrease in the level of vitamin D3 derivatives in the whole human body, including the skin. So vitamin D rich food must be eaten in high amount. Conclusion: It is found in this study that both the groups have low serum vitamin D3 level. Both the general public and persons with psoriasis should eat enough amounts of vitamin D3. Keywords: PASI, vitamin D3, Psoriasis, serum, antiproliferative,

Quality Control of the Dietary Supplements Containing Selected Fat-Soluble Vitamins D and K

Nowadays, the most important aspect related to the use of dietary supplements seems to be their quality. There are many reports indicating their insufficient quality primarily related to a much lower content of ingredients or even their absence. Currently, there is an increasing interest in supplementing the diet with various kinds of supplements, including those containing combinations of vitamins and minerals, among which preparations with vitamin D are very popular. This is probably due to the reduced production of this vitamin, depending on the amount of time spent in the sun and the use of UV-filters. Very often, preparations with cholecalciferol also contain vitamin K2, which is associated with their synergistic effect. Therefore, the question arises about the effectiveness of supplementation, which may be correlated with the quality of commonly available dietary supplements. In the presented work, it was undertaken to develop optimal conditions for the qualitative and quantitative determination of vitamins D2, D3 and K2 in dietary supplements available in various forms, using thin-layer chromatography with densitometric detection. As a result, the methodology for analyzing the content of three vitamins from various matrices was developed, optimized and validated in accordance with ICH requirements. The obtained results allow us to conclude that it is reliable and meets the requirements for analytical procedures used in the analysis of medicinal products. Based on the results obtained for examined dietary supplements, it can be stated that the amount of vitamin D3 in analyzed products is basically similar to that declared by the manufacturer, in contrast to vitamin K2, the content of which is diverse. The developed methodology seems to be a good, low-cost and quick way to control the quality of dietary supplements so that they can supplement the human diet and be a wholesome product.

Button Mushroom - Potential Source of Vitamin D2 and Possibilities of Value Addition

Background: Despite, being known as the sunshine vitamin, there is a widespread deficiency of vitamin D. Mushrooms upon exposure to sunlight or UV radiations can synthesize vitamin D2 due to the presence of its precursor, ergosterol. The most common mushroom to be consumed worldwide is the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). These mushrooms possess a high nutritional value and have many therapeutic benefits. Objectives: This review aims to comprehend the potential of button mushrooms as a source of vitamin D2 and the possibilities of making value added products by incorporating button mushrooms. Conclusion: As button mushrooms are grown in dark chambers, they have negligible amounts of vitamin D2, however, on exposure to sunlight or UV B radiation, nutritionally significant vitamin D2 can be generated in fresh, whole, sliced or dried powder. The synthesis of vitamin D2 is largely dependent on the type of UV radiation, its intensity, temperature and exposed surface area. As fresh button mushrooms are highly perishable, they are often preserved in the form of jams, sauce, pickles and candy. Dried button mushroom powder finds utility in formulating nutrient enriched cakes, breads, biscuits, cookies, soup powders and composite flours. With the ever- increasing demand for novel health foods, vitamin D enhanced button mushroom and its powder can be used in various forms in the diet as a sustainable non-animal substitute to supplements and pills to tackle vitamin D deficiency.

Abstract 2877: Advanced properties of Vitamin D3 nanocarrier in cancer chemotherapy

Abstract [Purpose] Vitamin D3 (VD3) is used to treat osteoporosis and causes rickets, osteomalacia and hypocalcemia as deficiencies. On the other hand, it has been reported that large intake of VD3 reduce carcinogenesis risk in colorectal cancer, and VD3 itself has an anticancer effect. However, overdose of VD3 causes severe hypercalcemia as an adverse reaction. Therefore, it was expected that liposomalization of VD3 could improve this problem. VD3 encapsulated liposome as a drug nanocarrier is possible to accumulate of VD3 in a tumor as a target site without adverse reaction. In this study, the optimal preparation of VD3 encapsulated liposomes, their antitumor effects without adverse reaction were examined. [Methods] Cholecalciferol as VD3 encapsulated liposome by thin film method with different amount of cholesterol (CHO) was prepared. L-α-Distearoylphosphatidylcholine, CHO, L-α-distearoylphosphatidyl-DL-glycerol and 1-monomethoxypolyethyleneglycol-2,3-distearoylglyerol were dissolved using chloroform/methanol (4:1,(v/v)). After empty liposome preparation, VD3 is added to this suspension and incubated to encapsulate VD3 (Basic Method). The other method used ethanol as solvent and VD3 was added with the constituent lipids (Modified method). Cytotoxic effect was examined using tumor cell with overexpression of VD3 receptor. In P388 leukemia cell suspension, cytotoxicity by VD3 liposomes or VD3 solution were determined by the WST-8 assay. P388 leukemia cells with VD3 liposomes or VD3 solution were incubated and the intracellular VD3 concentration was measured. In vivo experiment, P388 leukemia cells bearing BDF1 mice were administered VD3 liposomes at 1st, 4th and 7th day. On the next day after final administration, tumor weight and blood calcium concentration were measured. [Results and Discussion] The particle size and zeta potential of VD3 liposomes were same level in some ratio of CHO in lipid composition. The encapsulated amount of VD3 in liposomes increased with the decrease of CHO amount. This may be due to the similar structure of CHO and VD3. VD3 encapsulated level of liposome by modified method was showed high amount. Because VD3 is lipophilicity, the high encapsulated amount of VD3 may have when the addition of VD3 with the formation of lipid film. VD3 receptor expression of P388 leukemia cells was higher than that of B16F10 melanoma cells by Western blots. In P388 leukemia cells, VD3 solution was not have cytotoxicity whereas VD3 liposome showed significant cytotoxicity. Furthermore, VD3 concentration in P388 leukemia cells was slight in VD3 solution group. In contrast, its concentration in VD3 liposome group quickly elevate and maintain a high concentration. In tumor bearing mice after VD3 liposome treatment, the tumor weight was decreased and the blood calcium concentration had lower level than that of control level. Namely, it was suggested that VD3 liposomes has a superior antitumor effect without the increase of adverse reaction. In conclusion, the optimum method of VD3 liposome preparation and its usefulness in novel cancer treatment were clarified. Citation Format: Yukako Soma, Ikumi Sugiyama, Yasuyuki Sadzuka. Advanced properties of Vitamin D3 nanocarrier in cancer chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2877.

Vitamin D3 enhanced intestinal phosphate cotransporter genes in young and growing broilers

The influence of dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) levels on growth, bone performance, and duodenal type IIb sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIb) genes in broiler chicken were studied. One-day-old male Ross308 broilers (n = 432) were allocated into 6 treatment groups with each group consisting of 6 cage pens. Each treatment group received diet containing different amounts of VD3 (80, 200, 500, 1,250, 3,125, or 7,813 IU per kg of diet) from a day-old to 31 D of age. Dietary available phosphorus and calcium were kept the same across all treatments in each phase. At 14 D, influence of VD3 on BW gain was found in the birds that received VD3 of 3,125 IU/kg and 200 IU/kg (P < 0.05). Toe ash and tibia ash linearly increased (P < 0.05) at 14 D with increase in dietary VD3. There was no significant influence of dietary VD3 on tibia breaking strength. In both phases, relative expression of duodenal NaPi-IIb linearly increased (P < 0.01) with increase in dietary VD3. At 14 D, highest expression of 3.2 folds was observed in birds treated with VD3 at 7,813 IU/kg of feed. At 31 D, birds that received VD3 levels of 3,125 and 7,813 IU/kg of feed showed 2.9 folds higher in NaPi-IIb expression compared with those fed lowest level of VD3 at 80 IU/kg of feed. When dietary calcium and phosphorus were maintained at the standard requirement, increase in dietary VD3 did not improve growth performance. For optimum growth and bone characteristics, dietary inclusion of VD3 at 500 IU/kg was adequate for both starter and grower broiler diets. Vitamin D3 enhanced the expression of NaPi-IIb at higher doses and thus improving the tibia ash content in high VD3 treatment groups. This study reported for the first time an increased in the expression of duodenal NaPi-IIb in 31-day-old broilers in response to high dietary VD3 levels.

Accidentally 1st Author Developed Early Stage of Cancers within Several Hours After Drinking HPV-16 &amp; HHV-8 Infected Eggnog &amp; Pie with Bacterial Infection, which created severe Abdominal Pain &amp; Diarrhea. But, Succeeded in Completely Eliminating Cancer Activities of Potentially Infectious Cancer by Combination of 3 Methods of Treatment Which Were Discovered Recently for Hopelessly Advanced Cancer Patients

A completely healthy middle-aged female High School teacher developed stomach cancer 1 month after she spent several hours talking face to face with one person with serious stomach problem. Two months later she had surgical removal of stomach cancer. Our research confirmed that in the presence of coexisting strong virus infection of HPV-16 &amp; HHV-6 and strong Electromagnetic field, early stage of cancer can develop very rapidly within 24 hours and these rapidly developed cancers are infectious &amp; difficult to treat. Just before Thanksgiving Day (late November) the 1st author drank one full cup of Eggnog, at the same time he also ate part of Blueberry Pie. About 6 hours later the 1st author developed severe left low abdominal pain and diarrhea. Since he realized eggnog had extremely strong infection of HPV-16 and HHV-8 surrounded by strong electromagnetic field this might have caused early stage cancer and found the presence of early stages of 5 new cancers: 1) Hepatoma of liver 2) Hodgkin's lymphoma 3) Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder 4) Adenocarcinoma of Pancreas 5) Adenocarcinoma of the Breast. All of these cancers did not exist before this unplanned accidental human experiment. In 2017 Pancreatic cancer and Breast cancer were found in the 1st author within 24 hours after 4 hours of medical examination of middle aged Japanese male patient with chief complaints of Breast Cancer &amp; Pancreatic Cancer in close distance. The patient also had strong infection of these viruses. The author was able to eliminate these 2 cancers completely a few months before drinking the eggnog. The other cancers were also developed under similar circumstances all of them were eventually eliminated, but all these 5 cancers did not exist before drinking eggnog. The eggnog had a very high concentration of about 10000ng of HPV-16 and HHV-8 and most of cancer tissue has over maximum infection of both viruses, 7000-11000ng. The reason we have been using optimal dose of Vitamin D3 every 8 hours for every cancer patient is we can continuously excrete cancer contributing viruses to much less than 6000ng since when viruses of HPV-16 &amp; HHV-8 are less than 6000ng, the cancer was less active. We could not eliminate the 5 infectious cancers in the first author in spite of our improved treatment with combine use of optimal doses of vitamins D3 &amp; white fleshed Dragon fruits (since we found it to contain near optimal doses of DHEA, Zinc, Magnesium, Lithium, and a small amount of Vitamin D3, etc.) Fortunately, on Dec. 8, 2018, for the first time in cancer treatment we succeeded in completely eliminating active cancer semi-permanently under specific conditions. In this study the second time author was able to semi-permanently inhibit all 3 cancers' activity. Through this process, we were able to detect the presence or absence of active cancer very accurately from 2-10 cc of urine or rapidly changing QRS complex of ECGs. In the subsequent 10 days no cancers were detected once Thymosin α1 and 3 Thymosin β4 reach very high value of 800ng measured using reference control substances.

"Clinical DIAMOND" SECTION of Acupuncture &amp; Electro-Therapeutics Research, International Journal of Integrated Medicine -Clinically Very Useful &amp; Important Information in Diagnosis &amp;/or Treatment of Patients

Our study indicated that cancer can develop in very short time if there is a strong coexisting infection of HPV-16 and HHV-8 in the presence of strong repeated electromagnetic field. Recently the first author himself developed cancer by drinking eggnog, which happened to contain strongest infection of both these 2 viruses, in the presence of Electro-magnetic field. Sometimes these cancers can also appear as a small metastatic mass in the back of the finger or hand. These metastatic tumors that are appearing in the hand are often misdiagnosed as benign lipoma since they do not seem to create any pain or other symptoms. In this article we described 2 examples of such an unusual metastatic tumor appearing as if it is a benign lipoma. If left untreated, or biopsy or surgical removal of these metastatic tumors can be new sources of metastases or unrecognized existence of an advanced tumor of original organ without significant symptoms. These rapidly developed cancers are infectious &amp; difficult to treat. Fortunately, we succeeded in discovering an essential parameter required to completely inhibit these cancers by implementing the combination of the following 3 different methods given sequentially 1) Simultaneous Intake of Optimal Doses of Vitamin D3 (with 10 unique beneficial effects) every 8 hours &amp; white fleshed Dragon fruit (since we found it containing close to optimal dose of DHEA, Zinc, Magnesium, Lithium, and a small amount of Vitamin D3 etc.) every 24 hours; 2) Selective Drug Uptake Enhancement Method; 3) Manual Stimulation of the Thymus Gland Representation Area of the Back of Each Hand. When these 3 different methods are used consequently there is a possibility of safe effective treatment for hopelessly advanced cancer patients, if Thymosin α1 &amp; Thymosin β4 are both very significantly increased to 800ng or higher.

Effect of feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with a negative cation-anion difference diet on calcium and vitamin D status of periparturient cows and their calves

Holstein cows (>1 gestation) were fed 1 of 3 diets during the last 13 d of gestation (ranged from 22 to 7 d). The control diet (16 cows) was formulated to provide 18,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 and had a dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) of 165mEq/kg (DCAD=Na + K – Cl – S). The second diet (DCAD + D) provided the same amount of vitamin D3 but had a DCAD of −139mEq/kg (17 cows). The third diet (DCAD + 25D) had no supplemental vitamin D3 but provided 6mg/d of 25-(OH) vitamin D3 [25-(OH)D3] with a DCAD of −138mEq/kg (20 cows). Diets were fed until parturition and then all cows were fed a common lactation diet that contained vitamin D3. Negative DCAD diets reduced urine pH, with the greatest decrease occurring with the DCAD + D treatment. Urinary Ca excretion was greatest for cows fed DCAD + 25D followed by cows fed DCAD + D. Urinary pH was negatively correlated with urinary excretion of Ca for cows fed DCAD + D. No such correlation was observed with the DCAD + 25D treatment because substantial excretion of urinary Ca occurred at moderate urinary pH values for that treatment. Cows fed DCAD + 25D had greater serum concentrations of 25-(OH)D3 than other treatments from 5 d after supplementation started through 7 d in milk. Concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in serum were greatest in DCAD + 25D cows starting at 2 d before calving and continued through 7 d in milk. Serum Ca concentrations 5 d before calving were greatest for cows fed DCAD + 25D, but at other time points before and after parturition treatment did not affect serum Ca. Incidence of clinical hypocalcemia was not statistically different between treatments, but cows fed DCAD + 25 had the highest incidence rate (12.5, 0, and 20% for control, DCAD + D, and DCAD + 25D). Calves born from cows fed DCAD + 25D had greater concentrations of 25-(OH)D3 in serum at birth than calves from other treatments (before colostrum consumption), but concentrations were similar by 3 d of age. Concentrations of 25-(OH)D3 in colostrum and transition milk were increased by feeding DCAD + 25D, but by 28 d in milk treatment effects no longer existed. Overall, feeding 25-OH vitamin D with a negative DCAD diet increased vitamin D status of the cow and her newborn calf but had minimal effects on calcium status and did not have positive effects on the incidence of hypocalcemia.

The Updated Bottom Up Solution applied to mass spectrometry of soybean oil in a dietary supplement gelcap.

Among the goals of lipidomics applied to triacylglycerols (TAGs) is identification of molecular species, degree and location of unsaturation, and positions of fatty acyl chains (i.e., identification of regioisomers). Toward those ends, we define one, two, and three "Critical Ratios" for Types I, II, and III TAGs that provided different aspects of the desired information. Critical Ratio 1, [MH](+)/Σ[DAG](+), is correlated to the degree of unsaturation ([MH](+) is the protonated molecule and Σ[DAG](+) is the sum of diacylglycerol-like ions, [DAG](+)); Critical Ratio 2, [AA](+)/[AB](+) for Type II TAGs ("ABA/AAB/BAA") and [AC](+)/([AB](+)+[BC](+)) for Type III TAGs ("ABC/CBA/BAC/CAB/ACB/BCA"), is correlated to identification of regioisomers; and Critical Ratio 3, [BC](+)/[AB](+), provides information about those [DAG](+) from Type III TAGs. Furthermore, Critical Ratios are used in the Updated Bottom Up Solution (UBUS) to reproduce the mass spectra of TAGs by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry applied to analysis of soybean oil in a dietary supplement gelcap. We present a new model for the [MH](+)/Σ[DAG](+) ratio, quantify regioisomers using the [AA](+)/[AB](+) ratio, and describe trends for [BC](+)/[AB](+) that have never been reported before. The UBUS is also applied to other classes of molecules, i.e., vitamin D and DAGs. The amount of vitamin D3 in the gelcap fell from 2011 ± 22 when received to 1689 ± 33 just prior to expiration. The Critical Ratios constitute a compact data set that can provide structural information and also act as a library of mass spectra.

Assessing Vitamin D3 Stability in Dietary Supplements

It is well recognized that vitamin D plays an important role not only in bone health but also in the prevention of various chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancers. The awareness of the wide spread of vitamin D‐deficiency and vitamin D‐insufficiency world‐wide has prompted the use of vitamin D supplementation to maintain normal vitamin D nutritional status. In recent years, vitamin D supplementation has been made available in the forms of softgel, tablet and capsule, and is sold in drug stores, supermarkets and through mail orders. The amount of vitamin D3 as stated on the labels ranges from 400 to 5,000 IU per softgel, tablet or capsule. We have obtained ten commercially available vitamin D supplements and analyzed their vitamin D3 content by high performance liquid chromatograph at the time of purchase, one, two and three years after they were stored in room temperature, 4°C or ‐20°C. We found that there was no detectable degradation after 3 years of storage under all three conditions. Our results therefore suggest that vitamin D3 in the form of softgel, tablet or capsule is stable and is suitable as a supplement for maintaining optimal vitamin D nutrition.

Change in Concentration of Vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in Oyster Mushrooms Exposed to 254nm and 365nm UV-light During Growth

The sun emits ultraviolet radiation in form of ultraviolet-A (UV-A), ultraviolet-B (UV-B), and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) bands. Ultraviolet light has the potential to boost vitamin D2 production in mushrooms which human bodies cannot synthesize. The ergosterol in mushrooms, a component of fungal cell membranes which serves the same function as cholesterol in animal cells, can be converted into vitamin D2 by exposure to controlled ultraviolet light. However mushrooms are conventionally grown in the dark, necessitating artificial ultraviolet irradiation. This study investigated the effects of UV-A (365nm) and UV-C (254nm) light exposure time during mushrooms growth, on the concentration of vitamin D2 in oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus species) after harvest. Mushrooms samples exposure times were varied from 10-60 minutes per day at intervals of 10 minutes, and irradiation done for three days. UV spectroscopy was used to determine the amounts of Vitamin D2. It was found that the absorbance of vitamin D2 for UV-A light ranged from 0.18-0.49 for the 10-60 minutes of irradiation respectively, while for UV-C light the vitamin D2 content absorbance was 0.38-0.81 for the 10-60 minutes of irradiation respectively. There was a linear relationship between time of irradiation and absorbance vitamin D2 content up to 50 minutes for UV-A and 40 minutes for UV-C.

Effect of UV-B Irradiation on Physiologically Active Substance Content and Antioxidant Properties of the Medicinal Caterpillar Fungus Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes).

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light irradiation is a well-known technique for converting vitamin D2 from ergosterol in mushroom fruit bodies. Mushrooms are a natural and nonanimal food source of vitamin D2. We studied the effect of UV-B light irradiation on the amount of vitamin D2 and physiologically active substances in Cordyceps militaris and their antioxidant properties. After UV-B irradiation for 2 hours, the vitamin D2 content of freshly harvested C. militaris fruiting bodies, mycelia, whole submerged culture (WSC), and homogenized submerged culture (HSC) increased from 0 to 0.03 to 0.22 to 1.11 mg/g, but the ergosterol content was reduced from 1.36 to 2.50 to 1.24 to 2.06 mg/g, respectively. After UV-B irradiation, the amount of adenosine, cordycepin, and ergothioneine of fruiting bodies dramatically increased 32-128%, but the polysaccharide content slightly decreased 36%. The reverse trends were observed in mycelia, WSC, and HSC. UV-B irradiation could reduce the effective concentrations at 50% of fruiting bodies for ethanolic and hot water extracts in reducing power, scavenging, and chelating abilities, whereas mycelia, WSC, and HSC of ethanolic extracts increased effective concentrations at 50% in reducing power, scavenging, and chelating abilities. UV-B irradiation slightly increased flavonoid content (10-56%) and slightly affected total phenol content.

Proximate Compositions and Vitamin D2 Contents of the Cultivated Mushrooms of Tricholornataceae

Among the cultivated mushrooms of Tricholomataceae, Enokitake (Flammulinavelutipes), Hatakeshimeji (Lyophyllum decastes) and Nioushimeji (Tricholoma giganteurn), the proximate compositions, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and ergosterol contents were analyzed.Mushrooms are considered to be a good source of vitamin D2; therefore the determinations of vitamin D2 and studies of the effects of solar irradiation on the amounts of vitamin D2 and the quality of the mushrooms were conducted. The results were as follows.The proximate compositions, minerals and dietary fiber of these mushrooms closely agreed with previous reports. However, the vitamin B1 and B2 contents were slightly lower. The result of the vitamin D2 analysis showed that fresh mushrooms were found not to contain vitamin D2that differed from the Standard Table of Food Composition in Japan-VITAMIND-and the Standard Table of Food Composition in Japan, Fifth Revised Edition-shinkishokuhinhen-. However a remarkable production of vitamin D2 was observed due to solar radiation. The maximum values of vitamin D2 were observed in mushrooms irradiated for 1hour. This amount of solar radiation had no bad effects on the mushroom's quality.These mushrooms contained high levels of alkali acid-soluble polysaccharides, followed by formic acid-soluble polysaccharides and then hot alkali-soluble polysaccharides. The alkali-soluble acid-insoluble polysaccharides and acetic acid-solublepolysaccharides were found at low levels.Prosky modification I showed the lowest value followed by the chitin corrected method. Prosky modification II resulted in the highest values. These three methods gave significantly different values.In Enokitake, the contents of the linolenic and linoleic acids were specifically high. Hatakeshimeji and Nioushimeji contained high levels of linoleic and palmitic acids. The ergosterol contents were 216, 124 and 258mg/100g dry matter in Enokitake, Hatakeshimeji and Nioushimeji respectively.

Utilization of phytate and nonphytate phosphorus in chicks as affected by source and amount of vitamin D3.

Commercial and laboratory-strain crossbred chicks responded (P < .01) markedly to 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH D3) during the 2nd and 3rd wk of life. Bone-ash responses exceeded 50% when this compound was added at 20 microg/kg to phosphorus (P)-deficient corn-soybean meal diets containing surfeit levels (25 microg/kg) of cholecalciferol (D3). Phosphorus excretion was decreased (P < .01) and, thus, retention was increased (P < .01) when 1alpha-OH D3 was supplemented. A P-deficient (.10% P) casein-amino acid purified diet, devoid of D3, was used to determine whether 15 microg/kg of D3 was sufficient to facilitate optimal absorption of the nonphytate P contained in this diet. Bone ash responded to .075% P addition (KH2PO4), and chicks fed diets with .175% nonphytate P exhibited further bone-ash responses to 15 microg/kg of D3 or 10 microg/kg 1alpha-OH D3. Higher levels of either of these D3 compounds did not produce additional responses. This suggested that 15 to 25 microg/kg of D3 in a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet (.28% phytate P and .14% nonphytate P) is more than adequate to facilitate optimal absorption of the nonphytate P present in the diet. A P-deficient casein-dextrose diet (.13% nonphytate P and 15 microg/kg D3) was fed in the final chick assay, and chicks fed this diet did not show bone ash responses to 1alpha-OH D3 or to microbial-derived phytase (1,470 units/kg). Thus, with P-deficient corn-soybean meal diets containing at least 15 microg D3/kg, 1alpha-OH D3 supplementation markedly increased weight gain and bone ash because it increased the utilization of phytate P.

Determination of Vitamin D3and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3Using Liquid Chromatography with Amperometric Detection

Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH D3) in a high performance liquid chromatography system using amperometric detection is described. Separation is carried out using a C18 reversed-phase column and the optimum mobile phase was a 0.1 M LiClO4 solution in methanol-water (97:3, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.25 ml/min. 25-OH D3 and vitamin D3 were eluted with good resolution at retention times of 3 and 6 minutes respectively, and determined by amperometric detection with a glassy carbon electrode at + 1.050 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Calibration graphs for both substances showed good linearity when amounts of vitamin D3 between 18 and 312 ng and 27 and 412 ng of 25-OH D3 were injected. Detection limits of 8 ng (vitamin D3) and 25 ng (25-OH D3); relative standard deviations of 3.2% (vitamin D3) and 5.8% (25-OH D3) were obtained.

The effect of toxic doses of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on the serum zinc levels in rats.

Zinc is a trace element important to bone mineralization as well as, in general, nutrition. It is known that cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) affects bone metabolism. In this study, toxic doses of vitamin D3 were injected subcutaneously (25 micrograms/d) to rats for 5 wk. It caused a significant increase in serum zinc levels (p < 0.02). On the other hand, no significant increase was detected in the other groups. Excessive amounts of vitamin D3 caused bone breakdown and increased the levels of zinc in blood.

VITMAIN D3 RESPONSE IN SHEEP TO ORAL VERSUS PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION AND TO INTRAMUSCULAR DOSE LEVELS OF VITAMIN D3

Plasma vitamin D3 concentration changes were assessed in 10 crossbred wethers following oral or intramuscular administration of a single massive dose (5 × 106 IU) of vitamin D3. Blood plasma was taken at different times during a 3-wk experimental period. The intramuscular response was higher than the oral. In another experiment 15 ewes were administered 5 × 106 IU of vitamin D3 orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. Blood plasma was taken at different times during a 3-wk experimental period for analyses of plasma vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. All animals were killed at the end of the experiment and vitamin D3 determinations were carried out on various tissues. Vitamin D3 given to ewes parenterally had a greater and more lasting effect on their plasma concentrations of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than did oral administration. While plasma vitamin D3 concentrations of the two parenteral groups were approximately equal, the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations were substantially higher in the intravenously treated group than in the intramuscularly treated group. Tissue vitamin D3 concentrations in the parenteral group were higher than in the oral group, and the adipose tissue contained higher concentrations of vitamin D3 than did other tissues. In a third experiment crossbred wethers were administered intramuscularly various amounts (5 × 106, 5 × 105, and 5 × 104 IU) of vitamin D3 in a single dose. Blood plasma was taken at different times during the subsequent 2-wk period. There was proportionality between the amount of vitamin D3 injected and plasma vitamin D3 concentration. The results suggest that parenteral administration induces both higher tissue levels and higher circulating levels of vitamin D3 than does oral administration, and that intravenous injection produces higher circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than does intramuscular injection. Key words: Vitamin D3 status, sheep, oral, parenteral

Nonaqueous Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Vitamin D2 in Multivitamin Tablets, Using Vitamin D3 as Internal Standard

The technique of nonaqueous reverse phase chromatography has been successfully applied to the separation of lipophilic vitamins D2 and D3. Separation is achieved with a Zorbax-ODS column and a mobile phase of 10% methanol in acetonitrile. A predetermined amount of vitamin D3 internal standard is added to a portion of a powered tablet sample, which is then extracted and partitioned with a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide, water, methanol, and hexane. A portion of the hexane extract is concentrated, and purified by passing it through a disposable silica cartridge to remove interfering materials. The method should also be applicable to formulations containing vitamin D3 where vitamin D2 can then be used as the internal standard. A system suitability test is included in the method.

The site of 7-dehydrocholesterol ultraviolet photolysis in domestic fowls

The site of the photolytic reaction leading to Vitamin D3 in fowls integument has been investigated by histochemical and biochemical analysis. The Vitamin D3 precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is synthetized and stored mainly in the uropygial gland and in the same localization several amount of Vitamin D3 may be biochemically detected. 7-dehydrocholesterol and Vitamin D3 are also present although in a lesser amount in the unfeathered skin of the legs. Photolytic conversion of the Vitamin D3 precursor of uropygial origin may occur also on the dorsal feathers.