Amount Of Visual Information Research Articles

Корекція психофізіологічних показників курсантів засобами рукопашного бою

Purpose: to determine the influence of hand-to-hand combat training on psychophysiological indicators of cadets of higher military educational institutions. Material and methods. The study was conducted in the period from September 2021 to December 2021 on the basis of the Kharkiv National Air Force University named after Ivan Kozhedub and was aimed at determining the dynamics of psychophysiological indicators of cadets. The study involved 45 cadets of the control group, who were engaged in the current program of sports and mass work and 32 cadets of the experimental group, who were engaged in the hand-to-hand combat section. The age of cadets is from 17 to 26 years. The research period was 4 months. To solve the problems of the study, the following research methods were used: theoretical analysis, systematization and generalization of data from scientific and methodological sources, pedagogical experiment, psychodiagnostic method of Bourdon-Anfimov's correctional test and methods of mathematical processing of the results. Results: during the experiment, the study of indicators of the qualities of attention and mental activity was conducted. After the pedagogical experiment, there was an improvement in the quality of mental activity (mental performance, accuracy of work, the amount of visual information) of representatives of both groups, the difference between the indicators of the cadets of the experimental and control groups was not statistically significant. At the same time, hand-to-hand combat training had a positive effect on the quality of attention of the cadets of the experimental group, which was statistically significantly better than that of the control group: the speed of attention of the cadets of the experimental group improved by 7,4% against 1,6% of the control group (p<0,05); concentration of attention, respectively, improved by 7,2% against 1,3% (p<0,05); attention sustainability improved by 14,4% against 2,1% (p<0,05); the speed of information processing improved by 7,2% against 3,1% (p<0,05). Conclusions. The results of the experiment indicate the expediency of using hand-to-hand combat in the program of special physical training of servicemen in order to correct the psychophysiological indicators of cadets characterizing the functions of attention.

A multi-level approach with visual information for encrypted H.265/HEVC videos

High-efficiency video coding (HEVC) encryption has been proposed to encrypt syntax elements for the purpose of video encryption. To achieve high video security, to the best of our knowledge, almost all of the existing HEVC encryption algorithms mainly encrypt the whole video, such that the user without permissions cannot obtain any viewable information. However, these encryption algorithms cannot meet the needs of customers who need part of the information but not the full information in the video. In many cases, such as professional paid videos or video meetings, users would like to observe some visible information in the encrypted video of the original video to satisfy their requirements in daily life. Aiming at this demand, this paper proposes a multi-level encryption scheme that is composed of lightweight encryption, medium encryption and heavyweight encryption, where each encryption level can obtain a different amount of visual information. First, we employ AES–CTR to generate a pseudo-random number sequence. Then, the main syntax elements in the H.265/HEVC encoding process are encrypted by a pseudorandom sequence. In the lightweight encryption level, the syntax element of the luma intraprediction model is chosen for encryption. In the medium encryption level, the syntax element of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient sign is employed for scrambling encryption. In the heavyweight encryption level, syntax elements of both the luma intraprediction model and the DCT coefficient sign are encrypted simultaneously by the pseudorandom sequence. It is found that both encrypting the luma intraprediction model (IPM) and scrambling the syntax element of the DCT coefficient sign can achieve the performance of a distorted video in which there is still residual visual information, while encrypting both of them can implement the intensity of encryption and one cannot gain any visual information. The experimental results meet our expectations appropriately, indicating that there is a different amount of visual information in each encryption level. Meanwhile, users can flexibly choose the encryption level according to their various requirements.

SYSTEM OF PROPORTIONALITY OF THE SAVIOR TRANSFIGURATION CATHEDRAL IN PERESLAVL- ZALISSKYI

Transfiguration Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky is the oldest white stone church of pre-Mongol Kievan Rus' that survived to this day in its original form. The power of its emotional impact on the viewer was noted by the famous American architect of the XX century Luis Kahn, who travelled around cities of the Golden Ring of Russia in 1973. At the end of this trip, he stated that he was most impressed by the Transfiguration Cathedral.
 We explored the emotional potential of this unique creation of ancient Russian masters using a distinctive theoretical and information model based on the laws of visual perception. Determining the amount of visual information contained in dimensions of the structure, we found that relations between these dimensions belong to a specific proportional system or sequence of numbers.
 We have proposed a mechanism for measuring the strength of the proportional relationship of dimensions that could belong to one structural level or several at once.
 The method of identifying the proportional correlation and strength of proportional relationships is based on determining the information modularity of relations and the values of information modules in the information content of individual relations.
 During the process of information analysis of the Transfiguration Cathedral, it was found that the vast majority of the ratios belong to the two proportional systems: the golden ratio, with a base of 1,618 and the proportional sequence (progression) with a base of 1,477.
 According to the findings of the Russian neurophysiologist P.V. Simonov, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the exact numbers were found in relations between the extreme characteristics of the encephalogram of the human brain. These ratios of frequencies, according to Simonov, correspond with the human emotional states of "aesthetic perception" and "creative act". 
 It is a well-known fact that Leonardo da Vinci and his associate Luca Pacioli developed the golden ratio theory in the early XVI century. This makes us wonder how the ratio of 1,618 and its derivatives came to be used in Kievan Rus in the XII century?
 The construction of temples in Kievan Rus was based mainly on the "time will tell" principle. Keeping that in mind, we suggested that the perfection of the proportional construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral was achieved because of the architects' sharp sensitivity to the visual perception of proportions, supported by various sacred religious practices.
 The presence of the ratio of "aesthetic perception" and the ratio of "creative act" in the proportional structure of the Transfiguration Cathedral explains the strength of its emotional effect on the famous connoisseur of beauty Louis Kahn.

Visual attentional orienting by eye gaze: A meta-analytic review of the gaze-cueing effect.

Given limitations in the amount of visual information that a person can simultaneously process through to conscious perception, selective visual attention is necessary. Visual signals in the environment aid this selection process by triggering reflexive shifts of covert attention to locations of potential importance. One such signal appears to be others' eye gaze. Indeed, a gaze-cueing effect, whereby healthy adults respond faster to targets that are presented at locations cued rather than miscued by eye gaze has been consistently observed in the empirical literature. Critically though, the influences of task and cue features on this effect are not well understood. To address this gap, we report a meta-analytic integration of 423 gaze-cueing effects using a multilevel approach. A gaze-cueing effect emerged across all levels of the assessed task and cue features, indicating that others' eye gaze reliably directs observers' attention. We found that the magnitude of the gaze-cueing effect was moderated by whether direct gaze cues preceded directional gaze cues or not; the cue-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), whether participants had to detect, localize, or categorize targets; and the cue's facial expression. Whether or not the gaze cue remained on screen after the target appeared, and whether schematic faces, computer-generated faces, or images of real faces were used as cues, did not appear to reliably function as moderators. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, particularly in relation to the social attention system. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

How do atria affect navigation in multi-level museum environments?

How do people explore multiplex environments? What role do atria play in spatial navigation? These are critical questions for architectural design. However, few studies have examined the role atria play in visitors’ exploration of museums. Consequently, the relationship between free exploration and the design of atria in museums is not well understood. A pilot study in the Ashmolean Museum indicated that atria influence navigation. The Museum, therefore, lends itself as a case study to assess the impact of visual connections upon exploration and orientation. We present an experimental study with two conditions: a highly-detailed realistic virtual model of the building and a modified virtual model of the same building, eliminating the views crossing through the atria. Two hypotheses are tested: first, that visitors’ paths will be different depending on the amount of visual information they receive inside each experimental condition; second, that visitors’ ease of exploring and viewing the environment will also differ. Analysis confirmed that participants followed different paths in the two experimental conditions. Users visiting the exact model turned their heads around fewer times than users visiting the modified model. These findings suggest that atria play a significant role in nudging movement and affect the ease of navigation.

VISUAL COMFORT OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The article reveals the concept of a comfortable environment and the means to achieve it, in particular, by improving the aesthetic parameters of the environment, improving the functional and spatial structure of architectural and urban objects. The content of a new scientific direction of videoecology, initiated by the Russian scientist V.A. Filin, who builds his theory on the basis of saccade automation, is highlighted. In his works, Filin V.A. identifies such unfavorable for human life architectural spaces as aggressive and homogeneous ones, which lead to mental illness and increase the level of social pathology. Followers of Filin V.A. make attempts to quantify the "aggressiveness", the development of the coefficient of "aggressiveness" of such architectural fields. In contrast to these "saccadic" studies, this article offers an informational approach to determining the comfort of urban environment. It is based on the information theory of proportionality, and on the principle of the least action. Eisenko's empirical formula for beauty became the conceptual basis of the harmony indicator and comfort of architectural spaces, in particular facade compositions. The main parameters that determine the beauty are the complexity and orderliness of the object of evaluation. In the article, complexity is defined as the amount of visual information in the evaluated object, and orderliness (disorder) as the number of types of relationships of elements of the dimensional structure of the object.Using the principle of information discreteness and the principle of the least action, the authors of the study proposed a model for measuring the smallest number of information modules (blocks) in the total visual information of the object of evaluation by maximizing information modules. The formula for definition of a quantitative indicator of comfort of the city environment has been offered. The final part of the article discusses the possibility of computer harmonization and increase the comfort of the environment in the process of automated design. This is the prospect of further research.

Analysis of motor control strategy for frontal and sagittal planes of circular tracking movements using visual feedback noise from velocity change and depth information.

We aim to investigate a control strategy for the circular tracking movement in a three-dimensional (3D) space based on the accuracy of the visual information. After setting the circular orbits for the frontal and sagittal planes in the 3D virtual space, the subjects track a target moving at a constant velocity. The analysis is applied to two parameters of the polar coordinates, namely, ΔR (the difference in the distance from the center of a circular orbit) and Δω (the difference in the angular velocity). The movement in the sagittal plane provides different depth information depending on the position of the target in orbit, unlike the task of the frontal plane. Therefore, the circular orbit is divided into four quadrants for a statistical analysis of ΔR. In the sagittal plane, the error was two to three times larger in quadrants 1 and 4 than in quadrants 2 and 3 close to the subject. Here, Δω is estimated using a frequency analysis; the lower the accuracy of the visual information, the greater the periodicity. When comparing two different planes, the periodicity in the sagittal plane was approximately 1.7 to 2 times larger than that of the frontal plane. In addition, the average angular velocity of the target and tracer was within 0.6% during a single cycle. We found that if the amount of visual information is reduced, an optimal feedback control strategy can be used to reduce the positional error within a specific area.

Neural mechanism of visual information degradation from retina to V1 area.

The information processing mechanism of the visual nervous system is an unresolved scientific problem that has long puzzled neuroscientists. The amount of visual information is significantly degraded when it reaches the V1 after entering the retina; nevertheless, this does not affect our visual perception of the outside world. Currently, the mechanisms of visual information degradation from retina to V1 are still unclear. For this purpose, the current study used the experimental data summarized by Marcus E. Raichle to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the degradation of the large amount of data from topological mapping from retina to V1, drawing on the photoreceptor model first. The obtained results showed that the image edge features of visual information were extracted by the convolution algorithm with respect to the function of synaptic plasticity when visual signals were hierarchically processed from low-level to high-level. The visual processing was characterized by the visual information degradation, and this compensatory mechanism embodied the principles of energy minimization and transmission efficiency maximization of brain activity, which matched the experimental data summarized by Marcus E. Raichle. Our results further the understanding of the information processing mechanism of the visual nervous system.

Visualization of Modern Political Space: Research Priorities

In modern humanitarian studies and research in a number of social sciences, interpretation of visual data is often used. However, in some cases, it is able to make a negative adjustment in the methodology and research methods, which is a consequence of the terminological and theoretical underdevelopment of the theory of visuality itself, including within the framework of political science. The development of a general visual paradigm is currently in its infancy and is being carried out through the formation of the corresponding categorical apparatus, adequate to the real processes that it signifies.In political science studies, the theory of visibility is an innovation, since they lack the basic conceptual principles of the theory of visual political communication, which are not in demand due to the textual orientation of political science, which has for a long time linguistic-political bias, obscuring the whole complex of images in politics. However, the transformation of existing formats of rapidly developing political communication processes and technologies in the modern information society and the creation of new ones is carried out in the direction of increasing the amount of visual information that not only complements verbal forms, but also dominates the processes of political practices. The communication processes that ensure the functioning of political institutions are, in most situations, visually attributed and focused not so much on speech and audio as on visual techniques, which suggests that they are the main tool of political communication and a means of constituting political reality.

Visual short-term memory capacity predicts the \u201cbandwidth\u201d of visual long-term memory encoding

We are capable of storing a virtually infinite amount of visual information in visual long-term memory (VLTM) storage. At the same time, the amount of visual information we can encode and maintain in visual short-term memory (VSTM) at a given time is severely limited. How do these two memory systems interact to accumulate vast amount of VLTM? In this series of experiments, we exploited interindividual and intraindividual differences VSTM capacity to examine the direct involvement of VSTM in determining the encoding rate (or “bandwidth”) of VLTM. Here, we found that the amount of visual information encoded into VSTM at a given moment (i.e., VSTM capacity), but neither the maintenance duration nor the test process, predicts the effective encoding “bandwidth” of VLTM.

Analysing the Power Intensity Variation on theQuality of Head Tomographic Images

Tomography image analysis is one of the most important steps in clinical diagnosis for many different pathologies, as they provide a great amount of visual information of virtually inaccessible areas of the body, such as the brain.

Driver distraction and the role of cognitive and visual abilities for Road Safety Practices

Driver distraction represents a significant problem in a motor vehicle is a complex activity. This study exist for evaluated part of the Multifactorial Model of distraction, Driving Safety to elucidate the relative importance of cognitive function and measures of visual function in the capacity to Drive Safely. This article investigates the nature of driver distraction at a major Algerian a motor vehicle. At present, increasing amounts of visual information from sources such as roadside advertising create visual clutter in the road environment, including the sources of distraction present, and their effects on driver performance, cognitive and visual function (CV) capacity supports goal-directedness which minimizes the influence of distracting stimuli in favor of driving-relevant stimuli. Cognitive and visual function (CV) capacity can be discriminated and are both addressed during driving. This study investigated for driving experience (n= 300, age= 18-25), These included an adaptation of the well validated Useful Field of View (UFOV) and two newer measures, namely a Hazard Perception Test (HPT), and a Hazard Change Detection Task (HCDT).

Disentangling brain activity related to the processing of emotional visual information and emotional arousal

Processing of emotional visual information engages cognitive functions and induces arousal. We aimed to examine the modulatory role of emotional valence on brain activations linked to the processing of visual information and those linked to arousal. Participants were scanned and their pupil size was measured while viewing negative and neutral images. The visual noise was added to the images in various proportions to parametrically manipulate the amount of visual information. Pupil size was used as an index of physiological arousal. We show that arousal induced by the negative images, as compared to the neutral ones, is primarily related to greater amygdala activity while increasing visibility of negative content to enhanced activity in the lateral occipital complex (LOC). We argue that more intense visual processing of negative scenes can occur irrespective of the level of arousal. It may suggest that higher areas of the visual stream are fine-tuned to process emotionally relevant objects. Both arousal and processing of emotional visual information modulated activity within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Overlapping activations within the vmPFC may reflect the integration of these aspects of emotional processing. Additionally, we show that emotionally-evoked pupil dilations are related to activations in the amygdala, vmPFC, and LOC.

Coming back into the loop: Drivers’ perceptual-motor performance in critical events after automated driving

This driving simulator study, conducted as part of the EU AdaptIVe project, investigated drivers’ performance in critical traffic events, during the resumption of control from an automated driving system. Prior to the critical events, using a between-participant design, 75 drivers were exposed to various screen manipulations that varied the amount of available visual information from the road environment and automation state, which aimed to take them progressively further ‘out-of-the-loop’ (OoTL). The current paper presents an analysis of the timing, type, and rate of drivers’ collision avoidance response, also investigating how these were influenced by the criticality of the unfolding situation. Results showed that the amount of visual information available to drivers during automation impacted on how quickly they resumed manual control, with less information associated with slower take-over times, however, this did not influence the timing of when drivers began a collision avoidance manoeuvre. Instead, the observed behaviour is in line with recent accounts emphasising the role of scenario kinematics in the timing of driver avoidance response. When considering collision incidents in particular, avoidance manoeuvres were initiated when the situation criticality exceeded an Inverse Time To Collision value of ≈0.3s−1. Our results suggest that take-over time and timing and quality of avoidance response appear to be largely independent, and while long take-over time did not predict collision outcome, kinematically late initiation of avoidance did. Hence, system design should focus on achieving kinematically early avoidance initiation, rather than short take-over times.

The channel capacity of visual awareness divided among multiple moving objects

If attention is distributed among multiple moving objects, how does this divided attention affect the temporal process for detecting a specific target motion? Well-trained observers in three experiments monitored ongoing random motions of multiple objects, trying to rapidly detect non-random target motions. Response time hazard rates revealed a simple lawful structure of the detection processes. Target detection rates (hazard rates, in bits /s) were inversely proportional to the number of observed objects. Detection rates at any response time and in any condition equaled a product of two parallel (functionally independent and concurrent) visual processes: visual awareness and motion integration. The rate of visual awareness was inversely proportional to Set Size (n = 1-12), constant over time, and invariant with integrated motion information. Thus, a single rate parameter, indicating a constant channel capacity of visual awareness, described detection rates over a wide range of conditions and response times. During an initial interval of roughly 0.5s, detection rates increased proportionally with the duration and length of motion; but after this initial integration, detection rates were constant, independent of the time the target remained undetected. The relationship between the quantity of visual information and detection rates was simpler than anticipated by contemporary theories of attention, perception, and performance.

Application of multimodal image fusion technology in brain tumor surgery

Objective To construct brain tumors and their surrounding anatomical structures using the multi-modality image data registration and fusion and three dimensional reconstruction method in order to provide guidance for brain tumor surgery. Methods Ten patients with brain tumor admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital, Qsinghua University from April 2015 to December 2015 were selected. Head CT and MRI were used to collect the data in patients with brain tumor. NeuroTech software was used to conduct registration and fusion and 3D reconstruction for image data. Results The 3D structures of brain tumor, brain tissue, and blood vessel in 10 patients with brain tumor were reconstructed. They clearly revealed the anatomic relationship of tumor size, location, shape, and tumor and surrounding structures. They assisted in the design of the surgical incision and the selection of operative approach and tumor resection. Conclusions Using multi-modality medical image fusion technology can visually display the relationship between tumors and blood vessels, brain tissue, skull, and other tissues, provide a large amount of visual information, guide the design of incision of neurosurgery, choose the operative approaches, resect the tumors, and play roles in the aspect of protecting brain function and reducing postoperative complications. Key words: Brain neoplasms; Neurosurgical procedures; Imaging, three-dimensional; Multimodal; Magnetic resonance imaging

Vibrotactile Spatial Acuity and Intensity Discrimination on the Lower Back Using Coin Motors.

Tactile vision substitution devices are assistive devices for the blind that redirect visual information to the skin. The amount of visual information that can be presented on a tactile display is limited mainly by the spatial resolution of the skin and the ability to distinguish between various vibration intensities. In this study, we have determined the two-point discrimination (TPD) threshold and intensity-discrimination threshold (just-noticeable difference, or JND) on the lower back using coin motors. Given the importance of stimulus timing, we have determined TPD threshold and JND at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). The JND was determined between two coin motors with a distance equal to the TPD threshold. In this way, we could establish the contrast sensitivity at the maximal theoretical resolution. TPD thresholds tended to decrease at longer SOAs, from 52 mm edge-to-edge at an SOA of 0 ms, to 28 mm at 200 ms. The JND did not depend on SOA, and the average Weber fraction was 0.14. A median of 5 JNDs was available across the available dynamic range. Together, these data provide the predicted spatial resolution and contrast resolution achievable with a back-worn tactile display based on coin motors.

Shopping experiences in visually complex environments: a self-regulation account

Purpose – Providing satisfying shopping experiences is a major goal in retail management because satisfaction guides re-patronage behavior. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the visual complexity of an environment’s interior design (i.e. the overall amount of visual information in an environment) influences the shopping experience by impairing customers’ information processing and self-regulation resources. Design/methodology/approach – Two quasi-experimental field studies were conducted in two different cultural contexts (i.e. Germany and Singapore) to enhance the external validity and robustness of the findings. Findings – Both studies provide evidence that an environment’s visual complexity impairs the shopping experience. Study 1 shows that visual complexity places a perceptual load on customers which mediates the complexity-experience relationship. Study 2 replicates this finding in a different setting and extends it by showing that load relates to lower self-control, which in turn, mars the experience. Furthermore, the negative effect of complexity on the experience is more pronounced with shoppers pursuing utilitarian rather than hedonic shopping goals. Research limitations/implications – The findings in a supermarket context may not transfer to environments in which the visual design is an important component of the value proposition and where shopping goals are largely hedonic in nature. Practical implications – The findings advance theory by showing that it is perceptual load and its outcome, reduced perceived self-control, which are largely responsible for the negative effect of visual complexity on the shopping experience. This finding should encourage managers to proactively manage and reduce the complexity of their service environments. Originality/value – This study is the first to show how the visual complexity of a retail environment influences a customer’s shopping experience. It offers novel insights into the underlying mechanism of perceptual load and self-control as process mediators of visual complexity on the shopping experience.

Investigating the parameters of transsaccadic memory: inhibition of return impedes information acquisition near a saccade target

ABSTRACTA limited amount of visual information is retained between saccades, which is subsequently stored into a memory system, such as transsaccadic memory. Since the capacity of transsaccadic memory is limited, selection of information is crucial. Selection of relevant information is modulated by attentional processes such as the presaccadic shift of attention. This involuntary shift of attention occurs prior to execution of the saccade and leads to information acquisition at an intended saccade target. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence that another attentional effect, inhibition of return (IOR), has on the information that gets stored into transsaccadic memory. IOR is the phenomenon where participants are slower to respond to a cue at a previously attended location. To this end, we used a transsaccadic memory paradigm in which stimuli, oriented on a horizontal axis relative to saccade direction, are only visible to the participant before executing a saccade. Previous research showed that items in close proximity to a saccade target are likely to be reported more accurately. In our current study, participants were cued to fixate one of the stimulus locations and subsequently refixated the centre fixation point before executing the transsaccadic memory task. Results indicate that information at a location near a saccade landing point is less likely to be acquired into transsaccadic memory when this location was previously associated with IOR. Furthermore, we found evidence which implicates a reduction of the overall amount of elements retained in transsaccadic memory when a location near a saccade target is associated with IOR. These results suggest that the presaccadic shift of attention may be modulated by IOR and thereby reduces information acquisition by transsaccadic memory.

The neural representation of Arabic digits in visual cortex.

In this study, we investigated how Arabic digits are represented in the visual cortex, and how their representation changes throughout the ventral visual processing stream, compared to the representation of letters. We probed these questions with two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments. In Experiment 1, we explored whether we could find brain regions that were more activated for digits than for number words in a subtraction task. One such region was detected in lateral occipital cortex. However, the activity in this region might have been confounded by string length—number words contain more characters than digits. We therefore conducted a second experiment in which string length was systematically controlled. Experiment 2 revealed that the findings of the first experiment were task dependent (as it was only observed in a task in which numerosity was relevant) or stimulus dependent (as it was only observed when the number of characters of a stimulus was not controlled). We further explored the characteristics of the activation patterns for digit and letter strings across the ventral visual processing stream through multi-voxel pattern analyses. We found an alteration in representations throughout the ventral processing stream from clustering based on amount of visual information in primary visual cortex (V1) towards clustering based on symbolic stimulus category higher in the visual hierarchy. The present findings converge to the conclusion that in the ventral visual system, as far as can be detected with fMRI, the distinction between Arabic digits and letter strings is represented in terms of distributed patterns rather than separate regions.