Abstract
We aim to investigate a control strategy for the circular tracking movement in a three-dimensional (3D) space based on the accuracy of the visual information. After setting the circular orbits for the frontal and sagittal planes in the 3D virtual space, the subjects track a target moving at a constant velocity. The analysis is applied to two parameters of the polar coordinates, namely, ΔR (the difference in the distance from the center of a circular orbit) and Δω (the difference in the angular velocity). The movement in the sagittal plane provides different depth information depending on the position of the target in orbit, unlike the task of the frontal plane. Therefore, the circular orbit is divided into four quadrants for a statistical analysis of ΔR. In the sagittal plane, the error was two to three times larger in quadrants 1 and 4 than in quadrants 2 and 3 close to the subject. Here, Δω is estimated using a frequency analysis; the lower the accuracy of the visual information, the greater the periodicity. When comparing two different planes, the periodicity in the sagittal plane was approximately 1.7 to 2 times larger than that of the frontal plane. In addition, the average angular velocity of the target and tracer was within 0.6% during a single cycle. We found that if the amount of visual information is reduced, an optimal feedback control strategy can be used to reduce the positional error within a specific area.
Highlights
Imitation movement based on visual information is important in motor learning tasks, such as daily movements, sports, and working with tools [1,2,3,4,5], and there have been various studies on human movements utilizing visual information guides [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
Comparing the average orbit of the tracer with the orbit of the target on the frontal plane, we noticed that the orbits are mostly similar in all quadrants (Fig 3), with the difference being independent of the velocity of the target
The ΔR value of the target and the tracer on the sagittal plane was noticeable at certain points, indicating that the size of ΔR varies depending on the trajectory position of the tracer and target
Summary
Imitation movement based on visual information is important in motor learning tasks, such as daily movements, sports, and working with tools [1,2,3,4,5], and there have been various studies on human movements utilizing visual information guides [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Most of the research on tracking motion using visual guidance has been performed on a one-dimensional (1D) linear trajectory [12, 13] and two-dimensional (2D) circular trajectory [6,7,8,9,10,11, 14] During these experiments, visual feedback regarding the positions and velocities of a target and a tracer was provided [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. When performing a tracking movement that includes depth information, visual feedback on the position of the target is not sufficient [15,16,17,18]. Most of the previous studies analyzed the tracking motion from the frontal plane, and the tracking motion analysis reflecting depth information was insufficient [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
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