Amount Of Variance In Intentions Research Articles

Understanding Work-Related Intentions Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Systematic Review

Work can guarantee financial stability and quality of life, foster identity and self-confidence and ensure social well-being. Thus, it is vital to understand the motivation and intention to work. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) has been used extensively in theory and research in a wide range of human behaviours. However, research on the efficacy of the TPB in the vocational realm remains limited. This study aims to review the applications of the TPB in work-related intention. Relevant studies were systematically searched using standardised keywords across two databases. Three hundred and sixty-six research articles (n=366) were identified, however, only seven articles (n=7) were eligible to be evaluated in this study using the Assessment for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) tool. All studies confirmed the efficacy of the TPB in explaining work intentions. The explained variance in intention varied from 10% (post-retirement work intention) to 59% (to work with older adults). However, the underlying core constructs of TPB namely attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (PBC) do not always altogether consistently predict the intention to work. Besides, few review studies have reported variables that are not included in TPB, such as moral obligation, identity, and tenure, which contributed to a significant amount of variance in intention. Overall, the findings of this review indicated that TPB is helpful in understanding work intention. However, further investigation is needed to estimate the extended variables’ performance in explaining intentions and to cover a broader aspect of work intentions.

The prototype willingness model: An application to adolescent driver speeding

Introduction: Many young drivers are involved in crashes due to speeding. Some studies have used the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to explain the risky driving behavior of young people. However, many have measured PWM constructs in a manner inconsistent with its formulation. The PWM asserts that the social reaction pathway is underpinned by a heuristic comparison of oneself with a cognitive prototype of someone who engages in a risky behavior. This proposition has not been comprehensively examined and few PWM studies specifically examine social comparison. The current study investigates intentions, expectations, and willingness to speed by teen drivers using operationalizations of PWM constructs more aligned with their original conceptualizations. Additionally, the influence of dispositional social comparison tendency on the social reaction pathway is examined to further test the original propositions underpinning the PWM. Method: Two hundred and eleven independently driving adolescents completed an online survey including items measuring PWM constructs and social comparison tendency. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to investigate the influence of perceived vulnerability, descriptive and injunctive norms, and prototypes on speeding intentions, expectations, and willingness. A moderation analysis examined the effect of social comparison tendency on the association between prototype perceptions and willingness. Results: The regression models explained substantial amounts of variance in intentions (39%), expectations (49%), and willingness (30%) to speed. There was no evidence that social comparison tendency influences the relationship between prototypes and willingness. Conclusions: The PWM is useful for predicting teenage risky driving. More studies should confirm that social comparison tendency does not moderate the social reaction pathway. However, there may be need for further theoretical development of the PWM. Practical applications: The study suggests that it may be possible to develop interventions to reduce adolescent driver speeding based on manipulation of PWM constructs such as speeding driver prototypes.

Examining Theoretical Factors That Influence Teachers’ Intentions to Implement Inclusive Physical Education

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to apply the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior model (COM-B) to examine theoretical predictors of teachers’ intentions to implement inclusive physical education. Methods: Ontario primary and secondary teachers (n = 383) completed an online questionnaire which assessed potential factors associated with intentions toward implementation of inclusive physical education. Results: The final statistical model explained 72% of variance in intentions to implement inclusive physical education with the following theoretical domains identified as significant (p<.05) predictors: knowledge (β .09), professional role and identity (β .22), memory, attention, and decision making (β .14), social influence (β .37), and emotion (β −.20). Regarding the COM-B, the component Motivation explained the greatest amount of variance in intentions to implement inclusive physical education. Conclusions: The application of the TDF and COM-B model in this study work to extend current literature through advancing understanding regarding cognitive, affective, and social factors related to teachers’ intentions to implement inclusive physical education. Teacher training strategies should take into consideration multidimensional approaches to support teachers’ motivations to implement inclusive physical education. Future research and intervention should seek to target and foster factors such as social influences, social/professional role and identity, and knowledge. These factors, in turn, may improve teachers’ intentions to implement inclusive physical education.

Household preparedness for future earthquake disaster risk using an extended theory of planned behavior

The study aims to predict household earthquake preparedness in Malaysia using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in its original form and an extended model including community participation and community-agency trust. A survey was undertaken in 2019 with 550 Malaysian residential households in four locations. The structural equation modeling (SEM) method was used in this study for the analysis of data. The findings demonstrated support for the extended model of TPB and showed that attitude, subjective norms, community participation, and community-agency trust were significant predictors of behavior intention to engage the household in earthquake preparedness. In both models, the intention of the household to earthquake preparedness is an important positive contributor to actual preparedness. The study has shown that, contrary to our expectations, perceived behavioral control in both models has no significant effect on the intent to prepare. The results also displayed that the original TPB constructs contributed 26% and 32% of the variance in intentions to prepare and actual earthquake preparedness behavior, whilst the inclusions of community participation and community-agency trust slightly increased the explained variance by 31.2% and 39.5% respectively. As a result, the extended model of TPB provided a good fit with the data and explains slightly better amounts of variance in intention to prepare in comparison to the original TPB model. Adding constructs in the original TPB model considerably contributes to improving our understanding of household preparedness for future earthquake disaster risk.

A study of system execution of performance appraisal

AbstractDissatisfaction with traditional performance appraisal (PA) has led some organizations to eliminate formal reviews entirely and to substitute alternative methods of performance feedback, while other firms search for ways to improve the formal process. This study attempts to contribute to the ongoing debate about the future of PA by investigating the effects of an understudied aspect of the PA process: how well the PA system is executed by the supervisor. Our results indicate that system execution explains a significant amount of variance in intention to improve over and above a host of variables studied in previous PA studies, and that these effect sizes suggest clear practical significance.

Use of Blackboard Learning Management System: An Empirical Study of Staff Behavior at a South African University

This study explores the use of a Learning management system (LMS), Blackboard, among academics at a South African university of technology. Based on the literature and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model, four constructs which influence academics’ usage and behavioural intention to adopt LMS were considered: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and social influence. Data was collected from 100 academics through a survey questionnaire, and correlations and regression was used to analyse the relationships. The results indicate that, facilitating conditions is the most influential factor explaining the usage of, and intention to use LMS among both users and non-users, while the set of variables, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions were not able to predict a significant amount of variance in intention to use LMS. Implications for practice are presented.

The intention to become an expatriate: a multinational application of the theory of planned behaviour

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the theory of planned behaviour for understanding individuals' intention to accept an offer to work in a foreign country and to assess its generalisability across countries. Furthermore, we tested the direct effect of gender on expatriate intention and its determinants. To address these objectives, we used a survey sample of 896 business students in Croatia, Germany, Russia, Turkey and the USA. The theory of planned behaviour explained a substantial amount of variance in intentions to accept a foreign assignment. As proposed, attitude towards expatriation, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control significantly influence individuals' expatriation intention. Men showed stronger intentions to expatriate than women. Moreover, the theory of planned behaviour was shown to be an effective predictor of expatriation intention across countries. Implications of these results for theory and practice and directions for future research are discussed.

Overseas travelers’ decision formation for airport-shopping behavior

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated international travelers’ decision-making process for airport shopping by considering the moderating impact of the perceived disadvantages of airport-shopping behavior. The model of goal-directed behavior, including volitional/non-volitional, motivational, and affective components of decision-making, was employed to create an accurate prediction of intention. Findings from the structural equation modeling indicated that significant amounts of variance in intention were accounted for by the proposed model, and the mediating impact of the motivational component was detected in the proposed theoretical framework. In addition, the results from the invariance tests revealed that perceived disadvantages of airport shopping acted as a significant moderator in determining intention. Our results imply that these perceived disadvantages can be a threat to airport operations and retailing.

Understanding African American Women's Decisions to Buy and Eat Dark Green Leafy Vegetables: An Application of the Reasoned Action Approach

Examine intentions to buy and eat dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV). Cross-sectional survey assessing demographics, behavior, intention, and Reasoned Action Approach constructs (attitude, perceived norm, self-efficacy). Marion County, Indiana. African American women responsible for buying and preparing household food. Reasoned Action Approach constructs explaining intentions to buy and eat DGLV. Summary statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analyses. Among participants (n = 410, mean age = 43 y), 76% and 80%, respectively, reported buying and eating DGLV in the past week. Mean consumption was 1.5 cups in the past 3 days. Intentions to buy (r= 0.20, P < .001) and eat (r = 0.23, P < .001) DGLV were positively associated with consumption. Reasoned Action Approach constructs explained 71.2% of the variance in intention to buy, and 60.9% of the variance in intention to eat DGLV. Attitude (β = .63) and self-efficacy (β = .24) related to buying and attitude (β = .60) and self-efficacy (β = .23) related to eating DGLV explained significant amounts of variance in intentions to buy and eat more DGLV. Perceived norm was unrelated to either intention to buy or eat DGLV. Interventions designed for this population of women should aim to improve DGLV-related attitudes and self-efficacy.

Evaluating Meaningful Watershed Educational Experiences: An exploration into the effects on participating students’ environmental stewardship characteristics and the relationships between these predictors of environmentally responsible behavior

This study evaluated Meaningful Watershed Educational Experiences (MWEEs) funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Chesapeake Bay Watershed Education and Training (B-WET) grant program. It also empirically explores the relationships between predictors of environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) in the Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera (1986/1987) and Hungerford and Volk (1990) behavior models. Multilevel analyses identified associations between eight environmental stewardship characteristics, as well as between these outcomes and (1) participation in MWEEs (sample: 258 students in 20 treatment classes, 193 students in 12 comparison classes matched by grade) and (2) specific MWEE instructional practices (sample: 434 students in 29 treatment classes). Students who participated in MWEEs scored significantly higher in five of eight characteristics (i.e., knowledge of ecology, issues, and actions, individual locus of control, intention to act) than those in the comparison group. Students who were engaged in the science inquiry steps of analyzing data or reflection and those who participated in more of certain types of environmental actions also scored significantly higher in a greater number of environmental stewardship characteristics than students who did not have these experiences. Results suggest that MWEEs are likely to increase ERBs but are not reaching their full potential. Tests of the relationships between the variables in Hines et al. (1986/1987) and Hungerford and Volk (1990) models confirm that they predict a high amount of variance in intention to act and suggest that environmental stewardship characteristics are likely to interact in complex ways.

Applying the theory of planned behaviour to explain HIV testing in antenatal settings in Addis Ababa - a cohort study

BackgroundTo facilitate access to the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services, HIV counselling and testing are offered routinely in antenatal care settings. Focusing a cohort of pregnant women attending public and private antenatal care facilities, this study applied an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to explain intended- and actual HIV testing.MethodsA sequential exploratory mixed methods study was conducted in Addis Ababa in 2009. The study involved first time antenatal attendees from public- and private health care facilities. Three Focus Group Discussions were conducted to inform the TPB questionnaire. A total of 3033 women completed the baseline TPB interviews, including attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intention with respect to HIV testing, whereas 2928 completed actual HIV testing at follow up. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, Fisher's Exact tests, Internal consistency reliability, Pearson's correlation, Linear regression, Logistic regression and using Epidemiological indices. P-values < 0.05 was considered significant and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used for the odds ratio.ResultsThe TPB explained 9.2% and 16.4% of the variance in intention among public- and private health facility attendees. Intention and perceived barriers explained 2.4% and external variables explained 7% of the total variance in HIV testing. Positive and negative predictive values of intention were 96% and 6% respectively. Across both groups, subjective norm explained a substantial amount of variance in intention, followed by attitudes. Women intended to test for HIV if they perceived social support and anticipated positive consequences following test performance. Type of counselling did not modify the link between intended and actual HIV testing.ConclusionThe TPB explained substantial amount of variance in intention to test but was less sufficient in explaining actual HIV testing. This low explanatory power of TPB was mainly due to the large proportion of low intenders that ended up being tested contrary to their intention before entering the antenatal clinic. PMTCT programs should strengthen women's intention through social approval and information that testing will provide positive consequences for them. However, women's rights to opt-out should be emphasized in any attempt to improve the PMTCT programs.

Understanding Air Force members' intentions to participate in pro-environmental behaviors: an application of the theory of planned behavior.

At a single installation, a cross section of 307 active duty Air Force members completed questionnaires to assess whether the theory of planned behavior was useful in explaining the service members' intentions to participate in three environmentally protective behaviors-recycling, carpooling, and energy conservation. While the individual tenets of the theory of planned behavior, i.e., attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived control, accounted for differing amounts of variance in intentions, the results indicated that the intentions of these Air Force members to recycle, conserve energy, and carpool were moderately explained by the tenets of the theory of planned behavior collectively when the results of a multiple regression were analyzed.

Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analytic review.

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.

Protective role of health values in adolescents' future intentions to use condoms.

To examine the protective role of health values in adolescents' intentions to use condoms. Two hundred thirty-six sexually active adolescents who were attending a municipal sexually transmitted diseases clinic were interviewed, using standardized and constructed instruments, regarding their previous condom use, health values, condom attitudes, social norms regarding condoms, self-efficacy regarding condoms, and intentions to use condoms in the future. Correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the direct and indirect effects of health values on intentions to use condoms. Health values were significantly correlated with intentions to use condoms with main and casual sexual partners, and accounted for a significant amount of variance in intentions to use condoms with casual sexual partners, after controlling for demographic variables, past condom use, and constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior. Health values were also found to moderate the relationship between condom attitudes and intentions to use condoms with casual partners. Efforts to include health values as a protective factor in health behavior theory and risk-reduction interventions are warranted.