Amount Of Training Time Research Articles

Effect of working memory training on working memory, arithmetic and following instructions.

Mathematical ability is dependent on specific mathematical training but also associated with a range of cognitive factors, including working memory (WM) capacity. Previous studies have shown that WM training leads to improvement in non-trained WM tasks, but the results regarding transfer to mathematics are inconclusive. In the present study, 176 children with WM deficits, aged 7-15 years performed 5 weeks of WM training. During the training period, they were assessed five times with a test of complex WM (the Odd One Out), a test of remembering and following instructions and a test of arithmetic. The improvements were compared to the performance of a control group of 304 typically developing children aged 7-15 years who performed the same transfer tasks at the same time intervals, but without training. The training group improved significantly more than the control group on all three transfer tests (all p < 0.0001), after correction for baseline performance, age and sex. The effect size for mathematics was small and the effect sizes for the WM tasks were moderate to large. The transfer increased linearly with the amount of training time and correlated with the amount of improvement on the trained tasks. These results confirm previous findings of training-induced improvements in non-trained WM tasks including the ability to follow instructions, but extend previous findings by showing improvements also for arithmetic. This is encouraging regarding the potential role of cognitive training for education, but it is desirable to find paradigms that would enhance the effect of the training on mathematics. One of the future challenges for studying training effects is combining large sample sizes with high quality and compliance, to detect relevant but smaller effects of cognitive training.

Temporal Response of Arterial Stiffness to Ultra-Marathon

The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the arterial stiffness of male ultra-marathon runners (n = 9) using pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and radial tonometry over the course of an ultra-marathon and during recovery. Measures were collected at rest, immediately following 45 km/75 km of running, then following 60 and 90 min of recovery. No statistical difference was found between baseline cfPWV and normative values. The cfPWV of ultra-endurance runners decreased at 45 km (3.4 ± 1.6 m/s, p=0.006), followed by an increase (1.6 ± 1.8 m/s, p = 0.04) toward baseline levels at the 75 km mark. Radial tonometry measures also indicated small artery stiffness was transiently increased after 75 km. The amount of training time (r = 0.82, p = 0.007) and the duration of a typical training session (r = 0.73, p = 0.03) were correlated strongly with persisting decrements in large artery compliance at 60 min of recovery. The finding that arterial stiffness decreased at the 45 km distance and then reverted back toward baseline levels with prolonged running, may indicate a role of exercise duration or accumulated stress for affecting vascular compliance. At present, it is premature to suggest that athletes should alter training or racing practices to protect vascular health.

Initial experiences with RoSS surgical simulator in residency training: a validity and model analysis.

Robotic surgery is an important new tool in many surgical procedures, and training curriculums must adapt to this new technology. Robotic surgical simulators have been developed as a means of providing training without the inherent risks of actual surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the construct validity of the RoSS surgical simulator by correlating simulator performance with amount of time in training and to create a performance model in which time in training is a parameter. A total of eight residents with varying amounts of training were given access to the RoSS surgical simulator and were evaluated on performance of a simulated surgical task. This data was then used to create Akaike information criteria to compare goodness of fit. Participants were also given a questionnaire as to their experience with the simulator and their feelings about the use of simulators in training. Training time and performance within the simulator were shown to have a linear relationship. Correlations were high, with R (2) values of 0.95, 0.94, and 0.86 for each of the three performance metrics. Likelihood ratios were similarly high at 4.25×10(9), 10,950, and 362. Participant opinion showed that residents feel that robotic training is an important part of their education and that the simulator is an effective supplement. The RoSS surgical simulator accurately corresponds to training level and is a valid evaluation tool of training experience. These findings are encouraging for the use of robotic simulators in surgical training.

Group Training in Adolescent Runners: Influence on JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201110000-00008/OV0312_2/v/2021-02-09T093813Z/r/image-png o2max and 5km Race Performance

The aims of this study were to (a) examine the interrelationships between training intensity, VO2max, and race performance in adolescent crosscountry runners and (b) determine if adolescent runners participating in a group crosscountry training program differ in the amount of training time at various intensities. In this study, 7 adolescent runners performed a laboratory-based VO2max test before and after a 9-week high-school crosscountry season. Heart rate (HR) and ventilatory threshold (VT) were used to identify 3 training zones for each runner based on the HR at ventilator threshold (HR(VT)): zone 1: >15 b·min(-1) below HR(VT); zone 2: between zone 1 and HR(VT); zone 3: >HR(VT). During each training session throughout the season, HR was measured to quantify the amount of training time in each of these 3 intensity zones. Results showed that the time in each of the 3 zones was not significantly associated with 5-km race performance. Zone 3 training time was positively associated with postseason VO2max (r = 0.73, p = 0.06); VO2max was significantly inversely associated with 5-km race performance (r = -0.77, p = 0.04). Each week, the amount of training time at, above, and below the VT was significantly different among the participants even though the training prescription for the group was standardized. The results suggest that, among adolescent crosscountry runners, training above the VT may be important in increasing VO2max and ultimately, race performance. Given the between-participant differences in the amount of training time in each HR zone, coaches should apply individual, rather than group, training programs.

Performance Analysis of Sequential and Parallel Neural Network Algorithm for Stock Price Forecasting

The neural network is popular and used in many areas within the financial field, such as credit authorization screenings, regularities in security price movements, simulations of market behaviour, and so forth. In this research, the authors use a neural network technique for stock price forecasting of Great West Life, an insurance company based in Winnipeg, Canada. The Backpropagation algorithm is a popular algorithm to train a neural network. However, one drawback of traditional Backpropagation algorithm is that it takes a substantial amount of training time. To expedite the training process, the authors design and develop different parallel and multithreaded neural network algorithms. The authors implement parallel neural network algorithms on both shared memory architecture using OpenMP and distributed memory architecture using MPI and analyze the performance of those algorithms. They also compare the results with traditional auto-regression model to establish accuracy.

Nonlinear system identification using a Bayesian–Gaussian neural network for predictive control

A Bayesian–Gaussian neural network (BGNN) is presented for nonlinear system identification, as well as for model predictive control. The topology and connection weights of this network can be set immediately when the training samples are available, and the output of it is a fusion of multiple pieces of information. The training of this network is a minimization process to optimize the input factors, rather than the connection weights plus thresholds of the back-propagation neural network (BPNN) or its variations, and therefore could save a large amount of time in training. The self-tuning ability of this network can easily be achieved in an optimal way so that it can on-line adapt to the shift of system dynamics.

Community-referenced instruction in technological work settings.

Two studies investigated the extent to which students with serious vocational handicaps could learn work behaviors in technological settings. In Study 1, 12 students learned a number of chemical laboratory tasks. The median amount of training time per task was 2 hours and 37 minutes. In Study 2, pre- and posttraining videotape vignettes of 6 students performing a technical task were presented to a group of 27 respondents. On a social validity questionnaire, they judged the students to be significantly ( p &lt; .001) more vocationally competent after training. The characteristics of an effective secondary vocational training program are discussed.

Incorporating Human Engineering into a SDI Simulation

Human Engineering methods were employed to critique a SDI simulation software package. The areas of human performance measures, subjective responses, number of options to view, commonality of different sections, and user support functions were evaluated. This was for the intent of creating a program that was “user-friendly” and would require a minimal amount of training time. A naive user was provided a checklist and asked to score the input and output interface modules while creating a scenario. Written text followed the checklists which included detailed examples for increasing the efficiency in the designated deficient areas. This led to incorporating changes for a more effective program, reducing cost and time.

The basic dilemma of management training

A large amount of training time, with associated costs, is spent upon training managers in both human relations and technical skills. Whilst the effort expended on the technical skills aspect could be justified in terms of short or medium term results it is often questionable whether managers having undergone human relations training do, in fact, change their method of operations subsequent to a course.

Use of paired stimuli in modification of articulation.

A pictured key word which contained a correctly articulated target phoneme in final position was paired with 10 pictured training words which contained the incorrectly articulated target phoneme in the final position and 10 additional times with pictured training words which contained the incorrectly articulated target phoneme in initial position. Each child was instructed only to name the paired pictures in the fixed pattern of key word-training word. During contingent pairing, reinforcement was immediate and dispensed for all correct responses. Each of three children achieved 100% correct articulation of the target phonemes in the 20 training words. A multiple baseline procedure was used. The total amount of training time from onset of contingent-pairing to 100% correct was 3 hr. for Subject A, 48 min. for Subject B, and 2 hr. 24 min. for Subject C.