Amount Of Surfactant Research Articles

Box-Behnken Design for Formulation, Characterization and In-vivo Antidiabetic Activity of Pioglitazone Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

This study employs a 23 full factorial design in the design of experiment (DOE) technique to assess the impact of critical quality attributes (CQAs) on critical process parameters (CPPs) in the formulation of pioglitazone (PGZ) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). The three chosen CPPs are the quantity of liquid lipid (Captex 300), the proportion of solid lipid (Glyceryl Palmitostearate), and the amount of surfactant. The CQAs evaluated are entrapment efficiency (%EE) and particle size. The PGZ-loaded NLCs are prepared through a solvent injection method. The lipid phase, consisting of dissolved medication and lipids in ethanol, is rapidly injected into an aqueous phase containing the surfactant. The resulting dispersion undergoes analysis for entrapment effectiveness and particle size. Additionally, the in-vivo antidiabetic activity of the optimal formulation is examined using diabetic rat models induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and relevant biochemical parameters are assessed. The results demonstrate that the proposed PGZ-loaded NLCs exhibit superior antidiabetic activity and favorable physicochemical characteristics compared to free PGZ. This study provides valuable insights into the formulation and characterization of NLCs for enhanced diabetes management, emphasizing their potential as a promising delivery system to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antidiabetic drugs like PGZ

Carbon Paste Electrodes Surface-Modified with Surfactants: Principles of Surface Interactions at the Interface between Two Immiscible Liquid Phases.

Carbon paste electrodes ex-situ modified with different surfactants were studied using cyclic voltammetry with two model redox couples, namely hexaammineruthenium (II)/(III) and hexacyanoferrate (II)/(III), in 0.1 mol L-1 acetate buffer (pH 4), 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer (pH 7), and 0.1 mol L-1 ammonia buffer (pH 9) at a scan rate ranging from 50 to 500 mV s-1. Distinct effects of pH, ionic strength, and the composition of supporting media, as well as of the amount of surfactant and its accumulation at the electrode surface, could be observed and found reflected in changes of double-layer capacitance and electrode kinetics. It has been proved that, at the two-phase interface, the presence of surfactants results in elctrostatic interactions that dominate in the transfer of model substances, possibly accompanied also by the effect of erosion at the carbon paste surface. The individual findings depend on the configurations investigated, which are also illustrated on numerous schemes of the actual microstructure at the respective electrode surface. Finally, principal observations and results are highlighted and discussed with respect to the future development and possible applications of sensors based on surfactant-modified composited electrodes.

Versatile Deposition of Complex Colloidal Assemblies from the Evaporation of Hanging Drops.

Existing strategies designed to produce ordered arrangements of colloidal particles on solid supports are of great interest for their wide range of applications, from colloidal lithography, plasmonic and biomimetic surfaces to tags for anti-counterfeiting, but they all share various degrees of complexity hampering their facile implementation. Here, a drastically simplified methodology is presented to achieve ordered particle deposition, consisting in adding micromolar amounts of cationic surfactant to a colloidal suspension drop and let it evaporate in an upside-down configuration. Confinement at the air/water interface enables particle assembly into monolayers, which are then transferred on the substrate producing highly ordered structures displaying vivid, orientation-dependent structural colors. The method is compatible with many particle types and substrates, while controlling system parameters allows tuning the deposit size and morphology, from monocrystals to polycrystalline disks and "irises", from single-component to crystal alloys with Moiré patterns, demonstrating its practicality for a variety of processes.

Intelligent control of emulsion stability and evaluation of selective water shutoff performance

Using hydrophobic nano-SiO2 and a tiny amount of non-ionic and anionic surfactants as stabilizers, a Pickering emulsion system for oil-in-water in high-temperature and high-mineralization reservoirs was developed. At high temperatures (120 °C) and high mineralization (37000 mg/L), the emulsion system shows outstanding stability. The addition of the auxiliary agent can effectively control the time of emulsion breaking and nanoparticle release. The auxiliary agent will "compete" with the surfactant for adsorption on nanoparticles at the oil/water interface, weakening the surfactant's anchoring effect and causing a decrease in the surface roughness of the nanoparticles, resulting in a decrease in the mechanical strength of the interfacial film. Furthermore, the presence of H+ in the solution neutralizes part of the negative charges on the surface of emulsion droplets, which is detrimental to emulsion stability because electrostatic repulsion between droplets is diminished. The released SiO2 particles agglomerate in the pore throat to form a hydrophobic filter cake, which can be used to achieve intelligent water control in high-temperature and high-mineralization reservoirs (1000 mD), with an aqueous phase plugging rate of 95.83% and an oil phase plugging rate of 25.32%.

Capsaicin Emulgel- Design, Optimization, and Formulation for Topical Delivery

Topical therapy with emulgel -type of products allows efficient delivery of bioactive compounds with additional benefits to patients. This research aimed to design, optimize, formulate, and evaluate in vitro parameters between gels loaded with a microemulsion of extracted capsaicin to their standard. A crude form of capsaicin was extracted from capsicum. Using Box Behnken design, 15 different microemulsions were made by ultrasonication and optimized by varying three independent variables (amount of olive oil, Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of surfactants, and amount of surfactants used) using Stagraphic Centurion software. Microemulsions were optimized based on their organoleptic characters; dilution test, centrifugation test and PH, and gelling agent Carbopol-940 was determined by its viscosity, spreadability, swelling index, consistency, and PH. Finally, a stable capsaicin emulgel (0.05% and 0.1%) was made by incorporating optimized microemulsion (F8) and optimized gelling agent, 0.6% Carbopol- 940. Those final capsaicin emulgels were tested for drug content percentage, which was within the standard range.

Water-based organic solar cells from Janus nanoparticles: Closing the performance gap with reference cells

P3HT:PC61BM Janus nanoparticles prepared through nanoprecipitation were integrated in inverted solar cells with three different surfactants: an anionic (SDS), a cationic (C16TAB) and a neutral (pluronic F127). An investigation of the properties at the dispersed state showed no difference between all the surfactants. A thermogravimetric titration method was developed to calculate the residual amount of surfactant in the dispersions. The higher residual content of surfactant in the dispersions resulted in lower electronical properties. The optimum balance was found with SDS, showing the lower surfactant quantity required to achieve nanoparticle stabilisation (10%W), resulting in the minimum amount of insulating molecule in the active layer (PCE = 1.7 %).A systematic comparison is made, between a reference system, solar cells made from a o-dichlorobenzene solution of the active materials (power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 3.2 %). Atomic force microscopy revealed that best performances were linked to the complete sintering of the nanoparticles and an optimisation of the film morphology. While PC61BM aggregation was identified for SDS-based solar cells, a less pronounced aggregation was observed for pluronic F127. To solve this issue, we demonstrated that a slight addition of Pluronic F127 (4%w) in SDS-stabilised dispersion prior to processing the active layer not only ensured a better film formation, but avoided the PC61BM aggregation. As a result, a significant improvement of efficiencies was achieved (PCE = 2.44 %) approaching the reference solar cell efficiency.

Adsorption behavior of surfactants on sandstone reservoir rocks with carbonate cements and its influence on wettability alteration

AbstractThis study investigates the adsorption behaviors of surfactants in sandstone reservoir rocks containing various amounts of carbonate cement/minerals and their impact on wettability alteration under low‐salinity conditions. Two types of rock samples from sandstone reservoirs of Assam oilfields in India are selected based on XRD results. These rock types are (i) high carbonate cement (HCC) core sample with higher carbonate cement (calcite 5.6% and dolomite 4.0%), and (ii) low carbonate cement (LCC) core sample with lower carbonate cement (calcite = 0.5% and dolomite 0%). The study reveals that the mineralogy of sandstone reservoir rocks especially the carbonate minerals affects the brine‐rock interactions including wettability alternation and surfactant adsorption. Notable differences (2° to 8°) in contact angles for the two rock types at different salinities revealed that carbonate cement in sandstone thus impacts brine‐rock interactions. Further, low salinity surfactant (LSS) could positively alter the wettability of both rock types to water‐wet conditions (contact angle <60°). The most favorable wettability alterations (up to 30°) were achieved with cationic LSS solutions for both core types. Using LSS solutions also reduced the adsorption of anionic surfactant by around 40% and 33% for HCC and LCC rock samples, respectively. The study's novelty emanates from investigating the impact of sandstone reservoir rock mineralogy with varying amounts of carbonate cements on the adsorption behavior of surfactants under low‐salinity conditions. Moreover, this study provides a better understanding of the interrelationship existing between the degree of wettability alteration and the amount of surfactant adsorbed by sandstone rocks.

Study the Effect of Formulation Variables on Preparation of Nisoldipine Loaded Nano Bilosomes

Nisoldipine (NSD) is a dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers used for hypertension treatment, it belongs to class II BCS (low solubility with high permeability), its absolute bioavailability is only 5% due to presystemic metabolism in the gut wall. It is also a substrate for a CYP3A and P-gp.
 Bilosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles incorporating bile salts in their walls to prevent degredation by GIT bile salts.
 The aim of this study is to prepare nisoldipine bilosomes as vesicular carrier and assess the effect of different formulation variables such as type of surfactant, amount of cholesterol, surfactant and sonication time on particle size, entrapment efficiency and poly dispersity index of the prepared bilosomes.
 The prepared bilosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method and they were optimized using different types of non-ionic surfactants span20, 40 and 60 along with different amount of cholesterol and different sonication time.
 The prepared formulas have particle size between 138.3 -392.4 nm, polydispersity index 0.12- 0.4 and entrapment efficiency equal to 48-82%.
 Results showed that increasing cholesterol amount lead to increase entrapment with increase particle size further increase leads to decrease entrapment with further increase in particle size. While increase amount of surfactant (span 60) give higher entrapment of drug with decrease particle size. Span 60 give the best entrapment efficiency and increasing sonication time is associated with decrease in particle size and entrapment efficiency.

Solubility and Pharmacokinetic Profile Improvement of Griseofulvin through Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Assisted Complexation with HP-γ-Cyclodextrin

Since griseofulvin was marketed as a non-polyene antifungal antibiotic drug in 1958, its poor water solubility has been an issue for its wide applications, and over the last sixty years, many attempts have been made to increase its water solubility; however, a significant result has yet to be achieved. Through supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted cyclodextrin complexation with the addition of a trace amount of water-soluble polymer surfactant, the griseofulvin inclusion complex with HP-γ-cyclodextrin was prepared and confirmed. The 1:2 ratio of griseofulvin and HP-γ-cyclodextrin in the complex was determined based on its NMR study. After complexation with HP-γ-cyclodextrin, griseofulvin’s water solubility was increased 477 times compared with that of griseofulvin alone, which is the best result thus far. The complex showed 90% of griseofulvin release in vitro in 10 min, in an in vivo dog pharmacokinetic study; the Cmax was increased from 0.52 µg/mL to 0.72 µg/mL, AUC0–12 was increased from 1.55 μg·h/mL to 2.75 μg·h/mL, the clearance was changed from 51.78 L/kg/h to 24.16 L/kg/h, and the half-life time was changed from 0.81 h to 1.56 h, indicating the obtained griseofulvin complex can be a more effective drug than griseofulvin alone.

Formulation and optimization of Ambrisentan self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) tablet by wet granulation

Ambrisentan is an orally administered endothelin receptor antagonists used for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. As it is fall under BCS class 2 medicine, its solubility, stability and oral bio availability are poor. Here, a self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was developed to improve its solubility and drug dissolution. The objective of our investigation was to formulate a self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of Ambrisentan using minimized quantity of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant that could improve its solubility, stability, and dissolution. The composition of optimized formulation consists of Maisine CC as oil, Acrysol EL 135 as surfactant and Capryol PGMC as cosurfactant, containing 200 mg of Ambrisentan showing mean droplet size (155.12 nm), rate of self-emulsification (56 sec) and Polydispersibility index (0.331). This optimized liquid SMEDDS is used as a liquid component in wet granulation and prepare tablet of Ambrisentan having 5 mg strength. A prepared tablet is evaluated further for tablet evaluation tests and dissolution. This research results in good dissolution and stability.

Identifying regularities of the structure and properties of 13ХFА pipe steel smelted on different charges in electric arc furnace

The problem of increasing the efficiency of 13ХFА pipe steel for oil and gas wells by using selective selection of charges for smelting them in an electric arc furnace is considered. 4 batches of different chemical heterogeneity were studied. It was found that melt 1 from a purer charge 1 contains a smaller amount of harmful impurities in the form of surface-active substances (surfactants), which affect grain growth when samples are heated for quenching. Thus, melts 1 and 2, containing a smaller amount of surfactants in the charge, have a greater tendency to austenite grain growth and lower hardenability compared to melts 3 and 4, the charge of which is relatively heavily contaminated with surfactants. This is due to the low relatively free energy of melts 3 and 4. The study showed that at a relatively low tempering temperature (300 °С) there was an insignificant change in the mechanical properties of the samples (Rm, KC, etc.). Hydrogenation of steels significantly reduces the strength of steels from all melts, however, an increase in tempering time leads to an increase in long-term strength. In this case, the maximum impact strength (KC) of all melts is observed after normalization, but samples from melt 1 have a higher IC. When the samples were held (570 °С), the near-boundary layers of steel grains were enriched with P, Sb, Sn, As, leading to embrittlement and weakening of intergrain cohesion and a decrease in the energy of boundaries. In the process of testing at –80 °С, cracks along the grain boundaries are visible on the fractures of the samples after brittle tempering. By increasing the purity of metal waste for smelting pipe steel, it is possible to improve the complex of its properties, and hence the durability of seamless pipes for the oil and gas industry produced from it.

Surfactant Modified Bentonite Characterization: Effects and Comparative Analysis

Extensive soils can be found all over the world. The clay mineral montmorillonite is predominantly responsible for soil expansion. Because of their ability to shrink and swell with seasonal changes in moisture content, these expansive soils can cause significant damage to engineering construction. To stabilize the effects of swelling soil various ground improvement techniques, incorporate mineralogical modification of clays. The application of nanotechnology increased in past few years to deal with clay minerals as it possesses the same dimensional properties. To understand the behaviour of Nano modified clay, bentonite was selected as it represents the montmorillonite clay mineral. The characterization of surface-treated bentonite by nanomaterial was carried out. The study of physio-chemical properties and textural properties of surface-modified bentonite clay was carried out. Swelling pressure was evaluated by a consolidometer test. With the advanced nanotechnology instrumentation technique, particle size analysis, zeta potential, wettability, contact angle, infra-red spectroscopy, rheological properties, BET surface area, pH values, XRD, TGA, etc was carried out for treated and untreated soil, to understand the comparative behaviour of surface modification. It was found that by using Nano surfactant, liquid limit and shrinkage limit were reduced considerably. The increase in the quantity of surfactant increases the d-spacing. Thermal stability and particle size increase after surface treatment of bentonite clay. Soil reaches a visco-elastic state and BET surface area decreased after surface modification.

SARS-CoV-2 Protein Nanoparticle Vaccines Formed In Situ From Lyophilized Lipids.

The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein is an appealing immunogen, but associated vaccine approaches must overcome the hapten-like nature of the compact protein and adapt to emerging variants with evolving RBD sequences. Here, a vaccine manufacturing methodology is proposed comprising a sterile-filtered freeze-dried lipid cake formulation that can be reconstituted with liquid proteins to instantaneously form liposome-displayed protein nanoparticles. Mannitol is used as a bulking agent and a small amount of Tween-80 surfactant is required to achieve reconstituted submicron particles that do not precipitate prior to usage. The lipid particles include an E. coli-derived monophosphoryl lipid A (EcML) for immunogenicity, and cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP) for antigen display. Reconstitution of the lipid cake with aqueous protein results in rapid conversion of the RBD into intact liposome-bound format prior to injection. Protein particles can readily be formed with sequent-divergent RBD proteins derived from the ancestral or Omicron strains. Immunization of miceelicits antibodies that neutralize respective viral strains. When K18-hACE2 transgenic mice are immunized and challenged with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 or the Omicron BA.5 variant, both liquid liposomes displaying the RBD and rapid reconstituted particles protect mice from infection, as measured by the viral load in the lungs and nasal turbinates.

Tamoxifen-Loaded Eudragit Nanoparticles: Quality by Design Approach for Optimization of Nanoparticles as Delivery System.

Nanoparticles have numerous applications as drug carriers in drug delivery. The aim of the study was to produce tamoxifen nanoparticles with a defined size and higher encapsulation for efficient tissue uptake with controlled drug release. The quality by design approach was utilized to produce tamoxifen-loaded Eudragit nanoparticles by identifying the significant process variables using the nanoprecipitation method. The process variables (amount of drug, polymer, and surfactant) were altered to analyze the influence on particle size (PS), % encapsulation efficiency (EE). The results showed that the drug and polymer individually as well as collectively have an impact on PS, while the surfactant has no impact on the PS. The %EE was influenced by the surfactant individually and in interaction with the drug. The linear regression model was endorsed to fit the data showing high R2 values (PS, 0.9146, %EE, 0.9070) and low p values (PS, 0.0004, EE, 0.0005). The PS and EE were confirmed to be 178 nm and 90%, respectively. The nanoparticles were of spherical shape, as confirmed by SEM and TEM. The FTIR confirmed the absence of any incompatibility among the ingredients. The TGA confirmed that the NPs were thermally stable. The in vitro release predicted that the drug release followed Higuchi model.

Solubilization and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl antiradical activity of butylated hydroxyanisole in aqueous surfactant micelles

AbstractThe solubilization of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous surfactant solutions of different architectures (anionic, cationic, and nonionic) has been investigated to improve its aqueous solubility and assess the effect of surfactant‐based multiphase environments on its antiradical activity against 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Herein, we report that the micellar encapsulation and DDPH antiradical activity of BHA are highly dependent on the structure and amount of surfactant used. Radical scavenging activity (RSA) and solubilization were efficient in nonionics compared to ionics. DPPH reduction kinetics in micellar media is essential to uncover the behavior of BHA in multiphase environments commonly encountered in different food systems simulated by aqueous micelles. The study is important to identify the optimal medium for improving the solubility and antioxidant capacity of compounds like BHA, and to anticipate the effect of different micro‐heterogeneous/multiphase environments on BHA's antioxidant capability.

High‐Speed Deposition of Large‐Area Narrow‐Bandgap Perovskite Films for All‐Perovskite Tandem Solar Mini‐Modules

AbstractDeveloping all‐perovskite tandem solar cells is an effective approach to extend the limit of power conversion efficiency. However, fast preparation of large‐area and high‐quality narrow‐bandgap Sn‐based perovskite films still remains a major challenge in fabricating all‐perovskite tandem modules. Here high‐crystalline and compact narrow‐bandgap perovskite films with an area over 100 cm2 are well prepared by combining compositional, solvent and additive engineering. The use of 2‐methoxyethanol as a solvent enables the fast deposition of narrow‐bandgap perovskite films. Adding proper amounts of dimethyl sulfoxide and surfactant L‐α‐phosphatidylcholine into the narrow‐bandgap perovskite precursor effectively enhances the crystallinity and coverage of the resulting perovskite films, respectively. Based on these studies, narrow‐bandgap perovskite and all‐perovskite tandem mini‐modules with an aperture area of 10.4 cm2 are constructed and exhibit high efficiencies of 13.2% and 16.4%, respectively. This study provides an option for fast deposition of high‐quality narrow‐bandgap perovskite films, which is beneficial for the scalable production of all‐perovskite tandem solar modules.

The Comparison of Metal Doped TiO2 Photocatalytic Active Fabrics under Sunlight for Waste Water Treatment Applications

The release of toxic effluents and microfibers during the frequent washings of textiles poses a major threat to the environment. On the one hand, the detrimental effluents from detergents pose a threat to marine biota in peril, and on the other, microplastics have even been found in breastmilk. According to this study, functionalized metal-doped TiO2 nanoparticles can be immobilized to create fabrics that are hygienic and antibacterial. There is a need to reduce the amount of different detergents, surfactants and chemicals used to remove stains. The manufacture of pristine and Cu-, Ag- and Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles having trace molar ratios of dopant chosen with a simple sol–gel approach using pad–dry–cure silane coupling agents, firstly with the functionalization and then the immobilization of nanoparticles, was successfully performed on cotton fabric. The as-obtained fabrics were evaluated for their crystallinity, chemical functionalities, surface morphologies and elemental compositions. The photodegradation potentials of unfunctionalized materials were assessed in ambient sunshine against five commercial colors. Within three hours of sunshine exposure, according to color strength analysis and antibactericidal activities, 95–98% of the dye was degraded from the functionalized fabric surface. Additionally, the treated content kept its mechanical and comfort qualities.

Pore-scale study of dynamic surfactant adsorption under immiscible displacement in porous media: effect of wetting conditions

Surfactant flooding is one of the most effective methods of enhanced oil recovery, because it helps to reduce oil-water interfacial tension and mobilize the residual oil. Surfactant molecules can be adsorbed on the particle surface. This paper presents a systematic study of the dynamic adsorption of a water-soluble surfactant during flooding of oil-saturated porous media. The novelty lies in the study of dynamic adsorption with multiphase flows in porous media, which provides new trends. The main goal is to reveal the effect of wetting angle, interfacial tension, flow rate, and adsorption rate constant on the adsorbed amount in the immiscible displacement. Lattice Boltzmann simulations are used to study this problem. The flow regions are represented by digital images of granular porous structures. A map characterizing the adsorbed amount of surfactant versus wetting angle and interfacial tension has been presented. The results showed that increasing the wetting angle positively affects the adsorbed amount, while increasing interfacial tension suppresses the adsorbed value. Different patterns of dynamic adsorption in dependence on flow rate and adsorption rate constant have been identified. At low adsorption rates, regardless of the wetting angle and interfacial tension, a decrease in the flow rate contributes to an increase in the adsorbed amount. At high adsorption rates, the adsorbed amount is determined by the displacement efficiency. The obtained tendencies have been validated by performing a series of simulations on a group of porous structures. It has been found that the prediction reliability of the adsorbed amount increases with increasing wetting angle and capillary number.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EVALUATIONS OF TOPICAL RADIANCE SERUM CONTAINING NANOEMULSION COMBINATION OF ASTAXANTHIN AND ZEAXANTHIN: DESIGNED AS ANTI-WRINKLE AND SKIN-BRIGHTENING SERUM

Objective: The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate the radiance serum containing the combination of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion designed for anti-wrinkle and skin brightening serum by topical route of administration. Methods: The nanoemulsion containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin was prepared using the self-nano emulsifying method, followed by incorporation into the radiance serum by the conventional mixing method. The quantity and ratio of surfactant, co-surfactant, and oil phase have been optimized in the previous study, as well as the radiance serum formula. The evaluation of the nanoemulsion and radiance serum was carried out by physical and chemical characterization. At the end of the study, an antioxidant activity of the serum containing nanoemulsion of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin was performed by DPPH method and the antioxidant activity was compared to its pure forms. The evaluation of the ex vivo permeation study was carried out to evaluate its possibility as an anti-wrinkle and skin brightener. Results: An astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion had a good physical properties with a globule size around of 20 nm (narrow particle size distribution), an entrapment efficiency range greater than 85%, and had a spherical morphology. The radiance serum had a good organoleptic and spreadability with the semifluid characteristic. Based on the result of antioxidant activity, the radiance serum had a highly active antioxidant activity. The radiance serum contained of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion of 1% concentration, astaxanthin had a 2-6 times cumulative released compared than zeaxanthin (p<0.05) and all of the formulations exhibited a high skin permeation significantly. Conclusion: A formulation of nanoemulsion-based serum containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin for topical delivery has been successfully developed. Based on the results of physical evaluation and especially from the permeation study, it seems that radiance serum containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion was potential to be used as an anti-wrinkle and skin brightening, however this function must be proven in further research.

Isolation of Polyphenols from Two Waste Streams of Clingstone Peach Canneries Utilizing the Cloud Point Extraction Method

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of employing cloud point extraction (CPE) as an efficient way of extracting polyphenols from peach waste (PW). Four distinct food-grade surfactants (Genapol X-080, PEG 8000, Tween 80, and lecithin) were evaluated at concentrations ranging from 2–10% w/v to determine the efficiency of the technique in two separate PW streams [i.e., lye peeling waste stream (LPWS) and total wastewater stream (TWS)]. Low amounts (2% w/v) of surfactants in a single-step CPE were found to result in less than ~61% polyphenol recovery in LPWS and less than ~69% polyphenol recovery in the TWS, necessitating additional extraction steps. In both PW streams, the single-step polyphenol recovery was improved by 25–67% utilizing a higher amount of surfactants (5–10% w/w), leading to a statistically significant figure (p < 0.05). The CPE procedure was conducted under optimal conditions, including a temperature of 65 °C, a sodium chloride concentration of 3% w/v, a pH level of 3.5, and a surfactant concentration of 5% w/v. The polyphenol recovery was efficient when the CPE procedure was conducted twice. Tween 80 proved to be the most efficient surfactant among the four tested surfactants, achieving recoveries above 98% in both PW streams. Under optimum extraction conditions, the total polyphenol content and antiradical activity of PW extracts were evaluated. The results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two PW streams, with the LPWS having approximately 12 times higher polyphenol content and being more potent, achieving ~64% antiradical activity. Using the LPWS instead of the TWS is a more cost-effective and feasible option for the industry. In addition, the considerable volume of the TWS makes it challenging to handle and demands a correspondingly major amount of surfactant. Considering that Tween 80 is a low-toxicity surfactant and that the CPE method is simple, fast, cost-effective, highly accurate, and selective, the extracted polyphenols from two PW streams could be exploited as natural antioxidants to be used directly in the food industry. These findings could have major implications for the manufacturing of sustainable and naturally-derived food additives.