Amount Of Sulfuric Acid Research Articles

Manufacturing Process of Activated Carbon from Asphalt (III) Preparation of Char from Asphalt by Sulfuric Acid-Solvent Method

Propane-deasphalted asphalt (PDA) was sulfonated by sulfuric acid in presence of solvent to produce activated carbon from asphalt.Granulated char was obtained after sulfonation reaction by using solvent which belonged to one of alkylhalides such as methylenechloride, 1, 1, 2- trichloroethane or 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane.The yield of char gradually increased with the increase of amount of solvent. This effect was recognized even in case of using small amount of solvent.It was clear that the yield of char was influenced considerably by the amount of sulfuric acid in the presence of solvent. The yield of char was about 10 wt. % higher in the presence of solvent than in the absence of it. Also, the total ion exchange capacity of char was larger in the presence of solvent.Therefore it was seen that the presence of solvent very much facilitated the sulfonation of PDA.The required amount of sulfuric acid was less in the presence of solvent than in the absence of it; the weight ratio of sulfuric acid to PDA for the former was 3 or 4, but 7 for the latter to obtain the char with the yield based on PDA of 120 wt. %.

Diazo compounds of the heterocyclic series

Better yields of the triazenes can be obtained when the reaction is carried out in alcohol solution at 20 ~ in the presence of catalytic amounts of sulfuric acid. It might have been assumed that the process takes place via denitrosation with subsequent condensation of the resulting 2-aminobenzimidazole (IX) with a second molecule of nitrosamine. However, the addition of amine IX to the reaction mixture promotes only stabilization of nitrosamines I-IV, apparently through suppression of acid catalysis.

Kinetics of the reaction between urea and formaldehyde in the presence of sulfuric acid

The kinetics of the reaction between urea and formaldehyde were studied in the presence of various amounts of sulfuric acid (5–45% by weight) at different temperatures (5°, 15°, and 25°C). The reaction was shown to follow first-order kinetics. The activation energy for the reaction varies from 12.51 kcal/mole to 14.59 kcal/mole in the range of sulfuric acid concentration studied.

ChemInform Abstract: A NEW ACID CATALYZED OXIDATION OF SOME ACETYLENIC COMPOUNDS WITH SELENIUM DIOXIDE

AbstractWährend die Oxidation von Phenylacetylen (I) mit Selendioxid in Essigsäure PhenyI= glyoxal (II) und Benzoesäure (III) liefert, verläuft die Oxidation in Gegenwart einer geringen Menge Schwefelsäure zu der Benzoylameisensäure (IV) und bei Durchführung der Reaktion in Äthanol in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen Schwefelsäure zu zu einem Gemisch der Verbindungen (V)‐(VII).

The acid-catalyzed reaction of acetic anhydride with some oxocanes

Three cyclic polymers of formaldehyde, namely, trioxane, 1,3,5,7-tetraoxocane, and 1,3,5,7,9-pentaoxocane, were reacted with acetic anhydride containing a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. The progress of each reaction was followed by GLC. The cyclic compounds increased in reactivity with increasing molecular weight. The first step in each reaction was a ring opening, which produced a poly(oxymethylene diacetate) containing the same number of formaldehyde units as in the original cyclic compound. The poly(oxymethylene diacetate) then reacted with additional acetic anhydride to produce diacetates containing a smaller number of formaldehyde units. By controlling the time of reaction, the higher or lower molecular weight diacetates were made to predominate in the reaction mixture. Zine chloride can be used in place of sulfuric acid as the catalyst for the conversion of oxocanes to poly(oxymethylene diacetates). The reaction with ZnCl2 at room temperature is less vigorous and easier to control, yielding as the main product poly(oxymethylene diacetate) containing the same number of formaldehyde units as in the starting oxocane.

Buffer Intensities and Equilibrium pH of Minerals and Soils: II. Theoretical and Actual pH of Minerals and Soils

AbstractEquilibrium pH values of different clay minerals, oxides and carbonates at pCO2 = 10‐2 atm. are between 4.5 and 8, i.e., in the range typical for most soils. The agreement between the calculated pH and the abrasion pH for most minerals is reasonable. The pH of a number of soils can be explained by partial equilibrium between the soil solution and kaolinite, allophane, gibbsite, montmorillonite or calcite. For illite the agreement is less satisfactory. The effects of reducing conditions and the possible role of pH buffering by organic matter are discussed briefly. Application of the phase rule indicates that the specific mineral assemblage of acid sulfate soils provides a nearly ideal pH‐stat, i.e., addition of moderate amounts of sulfuric acid or lime hardly affects the pH.

Thiosteroids—XXXV : Diastereomers of steroidal thiolsulfinates

17β-Hydroxy-5α-androstan-2α,3α-anti(R)-episulfoxide on treatment with methanol and ethanol in the presence of a trace amount of sulfuric acid gave diastereomers of bis((2β-methoxy- and 2β-ethoxy-17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3α-yl) disulfide S-monoxides respectively. The absolute configuration of the compounds was established by their Grignard reactions leading to diastereomeric phenyl sulfoxides stereoaspecifically.

Condensed Sulfur Trioxide—Particulate or Vapor?

Sulfuric acid from condensed sulfur trioxide (SO3) has been found in the filtering medium used in the EPA/APCO, WP-50, and high-volume sampling methods. The amount of sulfuric acid ranged from 1 8 to 78% of the total particulate matter found when sampling emissions from oil-fired boilers. These levels were high enough to determine whether a unit is in compliance with regulations. A question is raised as to whether condensed sulfur trioxide should be included in particulate measurements or eliminated after analyzing the filter medium.

Aqueous polymerization of acrylamide initiated by acidic potassium permanganate–ascorbic acid redox system

AbstractThe polymerization of acrylamide initiated by the acidic permanganate–ascorbic acid redox pair has been studied in aqueous media at 30 ± 0.2°C in nitrogen atmosphere. The initial rate of polymerization has been found to be proportional to nearly the first power of the catalyst KMnO4 concentration within the range 6.0 × 10−3–14.0 × 10−3 mole/l. The rate is proportional to the first power of the monomer concentration within the range 4.00 × 10−2–12.0 × 10−2 mole/l. However, the rate of polymerization is independent of ascorbic acid concentration within the range 3.0 × 10−3–6.0 × 10−3 mole/l., but the further increase of the concentration depresses the rate of polymerization as well as maximum conversion. The initial rate increases but the maximum conversion decreases as the temperature is increased within the range 20–35°C. The overall energy of activation has been found to be 9.8 kcal/mole. The optimum amount of sulfuric acid is essential to initiate the polymerization but its presence in excess produces no effect either on the rate of reaction or the maximum conversion. Water‐miscible organic solvents and salts, e.g., CH3OH, C2H5OH, (CH3)2CHOH, KCl, and Na2SO4, depress the rate. Slight amounts of MnSO4 · H2O and a complexing agent NaF increase the rate of polymerization. Cationic and anionic detergents have been found to decrease and increase the rate, respectively, while nonionic surfactants have no effect on the rate of polymerization.

希薄クロム酸処理鋼板の外観におよぼす下地鋼板表面の影響

The surface film, produced by cathodic treatment of steel sheets in a dilute chromic acid solution containing small amounts of sulfuric acid and a fluoride, consisted of an upper layer of hydrated chromium oxide and a lower layer of metallic chromium. Low carbon steel sheets of various surface states specially prepared were subjected to cathodic treatment in the dilute chromic acid solution, and then, coated with clear epoxy-phenolic lacquer. The examinations of surface roughness, reflectivity, and lightness were made on the steel substrates, cathodic-treated sheets, and lacquered sheets. The results of examinations were as follows. The surface roughness of cathodic-treated sheets was almost the same as that of original steel substrates. The reflectivity of cathodic-treated sheets largely depended upon that of original steel substrates and the former value was lower than the latter value. The reflectivity of the lacquered steels merely depended upon that of original sheet substrates. The lightness of the cathodic-treated sheets depended upon that of original steel substrates; that is, the former linearly increased with the increase of the latter. The lightness of the lacquered sheets also depended upon that of original steel substrates, and the relation between the both was expressed by a linear function.

Reaction of formaldehyde with cellulose in the presence of phosphoric acid

The extent and rate of reaction between cotton yarn before and after slack mercerization and slack mercerization followed by stretching and formaldehyde, in the presence of various amounts of sulfuric acid (5-60% by weight) were studied. Beyond a concentration of 45% sulfuric acid, the reaction takes place very rapidly, and an explanation is put forward in terms of the extent of swelling of the fiber in sulfuric acid solutions. The reaction was also studied in the presence of glycerin, when the combined formaldehyde value is shown to decrease with an increasing concentration of glycerin.

Reaction of formaldehyde with cellulose in the presence of sulfuric acid

AbstractThe extent and rate of reaction between cotton yarn before and after slack mercerization and slack mercerization followed by stretching and formaldehyde, in the presence of various amounts of sulfuric acid (5–60% by weight) were studied. Beyond a concentration of 45% sulfuric acid, the reaction takes place very rapidly, and an explanation is put forward in terms of the extent of swelling of the fiber in sulfuric acid solutions. The reaction was also studied in the presence of glycerin, when the combined formaldehyde value is shown to decrease with an increasing concentration of glycerin.

A NEW ACID CATALYZED OXIDATION OF SOME ACETYLENIC COMPOUNDS WITH SELENIUM DIOXIDE

Abstract It was found that oxidation of some acetylenic compounds with selenium dioxide was easily proceeded in the presence of catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. The oxidation took place mainly at the triple bond, and α-keto acid or α-diketone was isolated as a main product.

クロム酸溶液の電解還元で生成するクロム水和酸化物皮膜中への硫酸基の共析

The incorporation of sulfate radical into the hydrated Cr oxide film formed on the steel surface during the galvanostatic electrolysis for a few seconds in the electrolyte, being composed of 50g/l of chromic acid and a small amount of sulfuric acid, was investigated by the tracer technics using radioactive sulfur (35S).The results obtained were as follows:(1) The incorporation of sulfate radical into the hydrated Cr oxide film and its dissolution concurrently occurred during the electrolysis in the same way as the behavior of the hydrated Cr oxide film.(2) The amount of sulfate radical (m) measured in the hydrated Cr oxide film after t sec. of galvanostatic electrolysis was shown by the following equation:m=A′/B′(1-e-B′t)Where A′: Rate constant of the incorporation of sulfate radicalB′: Rate constant of its dissolution(3) The amount of sulfate radical in the hydrated Cr oxide film increased with the increases in the applied current density and the concentration of sulfate ion in the electrolyte. The drop of the electrolyte temperature led to increase of sulfate radical incorporated in the hydrated Cr oxide film.(4) Most (90-95%) of sulfate radical incorporated in the hydrated Cr oxide film was present as water soluble.(5) Molar ratio (oxide Cr/SO4-2) in the hydrated Cr oxide film slightly decreased with the time of electrolysis, and then, became almost constant (3-5) after 10-20sec. of electrolysis.(6) The conditions of electrolysis for obtaining higher current efficiency in metallic Cr deposition almost corresponded with those for the formation of thicker hydrated Cr oxide film and the incorporation of much greater amount of sulfate radical in the hydrated Cr oxide film.

The use of heated sodium chloride to recover the mist of sulfuric acid

In order to recover the mist of sulfuric acid, heated sodium chloride was used transfering the acid to hydrogen chloride. A definite amount of sulfuric acid was produced by heating potassium hydrogen sulfate at 800°C. The acid was then allowed to react with the salt at 450°C. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas, and the rate was about 700 ml/min. Hydrogen chloride thus produced was introduced into the water contained in absorbing bottles, and was determined volumetrically. About 90% of sulfuric acid produced was converted into hydrogen chloride, and the latter was collected in the first absorbing bottle completely.This process may be useful not only for the determination of the mist, but also for removing the sulfuric materials in waste gases.

Conformations of alanine oligopeptides in solution

The conformations of four series of alanine oligomers containing solubility-enhancing blocking groups were investigated using circular dichroism (CD) in trifluoroethanol (TFE), hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), and TFE-sulfuric acid, TFE-water mixtures. These studies show that alanine oligomers may exist in α-helical, β-associated, or disordered conformations, depending upon the solvent. The β-conformation, which appears in the higher oligomers, could be disrupted by dilution or by the addition of small amounts of sulfuric acid (1%). A mixture of 99% TFE-1% H 2SO 4 was found to be helix supporting and was used to determine a critical size for helix formation. Studies in TFE-water suggest that the higher oligomers should exist in a β-conformation in water.

Determination of radioruthenium using a polyethylene film

A simple method is described for the determination of radioruthenium. A solution containing radioruthenium is placed in a conical flask with small amounts of sulfuric acid, silver nitrate, and potassium periodate. The mouth of the flask is covered with a thin polyethylene film, which is fixed with a soft rubber band, and the flask is heated for 2 hrs on a water bath. Radioruthenium is oxidized to tetroxide, evaporated by steam-distillation, and fixed quantitatively on the inner surface of the polyethylene film as a firm black stain. Contamination ratios of other nuclides are under 2·10−4.

Acid-Catalyzed Oxidation of Olefins with Selenium Dioxide

Abstract A drastic deviation from the usually accepted reaction path was observed when oxidation of olefins was carried out in acetic acid with selenium dioxide in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. Oxidation of cyclohexene gave a mixture of cis- and trans-1,2-diacetoxycyclohexane. It was shown that in the oxidation of cyclohexene the organoselenium intermediate which produced 3-acetoxy-1-cyclohexene on pyrolysis, is not the intermediate in the present reaction. A study on reaction variables, such as effect of molar ratio of cyclohexene to selenium dioxide, amount of sulfuric acid, and water, reaction time and temperature, was undertaken. The reaction was extended to 1-octene and 1-hexene. A general structure for the organoselenium compound produced in the oxidation of terminal olefins in acetic acid without sulfuric acid, has been proposed. On the basis of our data and some previous concepts a reaction scheme has also been given.

Inter‐ und intramolekulare Umlagerung der Sulfogruppe in 2‐Naphtol‐1‐sulfonsäure

AbstractThe isomerisation of 2‐naphthol‐1‐sulfonic acid (potassium salt) into 2‐naphthol‐6‐sulfonic acid has been studied using labelled sulfuric acid (H235SO4). In 40 to 50% aqueous sulfric acid the reaction takes place exclusively by an intermolecular mechanism (protio‐desulfonation and resulfonation). In glacial acetic acid, in the presence of an excess of sulfuric acid, the rearrangement is partly intramolecular. With an equimolar amount of sulfuric acid the rearrangement is completely intramolecular. This reaction is first order with respect to 2‐naphthol‐1‐sulfonic acid and zeroth order with respect to excess of sulfuric acid. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed.

A Theoretical Consideration on Chemical Reactions in the Kjeldahl Digestion

Abstract The decomposition of organic nitrogen compounds by Kjeldahl digestion was discussed and some experiments were carried out. The relationship between the amount of sulfuric acid consumed and the amount of ammonia produced at various stages including final ones of the decomposition was examined. As a result, chemical reaction of decomposition was evaluated, and the temperature at the initial stage reveals one of the important factors which determine the ratio of oxidative action of hot concentrated sulfuric acid to reductive action of sulfur dioxide produced in the reaction system. It is concluded that, if the temperature of initial stage is adjusted properly, it is possible to decompose mostly nitro and azo compounds into ammonia by sulfuric acid containing potassium sulfate without reductive pretreatment which has previously been believed to be indispensable.