Amount Of Shift Research Articles

The Absolute Phase Retrieval Based on the Rotation of Phase-Shifting Sequence

The absolute phase retrieval has been the focus of developments in three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement. The traditional absolute phase retrievals based on phase-shifting algorithm mainly utilize extra patterns to generate fringe order map, which decreases the measuring speed and income more phase shift error. In this paper, the cue of fringe order is directly embedded into phase-shifting patterns to minimize the number of projecting patterns. Fringe order is encoded by rotating the sequence of phase shift amounts, causing the 2&#x03C0; discontinuity to be extended into &#x00B1;2&#x03C0;/<i>N</i>, &#x00B1;4&#x03C0;/<i>N</i>,..., &#x00B1;2(<i>N</i>-1)&#x03C0;/<i>N</i>, &#x00B1;2&#x03C0;. Due to the coding periodicity, the regional wrapped phase without 2&#x03C0; ambiguity can be extracted from different wrapped phase maps. When decoding, the coding phase jump points can be located and identified from one or multiple wrapped phase maps, and then used to determine fringe order by the bidirectional data processing. Experimental results have proved that the proposed method without extra coding patterns not only provides high robustness to shadow and considerable accuracy closed to that of traditional phase-coded method, but also inherits the performance to measure the complex and colorful object using traditional sinusoidal phase-shifting patterns.

On the various-heating-rates method for evaluating the activation energies of thermoluminescence peaks

The well-known various-heating-rates (VHR) method for evaluating the activation energy of thermoluminescence (TL) peaks is revisited. The method hinges on the shift of the TL peak with changing heating rate, and is based on the properties of first-order curves. Several works have shown that the same method yields a good approximation of the activation energy when general-order peaks are involved. A recent work by Maghrabi has presented a heuristic explicit expression for the magnitude of the shift between two heating rates within the first-order kinetics framework. In the present work, we address two related points. We show how the expression suggested by Maghrabi can be reached by making a very reasonable approximation of the original equation yielding the maximum condition. We also present an alternative expression which yields the amount of shift of the TL maximum with changing heating rate and with less approximation. The other point dealt with involves the results of a numerical study of the evaluation of the activation energy by the use of various heating rates in the more general one-trap-one-recombination-center (OTOR) situation. The results show that even in this general case, the various heating rates method yields very good results. The same is true for the "mixed-order" kinetics. The numerical results are accompanied by an analytical account which shows that the method yields very accurate activation energies in the rather general OTOR situation.

Exact computational methods for univariate and multivariate control charts under runs rules

This article proposes efficient computational methods for designing and evaluating phases of Shewhart type control charts under runs rules. The efficient computational methods include exact equations or formulas for computing the probability of single-point and run-length properties of control charts. The run-length properties include average, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and moments. The study implements the proposed computational methods in the design and evaluation phases of well known univariate and multivariate control charts. In this regard, the research considers mean, variance, standard deviation, multivariate Hotelling and generalized variance control charts. Also, various procedures and a code in R language are provided to exemplify the applications of proposed computational methods in control charts. A comprehensive analysis of the behaviour of run-length properties of control charts under runs rules is conducted by considering various choices of factors such as sample size, amount of shift, and choice of runs rules. The proposed efficient computational methods provide the desired results with additional features such as reducing the computational burden, time efficient and being practitioner friendly. Finally, the article presents some real-life examples of univariate and multivariate control charts from manufacturing and winds turbine processes.

A real-time gas monitoring system based on ion mobility spectrometry for workplace environmental measurements.

A volatile organic compounds (VOC) gas monitor was developed using an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS). It was designed for real-time monitoring in work environments, where gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) does not perform well. To evaluate the identification capability, response time, and quantitative accuracy of this device, experiments were conducted using methyl ethyl ketone. This is widely used in many factories, and its short-term exposure limit (STEL) has been set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Because the ionizable amount of methyl ethyl ketone has already been exceeded in STEL value of 300 ppm which belongs to the measurement range of interest in this study, this study estimated the peak shift amount rather than the peak intensity. Calibration curves with high accuracy were obtained in a range including 300 ppm which is the STEL of methyl ethyl ketone. The results of the experiment suggest that the device can be used for monitoring chemical substances in a work environment.

Evaluation of Anode Porous Transport Layer Using Polarization Separation Method on PEM Water Electrolysis

Introduction Recently, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) has been expected as the hydrogen production technologies to convert the renewable energy with regional and temporal unevenness into hydrogen, which can be stored and transported. PEMWE has a high energy conversion efficiency at the high current density, however it is required to reduce the high material cost due to the utilization of noble metals. Currently, the development of new components and the reduction the amount of noble metals have been conducted. The porous transport layer (PTL) is one of the most important elements to improve the efficiency of PEMWE. PTLs have the roles such as the transporting electrons between the catalyst layer (CL) and the end plate, the discharging the generated gas, and supplying water to CL. Therefore, the accurate separation and determination of the polarization in the electrolyzer are essential technologies. In that case, the potential measurement using reference electrodes can be useful. In this study, we measured the anode and cathode polarizations by the elimination of membrane resistance, and evaluated the polarization of anode PTLs with a small size electrolyzer using double references. Experimental Figure 1 shows the schematic drawing of 1 cm2 electrolyzer with double references. Hydrogen storage Pd reference (PdH) were placed on the membrane by the contact with 0.5 M H2SO4. Anode and cathode electrocatalysts were IrOx (TKK) and Pt/C (TKK), respectively. The 1.0 mgIr/cm2 of anode catalyst was decaled on PEM (Nafion®115, DuPont) with Nafion ionomer, and the 1.0 mgPt/cm2 of cathode catalyst was assembled on the membrane as a catalyst coated electrode supported a carbon paper (39BC, SIGRACET®). Pt plated Ti (MMC) and the carbon paper were used as the anode and cathode PTL, respectively. These electrodes were fixed straight (x = 0 mm) or shift (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mm) stacking as shown in Fig. 1. Operation temperature of the electrolyzer conducted at 80℃. DI water was pumped and induced at flow rates of 10 ml/min and 2 ml/min to the anode and cathode, respectively. The performance was evaluated by the chronoamperometry (CA) and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results and discussion Figure 2 shows the relationship between the inner resistance R ac obtained from high frequency resistance of EIS and the direct current resistance R dc between references. The slopes of line, which passed through the origin, became larger as the increase of shift amount. As the slope represented θ, they can be written by equation (1). Next, using the α, the relationship between R dc and R membrane is defined by equation (2). Here, assuming that the contact resistance between PTL and CL is sufficiently small, R ac is equal to membrane resistance R membrane. Hence, R membrane can be calculated as α is equal to θ.Figure 3 shows the Tafel plots of anode and cathode polarization curves using reference electrodes of anode or cathode sides, and the membrane iR removed polarization curves E corrected , assuming the reference potential was equivalent to 8 % (= (100-84)/2) from the electrode/electrolyte interface (x = 1.0 mm). E corrected on cathode side was approximately identical to the extrapolated Tafel slope, and there was no mass transfer effect, which is the difference between the two curves. The reason is that the cathode side was only hydrogen generation by supplying electrons. On the other hand, E corrected on anode side showed the overpotential for the extrapolation of Tafel slope above anode potential of 1.4 V vs. PdH, and especially in the high current density area, it was affected by larger mass transfer resistance than cathode side. This overpotential was considered the water/oxygen transfer resistance or/and the transfer resistance related to the electrons in CL around PTL.Figure 4 shows the comparison of overpotential for anode PTLs. In this current density range, these plots showed the linear relationship between the overpotential and the current density. To compare the anode PTLs, PTL A indicated smaller overpotential than PTL B with smaller pore size and bigger porosity.In conclusion, the double references potential measurement with shift arrangement of electrodes enabled to separate the polarization into anode and cathode, and remove the membrane iR. Based on this method, this measurement method using the developed electrolyzer indicated to be able to evaluate the difference of PTL overpotential for the several type PTLs. Acknowledgment This study was supported by the development of fundamental technology for advancement of water electrolysis hydrogen production in advancement of hydrogen technologies and utilization project (JPNP14021) commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) in Japan. Figure 1

Nonreciprocal photonic composited Su–Schrieffer–Heeger chain

We explore nonreciprocity based on the topological zero modes of a finite asymmetric composited Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) chain composed of spinning ring cavities theoretically. Here, the first cavity on the short side is designed as a rotating cavity, whose frequency is related to the transmission direction of the light due to the Fizeau light-dragging effect. There are two topological edge modes (TEMs) and one topological interface mode in the middle of the bandgap for the composited SSH chain. The structural asymmetry reduces the transmittance of the system significantly due to symmetry breaking of the field distribution induced for the three modes. However, a small amount of frequency shift of the rotating cavity by Fizeau drag can greatly increase the transmittance by compensating the asymmetry of the structure for one TEM. Therefore, by introducing the input and output waveguides to couple the two outermost ring cavities, we construct an efficient nonreciprocal chain (the maximum isolation ratio can exceed 50 dB) with significant characteristics of monochromaticity and robustness in a narrow frequency range. Moreover, we prove that choosing appropriate system parameters can reduce the requirements of frequency shift. Our work combines nonreciprocity and one-dimensional topological structure organically and provides a scheme to achieve long-range nonreciprocity with topological protection, which is a crucial element in the classical and quantum technologies of computing and information.

Optimization of Profile Shift Co-efficient for Highest Contact Ratio in Non-standard Gearing

The power transmission in mechanical drives is undoubtedly handled by gears. Tooth profile of a gear characterizes the power transmission. Standard gears mostly employ involute tooth for reasons of simplicity, while non-standard gears employs involute tooth profile shifting either positive or negative to modify the tooth geometry. Profile shifting is practiced in two ways, first known as S-gearing, either S0 or S± without change in tooth-sum while the second known as Altered tooth-sum gearing, aptly called Z± gearing with change in tooth-sum Zs, tooth-sum being the sum of teeth on pinion and gear. In S± gearing the center distance will change while in S0 gearing and Z± gearing the center distance remains unchanged. Altered tooth-sum gearing is a novel method of increasing (Z+) or decreasing (Z-) the tooth-sum of standard gearing either by adding or removing one or more teeth (±Ze) in either pinion or gear or both and eventually distributing the resulting total profile shift co-efficient among the gear pair, thus maintaining the same center distance. In designing Non-standard gearing the amount of profile shift is expressed as ‘Xm’, where ‘X’ is known as Profile shift co-efficient and ‘m’ is module of the gear. This has a significant influence on the gearing in terms of load carrying capacity, contact ratio (CR), load sharing etc. In this study contact ratio of altered tooth-sum gearing is focused, as it affects the tooth load sharing with influence on vibration and noise levels as well. Optimization of the profile shift co-efficient will be meaningful in designing gears to give highest contact ratio. Load sharing is observed to be beneficial in Altered tooth-sum gearing using increased tooth-sum (Z+ gearing), besides this method offering unparallel benefits to gear engineering.

Tuning the Optical Band Gap of Two-Dimensional WS2 Integrated with Gold Nanocubes by Introducing Palladium Nanostructures

The two characteristic absorption peaks of semiconducting two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (WS2) are red-shifted after integrating with gold nanocube (AuNC) arrays. The amount of the red shift is reduced when the AuNCs are coated with a high concentration of Pd. A negligible shift was observed in the absorption peaks of WS2 when smaller amounts of Pd are introduced to the surface of AuNCs. Conversely, the photoluminescence (PL) of WS2 is blue-shifted when measured on top of AuNCs and AuNCs coated with different amounts of Pd. AuNC-Pd Janus nanoparticles are prepared by depositing Pd atoms asymmetrically on AuNCs assembled into 2-D arrays on the surface of a glass substrate by the chemical reduction of Pd ions. Due to the large AuNC or AuNC-Pd/WS2 Schottky barrier, the plasmon-induced hot electron transfer (PHET) from AuNCs and AuNCs coated with a high concentration of Pd is responsible for the red shift of the absorption spectrum of WS2. Introducing a lower concentration of Pd to AuNCs increases the Schottky barrier further due to the formation of the Au-Pd equilibrium Fermi level of lower energy, reducing the efficiency of PHET. The effect of Pd on the Fermi level of AuNCs vanishes at high Pd deposition. Pauli blocking and phase-space filling are responsible for the blue shift of PL of WS2 on top of AuNCs and AuNCs coated with Pd. The Pauli blocking effect is directly proportional to the PHET efficiency. This explains the significant blue shift of PL of WS2 after integrating with AuNCs and AuNCs coated with a high concentration of Pd. Additionally, depositing Pd onto AuNCs elongates the lifetime of the hot electrons and enhances the PHET efficiency.

Nanoscale structural analysis of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 in high-temperature phases

We performed a local structure analysis of the ferroelectric perovskite Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) in high-temperature tetragonal and cubic phases by combining high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and atomic pair-distribution function. BNT is a promising lead-free piezoelectric material, although it has the problem of narrow working temperature range due to its low depolarization temperature. Since the depolarization temperature of BNT is caused by a diffuse order-disorder phase transition similar to a relaxer ferroelectrics, local structural analysis over a wide temperature range is required to elucidate the depolarization phenomenon. Using this approach, we found that the local structure is largely contributed by the diffuse component, and the deviation from the average structure is caused by the shift of Bi atoms. The amount of shift increased with increasing temperature. Changes in nanoscale structure with distance are closely related to BNT depolarization phenomena. The results show the model needed to develop highly functional piezoelectric materials.

Infrared spectra of the β and γ phases of oleic acid under high pressure

Infrared spectra for the β and γ phases of oleic acid were obtained at room temperature (~25 °C) under pressures of up to 5 and 10 GPa, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to examine the changes in the infrared spectra and crystal lattices of the β and γ phases that occur under pressure. Mode assignments for peaks that were observed to have a low-wavenumber shift with pressure were made based on the DFT-calculated infrared spectra. The CO stretching and OH stretching vibration peaks shifted to a lower wavenumber with pressure in both the β and γ phases because the hydrogen bonds became stronger with pressure and the CO and OH bonds weakened. The difference in the shift amount between the two phases was related to anisotropic compression in the crystal lattice.

Energy use flows in the supply chains of the world economy: A full account of both primary and intermediate inputs

As an extension of our previous work (Wu et al., 2019b), this study uses a positive accounting manner to track the circulation of energy use via interregional trade, by taking a full account of indirect energy usage related with primary inputs as well as intermediate inputs. The aggregate amount of interregional shift of energy use is about six times larger than that recorded in the preceding work, revealing the robust flows of energy use associated with intermediate products traded across global supply chains. The United States is a crucial sink of energy use in the world, serving the leading net importer of energy use in final trade and the second biggest net importer in intermediate trade. Around 60% of the energy use initiated by its final consumption stems from other regions. For Mainland China as the third largest net importer of energy use in intermediate trade and the leading net exporter in final trade, around 60% of local primary energy exploitation sinks into final consumption abroad. For sustainable economic growth and efficient energy management, countries are recommended to be further integrated in the international supply chains by accurately pinpointing their roles in the trading market of energy use.

Fast digital refocusing and depth of field extended Fourier ptychography microscopy.

Fourier ptychography microscopy (FPM) shares its roots with the synthetic aperture technique and phase retrieval method, and is a recently developed computational microscopic super-resolution technique. By turning on the light-emitting diode (LED) elements sequentially and acquiring the corresponding images that contain different spatial frequencies, FPM can achieve a wide field-of-view (FOV), high-spatial-resolution imaging and phase recovery simultaneously. Conventional FPM assumes that the sample is sufficiently thin and strictly in focus. Nevertheless, even for a relatively thin sample, the non-planar distribution characteristics and the non-ideal position/posture of the sample will cause all or part of FOV to be defocused. In this paper, we proposed a fast digital refocusing and depth-of-field (DOF) extended FPM strategy by taking the advantages of image lateral shift caused by sample defocusing and varied-angle illuminations. The lateral shift amount is proportional to the defocus distance and the tangent of the illumination angle. Instead of searching the optimal defocus distance with the optimization search strategy, which is time consuming, the defocus distance of each subregion of the sample can be precisely and quickly obtained by calculating the relative lateral shift amounts corresponding to different oblique illuminations. And then, digital refocusing strategy rooting in the angular spectrum (AS) method is integrated into FPM framework to achieve the high-resolution and phase information reconstruction for each part of the sample, which means the DOF of the FPM can be effectively extended. The feasibility of the proposed method in fast digital refocusing and DOF extending is verified in the actual experiments with the USAF chart and biological samples.

123. A novel comprehensive model to describe vertebral body motion following interbody fusion

<h3>BACKGROUND CONTEXT</h3> Subsidence of interbody fusion spinal implants occurs in up to 30% of interbody fusions. Previous methods to quantify subsidence of interbody implants have focused on quantifying changes in disc height or magnitude of erosion of the implant into the vertebral body. These studies focus on the description of subsidence in a cranial-caudal direction. A comprehensive description of subsidence should report cranial-caudal shift, anterior-posterior shift and angular shift of one vertebra with respect to its adjacent vertebra. <h3>PURPOSE</h3> The purpose of the study is to develop and validate a novel method that describes the motion of one vertebral body with respect to its adjacent vertebral body in terms of translation and rotation. We hypothesize this method would have satisfactory interobserver reliability. <h3>STUDY DESIGN/SETTING</h3> Retrospective review of lumbar spine radiographs at a tertiary academic center. <h3>PATIENT SAMPLE</h3> Patients undergoing anterior lumbar interbody fusion at L4-5 or L5-S1 with at least one year radiographic follow-up. <h3>OUTCOME MEASURES</h3> The amount of cranial-caudal shift, anterior-posterior shift and angular shift on preoperative, postoperative, and 1-year postoperative radiographs was recorded according to the novel measurement technique. <h3>Methods</h3> A retrospective review of lateral lumbar spine radiographs was performed by seven physicians (3 residents, 2 fellows, and 2 attendings). The review included radiographic analysis of 10 patients who underwent L4-5 or L5-S1 anterior interbody fusion. Preoperative, postoperative (day 1), and 12-month postoperative radiographs were analyzed. Each vertebra was defined in two-dimensional space by 4 peripheral points at the corners of the vertebral body and a centroid. The upper vertebra was designated as a reference plane by which the motion of the lower vertebra was measured. We measured the movement of the lower vertebra in terms of anterior-posterior translation, cranial caudal translation, and angular change immediately following lumbar interbody fusion and 12 months postoperatively to detect translational and rotational subsidence. Inter-observer reliability was measured using SPSS software. <h3>Results</h3> A model was successfully developed to describe the angular and translational change of one vertebral body with respect to its adjacent segment. The intraclass correlation coefficients of anterior-posterior, cranial-caudal, and angular change were calculated to be 0.75, 0.90, and 0.86, respectively. The average standard deviations of translational and rotational change were 3.3% and 2°, respectively. <h3>Conclusions</h3> A model to comprehensively describe vertebral body motion as a method of characterizing subsidence was successfully developed. The model had good to excellent reliability. Further refinement of the protocol may yield improved intraclass correlation coefficients. This method of measuring vertebral body motion is applicable to measuring modes of failure beyond subsidence such as fracture or delayed fusion. <h3>FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS</h3> This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.

High-performance surface plasmon resonance refractometer based on a no-core fiber coated with a silver film

Owing to their high sensitivity, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensors depict broad application prospects in biochemical detection, environmental monitoring, and food safety. In this paper, an optical fiber-based SPR sensor is proposed and demonstrated for the refractive index (RI) detection of liquid samples. This sensor is composed of a multimode fiber (MMF), a no-core fiber (NCF), and another MMF that is connected in sequence. The length of the NCF is 2 cm. A thin silver film is deposited on the NCF surface to stimulate the SPR effect. Experimental results indicated that the shift amount of resonance dip wavelength is as high as 303.6 nm as RI increases from 1.333 to 1.4107. A sensitivity of 2507.58 nm/RIU with a fitting linearity R 2 of 0.9931 is obtained in the lower RI region of 1.333–1.3723, while the sensitivity and R 2 reaches 5228.21 nm/RIU and 0.97395, respectively, in the higher RI region of 1.3723–1.4107. Compared with previously reported RI sensors, the proposed fiber optic SPR sensor exhibits the advantages of simple structure, small volume, low cost, high sensitivity, and wide detection range.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Weaning among Mothers of Infants in selected Rural Area at Rohtak with a View to Develop an Information Booklet on Weaning

Introduction: Weaning is that the most important amount for the expansion of the kid. this canbe the time once growth faltering and organic process deficiencies manifest in youngsters. Weaning,a shift amount from breast-feeding to adult diet is sometimes related to variety of issues and issues indeveloping countries. the main issues area unit what foods ought to lean to the kid, however and afterthey ought to lean. The age to introduce a lactation foods varies and is influenced by the tradition of thevarious ethnic population within the country, urbanization and therefore the socioeconomic standing ofhouseholds Objectives of the study: To assess the information of mothers of infants relating to a lactation.To assess the perspective of mothers of infants relating to a lactation. To develop associate data leaflet.Material and Methods: The scientist conducted the study exploitation quantitative approachand non- experimental style on a hundred mothers of infants by non likelihood convenientsampling technique. Structured form was accustomed assess the information of mothers of infantsand perspective list was accustomed assess the perspective of mothers of infants relating to alactation. Descriptive and inferential statistics accustomed analyze the info. Results: The norm of takea look at information score and perspective was fifteen.4 and 9.45respectively. None of mothersof infants had inadequate information, thirty first had moderate information and sixty nine hadadequate information relating to a lactation. Majority of samples that’s ninety eight of mothers ofinfants had favorable perspective, and solely two mothers had unfavorable perspective relating tolactation. There was vital correlation between information and perspective of mothers of infants relatingto lactation. Conclusion: The investigator finished that the information of the mothers of infants isadequate. And there’s vital correlation between information and perspective of mothers of infants relatingto a lactation. {the information the information |the data} leaflet can facilitate in up the knowledge ofmothers of infants relating to a lactation

Focusing properties and focal shift of a vortex cosine-hyperbolic Gaussian beam

In this paper, we investigate the focusing properties of a vortex-cosh-Gaussian (vChG) beam passing through a converging thin lens. Based on the Huygens–Fresnel diffraction integral, we derived the analytical propagation equation as well as the beam width expression of a focused vChGB. It is shown that the focusing properties including the focal shift of the focused vChGB are crucially dependent on the incident beam parameters namely the decentered parameter and the topological charge in addition to the Gaussian Fresnel number \(N_{F}\). From typical numerical examples, it is found that the focused vChGB is transformed into a multi-lobes structure shape at the real focus plane, and the principal maximum intensity of the beam is located away from the axis. The amount of focal shift, which is determined from the minimum spot size criterion, is strongly dependent on the Fresnel number, the decentered parameter and the vortex charge m. The obtained results may be useful for the applications of the vChGBs in beam shaping and beam focusing.

Adiabatic Frequency Conversion Using a Time-Varying Epsilon-Near-Zero Metasurface

A time-dependent change in the refractive index of a material leads to a change in the frequency of an optical beam passing through that medium. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that this effect-known as adiabatic frequency conversion (AFC)-can be significantly enhanced by a nonlinear epsilon-near-zero-based (ENZ-based) plasmonic metasurface. Specifically, by using a 63-nm-thick metasurface, we demonstrate a large, tunable, and broadband frequency shift of up to ∼11.2 THz with a pump intensity of 4 GW/cm2. Our results represent a decrease of ∼10 times in device thickness and 120 times in pump peak intensity compared with the cases of bare, thicker ENZ materials for the similar amount of frequency shift. Our findings might potentially provide insights for designing efficient time-varying metasurfaces for the manipulation of ultrafast pulses.

The need for secondary orthognathic surgery after high condylectomy in patients with active unilateral condylar hyperplasia

The need for secondary orthognathic surgery (OS) after a high condylectomy (HC) in patients with active unilateral condylar hyperplasia was assessed in 25 patients, reviewing patient characteristics and treatment planning. At 6–12 months after HC, 13 patients (52%) required secondary OS. The amount of mandibular dental midline shift before the HC (P=0.037), and a dental crossbite that was present before the HC (P=0.017) were significantly associated with the need for secondary OS. Overall, the mandibular dental midline coincided with the facial midline in eight patients (32%) at 2 weeks after HC. In 16% of the patients, no additional OS was needed despite this being the initial treatment plan. Additionally, the initially planned type of secondary OS was modified in six other patients. Early HC in skeletally immature patients provided very good results, both aesthetic and functional, with only two of them needing supplementary OS at 6–12 months after HC. The HC remains a valuable treatment in patients with active unilateral condylar hyperplasia, as it can eliminate the need for secondary OS and is very well tolerated by most patients.

Single-Shot Through-Focus Image Acquisition and Phase Retrieval From Chromatic Aberration and Multi-Angle Illumination

Phase recovery from a stack of through-focus intensity images is an effective non-interference quantitative phase imaging strategy. Nevertheless, the implementations of these methods are expensive and time-consuming because the distance between each through-focus plane has to be guaranteed by precision mechanical moving devices, and the multiple images must be acquired sequentially. In this article, we propose a single-shot through-focus intensity image stack acquisition strategy without any precision movement. Isolated LED units are used to illuminate the sample in different colors from different angles. Due to the chromatic aberration characteristics of the objective, the color-channel defocus images on the theoretical imaging plane are mutually laterally shifted. By calculating the shift amount of each sub-image area in each color channel, the distances between each through-focus image can be obtained, which is a critical parameter in transport of intensity equation (TIE) and alternating projection (AP). Lastly, AP is used to recover the phase distribution and realize the 3D localization of different defocus distances of the sample under test as an example. Both simulation and experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

Predicting the magnitude of residual spatial autocorrelation in geographical ecology

The level of spatial autocorrelation (SAC) present in model residuals can have a detrimental influence on statistical inferences in geographical ecology. There has been significant progress in understanding the nature and causes of residual SAC and developing new methods to reduce the SAC. However, ecologists have not yet found a suitable answer as to when the level of residual autocorrelation is likely to magnify and whether its shift through spatial regression (i.e. the difference in the residual SAC produced by non‐spatial and spatial approaches) can be predicted using a set of readily available variables. In this paper, I reanalyzed the outcomes reported by Bini et al. (2009), who originally compared the differences in the standardized regression coefficients resulting from non‐spatial ordinary least squares and various spatially explicit methods. Although these researchers were unable to identify reliable predictors of the coefficient shifts, in the present study, I observed that the level of residual autocorrelation significantly and linearly increased with an increase in the magnitude of the SAC inherently possessed by, especially, response and explanatory variables. Moreover, the amount of shift in the residual SAC varied as a linear function of the response and explanatory variables. These findings imply that, in general, specific conditions exist under which there is an increase in the magnitude of the residual SAC, that such a shift can be predicted by the nature and structure of the data sets involved, and that, after all, the residual SAC varies systematically regardless of the selection of the data type, statistical method and spatial scale. I suggest that the level of the SAC present in the input variables can directly indicate how much improvement (i.e. reduction in the residual SAC) a non‐spatial model will experience when a proper spatial approach is employed.