Amount Of Shade Research Articles

Performance analysis of partially shaded high-efficiency mono PERC/mono crystalline PV module under indoor and environmental conditions

The ever-increasing demand for sustainable energy has drawn attention towards photovoltaic efficiency and reliability. In this context, the shading and associated hotpot degradation within PV modules has become an important area of research and development. The experimental approach of this paper aims to investigate single cell shading in high efficiency monocrystalline silicon PV PERC modules. Prior to the outdoor experiment, the PV module underwent experimental testing under STC to determine variation in electrical and thermal behaviour due to partial shading. The indoor experiments are performed using Sun-simulator and the I–V and P–V curves are analysed. Further, the outdoor experiments were performed under realistic conditions. In both cases, results showed that during 40–60% shading in single cell leads to critical shading scenario causing significant drop in power output in comparison with their unshaded conditions. The maximum power loss of 36.34% and 42% is recorded for indoor and outdoor experiments. The outdoor experiments recorded hotspot temperature of 85–90.1 °C under respective 40% and 60% critical shading scenarios. The efficiency recorded in the time interval of 11:00:00 and 11:30:00 was highest for the solar radiations between 940 and 990 W/m2. The maximum drop in efficiency is recorded from noon till 13:30:00 time of the day. Development of hotspot is directly related to the failure or malfunction of protecting system. Hence the importance of type of PV technology, amount of shading, and critical shading scenario is presented in the study. This study is important for researcher and manufacture to consider single cell shading in PV technology.

Interactive Effect of Fertilization and Biochar on the Growth of Juniperus scopulorum under Various Shading and Irrigation Conditions

The global demand for landscape trees has been amplified with the increasing anthropogenic activity. South Korea has also witnessed a surge in demand for landscape plants, among others, Juniperus scopulorum gaining popularity for its ecological, economic, adaptability, and management attributes. However, the optimum management practice for high-quality Juniperus seedling production in South Korea remains unknown. This research was conducted on the one-to-two-years-old two cultivars of J. scopulorum, namely Blue Angel and Blue Heaven seedlings, to investigate the combined impacts of varying fertilizer concentrations (0 ppm, 150 ppm, 300 ppm) and biochar content (0% and 20%) under contrasting shading intensities (0%, 35%, 55%) and irrigation levels (200 ml, 400 ml, 800 ml). The study revealed that biochar and fertilizer amendment significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) enhanced the height and root collar diameter growth in Blue Angel and Blue Heaven in light shade intensity (0–35%) and higher irrigation (400–800 ml) conditions. Similarly, seedlings planted in 20% biochar and 300 ppm fertilizer yielded higher foliar, stem, and root biomass in low shade and higher irrigation conditions. The amount of shade and irrigation and their interactions significantly affected the morphological growth of seedlings for both cultivars, causing positive interaction with soil amendment (biochar and fertilizer application). These findings suggest that efficient seedling production of J. scopulorum management should focus primarily on light shading and moderate irrigation under biochar and higher fertilizer application. The research contributes valuable insights toward optimizing management practices and reducing costs associated with J. scopulorum seedling production in the region. Keywords: biochar, fertilizer, irrigation, Juniperus scopulorum, shading

The Concurrent Effect of Building Height Diversity and Cool Pavement Materials on Air Temperature Near the Surface of an Urban Facade: A Case Study of Shahriar Street In Esfahan, Iran

The rise in urban temperatures is a significant threat to the urban heat island effect, increasing building energy demand. This increase is worrisome because the supply of renewable energy is a big challenge. The approach to improving the urban microclimate offers a promising solution. This research investigates the concurrent effect of urban morphological parameters and physical characteristics of urban surfaces, such as cool materials, on the urban microclimate near the building's facades in an urban street. This evaluation was conducted by ENVI-met(v4). The results show that the concurrent effects of increasing building height diversity and by using cool pavement materials are more helpful in reducing the average air temperature of an urban street. Because the amount of shade and wind speed increased as building height variety increased, the absorption of solar radiation decreased as pavement material albedo increased. As a result, these two parameters reduced air temperature by 0.8 °C. Also in the combined scenario of increasing building height diversity and by using cool pavement materials, the air temperature near the building's facades was reduced by 1°C on the first and second floors and by approximately 0.5°C on the upper floors.

차광재배에 따른 차나무 생육특성 및 말차의 품질변화

The term matcha means that tea leaves cultivated under shade are prepared by pulverizing the leaves with a grinding machine (such as a stone mill or a ball mill), turning the tea leaves into a fine powder. There is a great difference in quality depending on cultivation techniques such as the shading period and the type of shade. This study investigates the effect on growth and physiological changes of tea leaves for the production of high-quality green tea depending on the use of sequential double shading (SD-SD) and sequential single shading (S-SD). Leaf area, moisture content, photosynthetic capacity, and G-value increase based on the amount of shade in the following order: SD-SD > S-SD > no shade. Total phenolic compound and catechin content were highest in unshaded matcha. Antioxidant activity was highest in unshaded matcha, which also coincides with the highest phenolic compound content, such as catechins. Sugar content was highest from no shade, with leaves absorbing the most light energy, and the free amino acid content was highest under SD-SD. The results of taste analysis through an electronic tongue showed the highest sour taste and umami from S-SD, a salty taste from no shade, and sweet taste, bitter taste, astringent taste, and spicy taste from SD-SD. The overall physiological and growth status and beneficial ingredients showed that SD-SD increases the color of the tea leaves more than S-SD, and sequential double shading is effective in reducing stress on tea plants.

A study of climatic comfort conditions in the spatial-physical patterns of tradi-tional neighborhoods’ fabric: The case of Hamadan’s old neighborhoods

Backgrounds and research goals: The unbridled expansion of cities in recent dec-ades has led to the inefficiency of large parts of the structure and spatial organiza-tion of cities and the decline in climate comfort in them. Numerous policies have been proposed in the face of the problem of declining environmental quality and especially their climatic comfort, and various programs have been implemented in this regard. Therefore, this study tries to review the theoretical foundations in this area, finally appropriate solutions for the development of neighborhoods and neigh-borhood spaces in the climate of Hamadan has been proposed.Research method: The method of this research is that at first the effective compo-nents on climatic comfort and urban form were obtained by studying and examining the views of experts. To analyze the data, the simulation method and Ecotect Auto-desk software were studied in three traditional neighborhoods of Hamadan and ac-cording to the results, the factors.Findings: The results of the research show that Kababian neighborhood in the cold seasons of the year has more conditions to enjoy the sun in the morning and even-ing, but in the two neighborhoods of Haji and Aghajani Bey in the cold seasons should make more arrangements to enjoy The amount of sunlight used. Due to the fact that the amount of shading in these two neighborhoods in this season is more than the Kababian neighborhood and special measures are needed to create climatic conditions.Discussion and conclusion: In general, and according to the findings, one of the im-portant factors in optimizing traditional neighborhoods can be the use of centrifugal patterns in creating neighborhoods can increase the level of climate comfort in neighborhoods.

Variability of the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the Amazonian Ishpingo Species (Ocotea quixos).

Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. is an aromatic tree native to Ecuador, whose leaves are used to prepare aromatic beverages to which different health benefits are attributed. In this study, Ocotea quixos leaves were collected in the Amazon region in different environmental conditions and subjected to hydrodistillation to isolate the essential oil. The collection variables used were type of soil, amount of shade, and height; in addition, the presence of twig and leaf age and moisture were used as variables. Chemical composition was analyzed by means of gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. A wide variety of chemical compositions were detected in the samples. In total, forty-seven compounds were identified, which represented between 97.17% and 99.89% of the total composition. The constituents were mainly grouped into aliphatic sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (33.03–55.89%), other compounds (8.94–47.83%), and oxygenated monoterpenes (1.97–39.66%). The main constituents were found to be (E)-cinnamyl acetate (5.96–41.65%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (0.38–37.91%), and trans-caryophyllene (8.77–37.02%). The statistical analysis suggested the existence of two essential oil chemotypes and a direct correlation between environmental conditions and chemical composition of the essential oils.

The effect of rainfall on cardamom production in bhutan

Large cardamom is one of the largest value potential perennial cash crop of Bhutan just second to the cordyceps. It usually grows up to the height of 2.5 meter especially between 700-1800m asl. It requires good amount of shade and grows well especially in the southern region of Bhutan. Although there are many factors that would account for the production of cardamom such as orientation of the site, density of shade, elevation of the site, climate and temperature etc. Water also plays a vital role in the overall quality and the yield of the cardamom, but if there is excess of water it deteriorates its yield and overall production. Having excess water in the soil mass tends to rot the roots and the lower steam of the plant and eventually making it vulnerable to fungus pest and diseases, thus lowering the yield. Therefore, an optimum amount of water is required for maximum production of cardamom. The yield is proportional to the water content up to certain limit, then the yield decreases with the increase of water content. This investigation also shows the gradient of the cultivated land contributes in the production of Cardamom.

The structure of the yield of winter wheat when using herbicides against weeds

This article argues that when weeds in winter wheat fields are grown without eradication, the weeds will have a significant amount of shade, absorb some water and nutrients, and adversely affect the structure of the crop. Puma super (1 l / to) against cereals, Granstar (15 g / to) against biphasic weeds, and the elimination of Kroshka variety of winter wheat resulted in a long spike, a large number of grains in the spikes, spikes and spikes in a single spike. increased grain yield this condition has been reported to improve radically the efficiency of the grain structure when mixed and sprayed with Puma super (1 l / to), two-stage weed Granstar (15 g / to) herbicides against more grain weeds.

An audit tool for longitudinal assessment of the health-related characteristics of urban neighborhoods: implementation methods and reliability results

BackgroundImproving the neighborhood environment may help address chronic disease and mortality. To identify neighborhood features that are predictors of health, objective assessments of the environment are used. Multiple studies have reported on cross-sectional assessments of health-related neighborhood features using direct observation. As study designs expand to better understand causation and predictors of change, there is a need to test whether direct observation methods are adequate for longitudinal assessment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the reliability of repeated measurements of the neighborhood environment, and their stability, over time.MethodsThe Pittsburgh Hill/Homewood Research on Neighborhood Change and Health (PHRESH) study conducted longitudinal assessments in two low-income, African American neighborhoods at three waves (years 2012, 2015, 2017). The PHRESH audit tool is a modification of earlier validated tools, with an emphasis on environment features relevant for physical activity, sleep, and obesogenic behaviors. Trained data-collector pairs conducted direct observations of a 25% sample of street segments in each neighborhood. At each wave, we audited a sub-sample of street segments twice and assessed reliability using percentage inter-observer agreement and krippendorf’s alpha statistics. Stability of these items was assessed as exhibiting moderate or high agreement at every time point.ResultsAcross waves, a majority (81%) of the items consistently demonstrated moderate to high agreement except for items such as public/communal space, amount of shade, sidewalk features, number of traffic lanes, garden/flower bed/planter, art/statue/monument, amount of trash, and physical disorder. The list of items with poor agreement includes features that are easy to miss (e.g. flower bed/planter), hard to assess from outside (e.g. public/communal space), or may change quickly (e.g. amount of trash).ConclusionIn this paper, we have described implementation methods, reliability results and lessons learned to inform future studies of change. We found the use of consistent methods allowed us to conduct reliable, replicable longitudinal assessments of the environment. Items that did not exhibit stability are less useful for detecting real change over time. Overall, the PHRESH direct observation tool is an effective and practical instrument to detect change in the neighborhood environment.

خنک سازی محیطهای شهری و تأثیر آن بر تغییرات اقلیمی در محلات سنتی و سکونتگاههای غیررسمی از طریق آسایش حرارتی بیرونی (نمونه موردی محلات عاملی ، قلعه ساختمان و شهرک حجت شهر مشهد)

خنک سازی محیطهای شهری و تأثیر آن بر تغییرات اقلیمی در محلات سنتی و سکونتگاههای غیررسمی از طریق آسایش حرارتی بیرونی (نمونه موردی محلات عاملی ، قلعه ساختمان و شهرک حجت شهر مشهد)

Mohammed Armani.

Mohammed Armani.

The relative importance of phylogeny and habitat in determining the presence and prominence of a granula iridica in hooved mammals.

To investigate the relationship between phylogeny and amount of shade in a species' habitat regarding the presence or absence of an iridal granula iridica (GI) in a large sample of Artiodactyl and Perissodactyl clades and using online resources. The Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) archives were searched for glass slide material from Artiodactyl (even-toed) and Perissodactyl (odd-toed) ungulates. The slides were examined, and the presence or absence of the GI was noted. The phylogenetic tree of the ungulate species was inferred using TimeTree (http://www.timetree.org), and the habitat data are derived from Animal Diversity Web (https://animaldiversity.org/). We assessed the probability of the presence of GI occurring given the amount of shade in a species' environment using phylogenetic logistic regression. Forty-eight artiodactyl species were able to be evaluated and tabulated. Nine perissodactyl species were able to be evaluated. The phylogenetic logistic regression showed that the probability of GI presence was lower in artiodactyl species that inhabited shaded environments (βshaded =-1.774). Arctiodacyl species inhabiting a nonshaded environment were slightly more probable to have the GI present (βnonshaded =0.023), with species inhabitating ambiguously shaded environments having a high probability of GI presence (βambiguous =2.214). Our results suggest that the GI may be a common morphological feature to shade the pupil in nonshaded environments, and, in its absence, increase the amount of light reaching the retina to improve vision in shaded environments for hooved mammals. Further research on the functional optics of the GI and studies that include additional ungulate species would further elucidate phylogenetic and ecological factors influencing the occurrence of GI in hooved mammals.

Incident Light and Leaf Age Influence Leaflet Element Concentrations of Cycas micronesica Trees

The need for improved knowledge on conservation and management of cycad species has generated recent interest in compiling a database on leaf nutrient concentrations. However, the sampling protocols have not been consistent among reports and the influences of some plant and habitat traits on the plasticity of cycad leaf nutrient concentrations has not been adequately determined. We used Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill trees to determine the role of incident light level and leaf age on leaflet content of 11 essential elements. Shade leaves exhibited increased mass-based concentration for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium above that of sun leaves. Shade leaves exhibited decreased area-based concentration for all of the macro- and micronutrients below that of sun leaves. Mass-based concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium decreased with leaf age, and that of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc increased with leaf age. These findings indicate the relative leaf age and the amount of shade or incident light at the leaf level must be recorded and reported for leaf tissue studies in cycads in order to reduce ambiguity and ensure repeatability.

Reflectance Properties of Hemiboreal Mixed Forest Canopies with Focus on Red Edge and Near Infrared Spectral Regions

This study present the results of airborne top-of-canopy measurements of reflectance spectra in the spectral domain of 350–1050 nm over the hemiboreal mixed forest. We investigated spectral transformations that were originally designed for utilization at very different spectral resolutions. We found that the estimates of red edge inflection point by two methods—the linear four-point interpolation approach (S2REP) and searching the maximum of the first derivative spectrum ( D m a x ) according to the mathematical definition of red edge inflection point—were well related to each other but S2REP produced a continuously shifting location of red edge inflection point while D m a x resulted in a discrete variable with peak jumps between fixed locations around 717 nm and 727 nm for forest canopy (the third maximum at 700 nm appeared only in clearcut areas). We found that, with medium high spectral resolution (bandwidth 10 nm, spectral step 3.3 nm), the in-filling of the O 2 -A Fraunhofer line ( F a r e a ) was very strongly related to single band reflectance factor in NIR spectral region ( ρ = 0.91, p < 0.001) and not related to Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI). Stemwood volume, basal area and tree height of dominant layer were negatively correlated with reflectance factors at both visible and NIR spectral region due to the increase in roughness of canopy surface and the amount of shade. Forest age was best related to single band reflectance at NIR region ( ρ = −0.48, p < 0.001) and the best predictor for allometric LAI was the single band reflectance at red spectral region ( ρ = −0.52, p < 0.001) outperforming all studied vegetation indices. It suggests that Sentinel-2 MSI bands with higher spatial resolution (10 m pixel size) could be more beneficial than increased spectral resolution for monitoring forest LAI and age. The new index R 751 /R 736 originally developed for leaf chlorophyll content estimation, also performed well at the canopy level and was mainly influenced by the location of red edge inflection point ( ρ = 0.99, p < 0.001) providing similar info in a simpler mathematical form and using a narrow spectral region very close to the O 2 -A Fraunhofer line.

Diverse Metabolite Variations in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves Grown Under Various Shade Conditions Revisited: A Metabolomics Study.

With the increase of tea (Camellia sinensis) consumption, its chemical or metabolite compositions play a crucial role in the determination of tea quality. In general, metabolite compositions of fresh tea leaves including shoots depend on plucking seasons and tea cultivators. Therefore, choosing a specific plucking time of tea leaves can provide use-specified tea products. Artificial control of tea growing, typically shade treatments, can lead to significant changes of the tea metabolite compositions. However, metabolic characteristics of tea grown under various shade treatment conditions remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to explore effects of various shade conditions on metabolite compositions of tea through a 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. It was noteworthy that the levels of catechins and their derivatives were only influenced at the initial time of shade treatments while most amino acids were upregulated as amounts of shade and periods were increased: that is, the levels of alanine, asparagine, aspartate, isoleucine, threonine, leucine, and valine in fresh tea leaves were conspicuously elevated when shade levels were raised from 90% to 100% and when period of shade treatments was increased by 20 days. Such increased synthesis of amino acids along with large reductions of glucose level reflected carbon starvation under the dark conditions, indicating remarkable proteolysis in the chloroplast of tea leaves. This study provides important information about making amino acid-enhanced tea products based on global characteristics of diverse tea leaf metabolites induced by various shade treatment conditions.

Physiological responses of feedlot heifers provided access to different levels of shade

Heat stress has a significant impact on all livestock and poultry species causing economic losses and animal well-being concerns. Providing shade is one heat-abatement strategy that has been studied for years. Material selected to provide shade for animals greatly influences the overall stress reduction provided by shade. A study was conducted to quantify both the environment and animal response, when cattle had no shade access during summertime exposure or were given access to shade provided by three different materials. A total of 32 Black Angus heifers were assigned to one of the four treatment pens according to weight (eight animals per pen). Each pen was assigned a shade treatment: No Shade, Snow Fence, 60% Aluminet Shade Cloth and 100% Shade Cloth. In the shaded treatment pens, the shade structure covered ~40% of the pen (7.5 m2/animal). Animals were moved to a different treatment every 2 weeks in a 4×4 Latin square design to ensure each treatment was applied to each group of animals. Both environmental parameters and physiological responses were measured during the experiment. Environmental parameters included dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, black globe temperature (BGT), solar radiation (SR) and feedlot surface temperature. Animal response measurements included manual respiration rate (RRm), electronic respiration rate (RRe), vaginal temperature (body temperature (BT)), complete blood count (CBC) and plasma cortisol. The environmental data demonstrated changes proportional to the quality of shade offered. However, the animal responses did not follow this same trend. Some of the data suggest that any amount of shade was beneficial to the animals. However, Snow Fence may not offer adequate protection to reduce BT. For some of the parameters (BT, CBC and cortisol), 60% Aluminet and 100% Shade Cloth offers similar protection. The 60% Aluminet lowered RRe the most during extreme conditions. When considering all parameters, environmental and physiological, 60% Aluminet Shade Cloth offered reductions of BGT, SR, feedlot surface temperature and the best (or equal to the best) overall protection for the animals (RRe, RRm, BT, blood parameters).

GROWTH OF Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth., UNDER SHADE IN THE NORTHEAST SEMI-ARID REGION OF BRAZIL

ABSTRACT: Seedling production for reforestation aims to achieve the best plant growth in a minimal amount of time, to provide good survival and growth levels after transplantation. During cultivation, it is necessary to know the shading levels that lead to the best growth. The objective of this study was to assess the growth of young Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. plants provided with various amounts of shade in the northeast semi-arid region of Brazil. Four types of shade cloth were tested (0, 30, 50 and 70%). Shoot length, stem diameter, stem dry matter, leaf dry matter, total dry matter and leaf area were assessed. Leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were also calculated. The different shading levels affected M. caesalpinifolia growth, with the best growth indicators observed in plants grown under 50% shade, with increases in plant height, leaf area and total dry matter observed compared to the full sun condition.

Shadow as Route Quality Parameter in a Pedestrian-Tailored Mobile Application

Most of the applications for pedestrian navigation are based on information that is useful for car navigation systems, while the basic needs of pedestrians are seldom considered. We contribute to the current research in the field by proposing a pedestrian-tailored navigation application based on path attributes, that as of yet have not been considered in a pedestrian route calculation. We focus in particular on shaded paths, which are considered preferable during hot, sunny days, especially by pedestrians of advanced age, those with small children or persons that suffer from sensitivity to light. Evaluation results regarding the performance of the application provided a significantly better acceptance rate by the end users in terms of light intensity, amount of shade and positive affect that was derived from walking through the suggested routes.

Suberythemal Sun Exposures at Swedish Schools Depend on Sky Views of the Outdoor Environments - Possible Implications for Pupils' Health.

More scheduled outdoor stay is increasingly advocated for school children. This study measured 2(nd) , 5(th) and 8(th) graders' erythemal UV-exposure in September, March and May at four Swedish schools. We related those exposures, as fractions of total available ambient radiation, to the schools outdoor environments differing in amount of shade, vegetation, and peripheral city-scape quantified as percentage of free sky view calculated from fish-eye photographs. Exposures correlated with the sky views (with exceptions in May) and were suberythemal. The exposures were also below the threshold limit of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for hazard evaluation of UVR but were potentially enough for adequate vitamin D formation according to a cited model calculation - as illustrated in the results and discussed. The school environments, typical in southern and middle Sweden, offer enough shade to protect children from overexposure during seasons with potentially harmful solar UV radiation. Pupils' outdoor stay may be extended during September and March. In May extended outdoor stay of the youngest pupils requires a more UVR-protective environment.

A methodology for the electrical characterization of shaded high concentrator photovoltaic modules

In this paper, a methodology for characterizing the I–V curve of partially shaded high concentrator photovoltaic modules is presented. It takes into account atmospheric parameters (direct normal irradiance, ambient temperature, wind speed and air mass) as well as the amount of shading on each receiver lens and the module electrical configuration. Two high concentrator photovoltaic modules have been characterized in order to apply the methodology. Both modules have been measured under different shading conditions and a comparison between experimental and simulated behavior has been carried out. It was found root mean squared errors for the I–V curves lower than 4% and absolute values of relative errors at the maximum power point lower than 3% in 80% of the analyzed measurements. The methodology can be regarded as a step for the development of a complete model for the electrical characterization of shaded high concentrator photovoltaic power plants.