Amount Of Saliva Research Articles

The Effectiveness of the Gnana Laryngeal Mask Airway II (GLA-II) With Novel Suction Tubing in Gastrointestinal (GI) Cases.

The Gnana laryngeal mask airway II (GLA-II) is a supraglottic airway device similar to the classic laryngealmask airway, except it has an additional suction port. This suction port allows for the removal of secretions and saliva. A previous version of the Gnana laryngeal airway 4 was made of silicone, while this newer version is made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is more affordable. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness and tolerability of this PVC-designed GLA-II and evaluate its ability to suction secretions. The prospective cohort study included 100 gastrointestinal (GI) cases to determine the effectiveness and toleration of the GLA-II. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class 1-3 patients were evaluated with a Mallampati airway score for GI-related procedures. After anesthesia induction with propofol, the GLA-II was inserted, and the time for successful insertion was recorded. All cases were completed within 62 minutes. During this time, the secretion volumes were also measured. One hundred patients were included in the study: 52% were males and 48% were females. Thirty-four patients were scored as ASA class 1 or 2, while 66 were scored as ASA class 3. The GLA-II insertion was successful on the first attempt in 92 patients, and a second attempt was necessary for six patients. It was unsuccessful in two patients. The average time for successful insertion was 28.3 ± 4.3 seconds. The average amount of saliva suctioned was 9.3 ± 2.6 mL. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications during these cases. The PVC GLA-II device is distinguished by its ability to allow suctioning during placement. With an adequate epiglottic seal, it can be safely and successfully inserted in a short period of time. More research should be conducted to explore the use of GLA-II devices in other settings, such as emergencies and life-saving scenarios.

Safety and effect of a new artificial saliva containing Zingiber officinale and Cuminum cyminum on stimulating saliva secretion: In vitro, in vivo and preliminary clinical study

IntroductionXerostomia is a symptom that affects quality of life and may lead to malnutrition. While artificial saliva is used as a lubricant for the oral cavity, it rarely stimulates saliva secretion. The objective of this study was to develop a herbal artificial saliva (HAS) that could stimulate saliva secretion and be safe for human consumption. MethodsThree HAS formulations were prepared with 0.3 % Cuminum cyminum extract and 0.05 %, 0.10 %, and 0.15 % Zingiber officinale extract (HAS0.05, HAS 0.10, and HAS0.15, respectively). In vivo skin and oral mucosal irritation tests were used to evaluate the safety of HAS0.15. Additionally, the preliminary efficacy and safety of the three HAS formulations were investigated in 21 healthy volunteers. The sample was sprayed into the oral cavity under the left and right sides of the tongue. Thirty minutes after spraying, the amount of saliva was assessed using a visual analogue scale and a Schirmer strip. In addition, dry mouth symptoms, the saliva pH, and adverse reactions were assessed before and after testing. ResultsHAS0.15 caused minimal skin irritation and did not alter the epithelium or other structures of the oral mucosa. The saliva quantity after using HAS0.10 and HAS0.15 was significantly higher than prior to testing (p < 0.05). None of the formulations induced mucositis or adverse reactions. ConclusionThis study was successful in the development of a new HAS that stimulated saliva secretion and was safe for humans. However, this study is preliminary: Further clinical investigation in patients with hyposalivation will confirm the efficacy of this novel HAS. This novel HAS may be an alternative treatment for the elderly and patients with hyposalivation.

The Acute Effects of Kinesio Taping on Drooling in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

ABSTRACT Introduction This study purpose of determining the short-term effects of kinesio taping on drooling in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods CP were randomly divided into 3 groups as the kinesio tape (n = 16), sham tape (n = 16), and control (n = 16) groups. The drooling severity and frequency were assessed with the Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale, and the amount of saliva was measured by the 5-minute drooling quotient. All outcome measurements were repeated for all children at the baseline, after 45 minutes, and after 2 days of application. Results There was a significant decrease found in drooling severity, frequency, and amount in the kinesio taping group (p < .05). There was no significant difference in the sham taping and control groups (p > .05). Conclusion The use of kinesio tape in drooling reduced drooling severity, frequency, and amount.

PENGARUH MENGUNYAH PERMEN KARET RENDAH GULA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN SEKRESI SALIVA PADA PASIEN YANG MENJALANI TERAPI HEMODIALISA

Abstract Background: Chronic kidney failure is a health problem that needs special attention. The number of end-stage renal failure sufferers undergoing hemodialysis therapy increases every year. Hemodialysis therapy is an appropriate action to replace kidney function with a method of supplying fluid intake which results in most patients complaining of dry mouth (xerostomia). Objective: Fluid restriction generally causes dry mouth in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The observed effects of chewing gum on the amount of saliva, interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), and thirst levels in HD patients are inconsistent. We are considering whether gum can modulate this third parameter in patients undergoing HD. Method: This study used purposive sampling with 37 patients on HD. Thirst levels were measured using a self-rated visual analogue scale (VAS) and the summed xerostomia inventory (SXI). Results: The level of thirst after blood washing was significantly lower in the gum chewing group compared to the control group with a p value (0.000) &lt;0.005. The amount of saliva was higher in the gum group than in the control group before dialysis, but the amount of saliva was comparable between the groups after dialysis. In addition, the amount of saliva was not associated with IDWG in patients undergoing HD before or after dialysis. Conclusion: Chewing gum can relieve thirst but does not affect the amount of saliva and IDWG in HD patients. Therefore, we suggest that chewing gum may be a useful approach to treat dry mouth and thirst in HD patients.

Influence of two paraffin wax chewing gums with different con-sistencies on the stimulated salivary flow rate.

This study investigated and compared the consistency and compressive strength of two commercially available paraffin wax chewing gums (Aurosan (AU) and GC Europe (GC)), as well as their impact on stimulated salivary flow rate. Instrumental texture analysis was uti-lized to assess the consistency and compressive strength of AU and GC during a 7-min chewing period. Subsequently, stimulated salivary flow rate (sSFR) was evaluated in healthy subjects using AU and GC over a 7-minute period. The compressive strengths from the pre-liminary test were compared over time with the sialometry data. Eighty-one test subjects, comprising 33 men and 48 women, participated. Over the 7-min measurement period, dif-ferences were observed in the total amount of saliva accumulated per minute. Direct com-parison of AU and GC revealed that regardless of age and gender, the amount of saliva formed after 1 min was 0.63 times less with AU than with GC (95% CI: 0.56 - 0.70; P < 0.001). The accumulated saliva volume with AU was also significantly lower than that with GC in the first 4 min (P = 0.016). However, from minute 5 onwards, the two products no longer showed statistical differences in the total amount of saliva. Comparison of the com-pressive strength of AU and GC showed that the values after 1 and 2 min were significantly higher for AU than for GC (P < 0.05); for all other time points, the compressive strength was higher for GC. In the mixed-effects model after log-transformation of compressive strength and saliva volume, GC exhibited decreasing saliva volumes with increasing compressive strength (P <0.001). Conversely, the opposite was observed for AU (P = 0.019). The study suggests that the consistency or compressive strength of paraffin wax chewing gums from different manufacturers could impact sSFR.

Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity in the Saliva of the Malaria Vector Anopheles coluzzii.

Mosquito saliva plays a crucial physiological role in both sugar and blood feeding by helping sugar digestion and exerting antihemostatic functions. During meal acquisition, mosquitoes are exposed to the internalization of external microbes. Since mosquitoes reingest significant amounts of saliva during feeding, we hypothesized that salivary antimicrobial components may participate in the protection of mouthparts, the crop, and the gut by inhibiting bacterial growth. To identify novel potential antimicrobials from mosquito saliva, we selected 11 candidates from Anopheles coluzzii salivary transcriptomic datasets and obtained them either using a cell-free transcription/translation expression system or, when feasible, via chemical synthesis. Hyp6.2 and hyp13, which were predicted to be produced as propeptides and cleaved in shorter mature forms, showed the most interesting results in bacterial growth inhibition assays. Hyp6.2 (putative mature form, 35 amino acid residues) significantly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) bacteria. Hyp13 (short form, 19 amino acid residues) dose-dependently inhibited E. coli and S. marcescens growth, inducing membrane disruption in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as indicated with scanning electron microscopy. In conclusion, we identified two A. coluzzii salivary peptides inhibiting Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growth and possibly contributing to the protection of mosquito mouthparts and digestive tracts from microbial infection during and/or after feeding.

Effectiveness of atropine in managing sialorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To describe the efficacy of atropine in controlling salivary flow in patients with sialorrhea or drooling. We included randomized controlled studies, quasi-randomized trials, case reports, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses assessing the use of atropine in patients with sialorrhea or drooling. The endpoints were reduction in salivary flow rate, amount of saliva secreted, reduction in clinical symptoms of sialorrhea, death rattle intensity, or reduction in drooling intensity as measured by an objective scale such as the drooling intensity scale. A total of 56 studies with 2,378 patients were included in the systematic review. The underlying disease states included brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, clozapine- and perphenazine-induced sialorrhea, Parkinson's disease, and terminal illness. The routes of atropine administration included sublingual, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral tablet or solution, and direct injection of atropine into parotid glands or at the base of the tongue. The generalized estimated equation regression models showed that sublingual administration is superior to oral and subcutaneous routes. Atropine is efficacious in managing sialorrhea in most disease states. Sublingual administration of atropine is superior to other routes of administration in reducing salivary flow in patients with sialorrhea.

In females, salivary secretion was significantly lower in patients with severe reflux esophagitis than in healthy controls.

The salivary secretion in patients with mild reflux esophagitis (RE) and non-erosive reflux disease is significantly lower in females, but not in males. However, sex differences in salivary secretion in patients with severe RE remain unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated sex differences in saliva secretion in patients with severe RE. Subjects consisted of 23 male patients with severe RE, 24 male healthy controls (HCs), 26 female patients with severe RE, and 25 female HCs. Saliva secretion was assessed as follows: each patient chewed sugarless gum for 3min prior to endoscopy, and the amount and pH of saliva secreted before and after acid loading as an index of the acid-buffering capacity were measured. In males, no significant differences were observed in the amount of saliva secretion, salivary pH, or the acid-buffering capacity between severe RE patients and HCs. In females, the amount of saliva secretion (severe RE: 2.4 [1.8-4.1], HCs: 5.3 [3.4-7.5], p = 0.0017), salivary pH (severe RE: 7.0 [6.7-7.3], HCs: 7.2 [7.1-7.3], p = 0.0455), and the acid-buffering capacity (severe RE: 5.9 [5.3-6.2], HCs: 6.2 [6.1-6.5], p = 0.0024) were significantly lower in severe RE patients than in HCs. Among females, the salivary secretion was significantly lower in severe RE patients than in HCs. This reduction in salivary secretion may contribute to the pathophysiology of severe RE in females.

Extensive comparison of salivary collection, transportation, preparation, and storage methods: a systematic review

BackgroundHuman saliva as a bodily fluid—similar to blood—is utilized for diagnostic purposes. Unlike blood sampling, collecting saliva is non-invasive, inexpensive, and readily accessible. There are no previously published systematic reviews regarding different collection, transportation, preparation, and storage methods for human saliva.DesignThis study has been prepared and organized according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. This systematic review has been registered at PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42023415384). The study question according to the PICO format was as followed: Comparison of the performance (C) of different saliva sampling, handling, transportation, and storage techniques and methods (I) assessed for analyzing stimulated or unstimulated human saliva (P and O). An electronic search was executed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed.ResultsTwenty-three descriptive human clinical studies published between 1995 and 2022 were included. Eight categories of salivary features and biomarkers were investigated (i.e., salivary flow rate, total saliva quantity, total protein, cortisol, testosterone, DNA quality and quantity, pH and buffering pH). Twenty-two saliva sampling methods/devices were utilized. Passive drooling, Salivette®, and spitting were the most utilized methods. Sampling times with optimum capabilities for cortisol, iodine, and oral cancer metabolites are suggested to be 7:30 AM to 9:00 AM, 10:30 AM to 11:00 AM, and 14:00 PM to 20:00 PM, respectively. There were 6 storage methods. Centrifuging samples and storing them at -70 °C to -80 °C was the most utilized storage method. For DNA quantity and quality, analyzing samples immediately after collection without centrifuging or storage, outperformed centrifuging samples and storing them at -70 °C to -80 °C. Non-coated Salivette® was the most successful method/device for analyzing salivary flow rate.ConclusionIt is highly suggested that scientists take aid from the reported categorized outcomes, and design their study questions based on the current voids for each method/device.

Targeted Phosphoproteomics of Human Saliva Extracellular Vesicles via Multiple Reaction Monitoring Cubed (MRM3).

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has become a global health problem due to its increasing incidence and high mortality rate. Early intervention through monitoring of the diagnostic biomarker levels during OSCC treatment is critical. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging surrogates in intercellular communication through transporting biomolecule cargo and have recently been identified as a potential source of biomarkers such as phosphoproteins for many diseases. Here, we developed a multiple reaction monitoring cubed (MRM3) method coupled with a novel sample preparation strategy, extracellular vesicles to phosphoproteins (EVTOP), to quantify phosphoproteins using a minimal amount of saliva (50 μL) samples from OSCC patients with high specificity and sensitivity. Our results established differential patterns in the phosphopeptide content of healthy, presurgery, and postsurgery OSCC patient groups. Notably, we discovered significantly increased salivary phosphorylated alpha-amylase (AMY) in the postsurgery group compared to the presurgery group. We hereby present the first targeted MS method with extremely high sensitivity for measuring endogenous phosphoproteins in human saliva EVs.

Endoscopic Extraction of an Unusual Foreign Body at the Somine Dolo Hospital in Mopti

The esophagus is the most common site of impaction of an ingested foreign body. The main initial symptom is acute dysphagia; Patients with complete esophageal obstruction produce excessive amounts of saliva and are unable to swallow oral secretions. Complete obstruction can cause pressure necrosis and increases the risk of perforation if present for more than approximately 24 hours. Emergency endoscopy is necessary for sharp objects, disc or button batteries, and any obstruction causing symptoms that suggest complete obstruction. We report through this observation the extraction of an unusual esophageal foreign body at the Sominé Dolo hospital in Mopti. This was a 60-year-old patient, a farmer, with no known medical or surgical history to date, and no particular psychiatric disorder. The accidentally ingested foreign body was a cap from a recycled vinegar bottle. An attempt at extraction in the ENT department was made without success, then subsequently sent to the Hepato-gastroenterology unit. The endoscopic extraction of the foreign body was carried out without incident and the evolution was favorable after the endoscopy procedure.

Targeted saliva metabolomics in Sjögren's syndrome

ObjectiveSjögren's Syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune exocrinopathy, and although, the role of metabolism in the autoimmune responses has been discussed in diseases such as lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and scleroderma. There is a lack of information regarding the metabolic implications of SS. Considering that the disease affects primarily salivary glands; the aim of this study is to evaluate the metabolic changes in the salivary glands' microenvironment using a targeted metabolomics approach. MethodsThe saliva from 10 patients diagnosed with SS by the American-European consensus and 10 healthy volunteers was analyzed in an Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatograph Coupled Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS). ResultsThe results showed an increased concentration in SS of metabolites involved in oxidative stress such as lactate, alanine and malate, and amino acids involved in the growth and proliferation of T-cells, such as arginine, leucine valine and isoleucine. ConclusionsThese results revealed that is possible to differentiate the metabolic profile of SS and healthy individuals using a small amount of saliva, which in its turn may reflect the cellular changes observed in the microenvironments of damaged salivary glands from these patients.

Diurnal variation of salivary anaerobes correlates severe dental caries in children

Salivary secretion has diurnal fluctuations and the saliva amount affects oral bacterial activity. In this study, the time dependence of number of anaerobic bacteria in saliva such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was investigated and examined its impact on caries severity. This study was conducted at university hospital in Japan. Twenty subjects (2–10 years old) with the primary dentition were asked to collect whole saliva every 1 hour after the supper while awake at home. Eighteen subjects delivered the collected saliva, which was cultured for S. mutans and total anaerobes in trypticase-yeast extract-cysteine sucrose-bacitracin (TYCSB) medium and the Gifu anaerobic medium (GAM), respectively. The numbers of severe dental caries were also analyzed from medical records. A positive correlation was found between the number of colonies in GAM medium and the saliva collection time of the day. No significant correlation was observed between the number of colonies in TYCSB medium and the collection time. The patients were grouped based on whether or not they had experienced pulp treatment. The number of colonies of S. mutans and anaerobic bacteria were increased in the later hours of only the experienced group. The number of oral anaerobic bacteria of children fluctuated in time-dependent manner after dinner to bedtime, and was higher late in the night. Children with severe dental caries had increased S. mutans as the night progressed, whereas children without them did not.

Characteristics of proton pump inhibitor-resistant severe reflux esophagitis and efficacy of vonoprazan in elderly (older than 75 years) and non-elderly groups.

Previous studies on age differences in proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-resistant reflux esophagitis (RE) have found that stenosis and bleeding complications were significantly more common in the elderly than in the non-elderly. We sought to examine differences between two groups of elderly (75 years or older) and non-elderly (<75 years) patients with (PPI)-resistant severe RE and also the efficacy of vonoprazan (VPZ) in these patients. There were 14 patients in the elderly group and 15 in the non-elderly group. Information was obtained on patient background (sex, body mass index [BMI], gastric mucosal atrophy, and the presence of hernia and collagen disease), and all patients underwent the saliva secretion test and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). The saliva secretion test (amount of saliva secreted, salivary pH, and the acid-buffering capacity) was performed by chewing sugar-free gum for 3 min before EGD. The efficacy of VPZ in both groups was also assessed. Saliva secretion, sex, BMI, and the presence of gastric mucosal atrophy did not significantly differ between the two groups. The number of hernias larger than 4 cm was significantly higher in the elderly PPI-resistant group, and significantly more patients had collagen disease in the non-elderly group. The efficacy of VPZ was not significantly different between the two groups; however, 10 patients in the non-elderly group had collagen disease, and 4 did not achieve esophageal mucosal healing even with VPZ 20 mg. The number of large hernias (>4 cm) was significantly higher in the elderly group, while significantly more non-elderly patients had collagen disease. In the non-elderly group with scleroderma, the efficacy of VPZ 20 mg may not be sufficient.

Chewing Gum May Alleviate Degree of Thirst in Patients on Hemodialysis.

Background and Objectives: Fluid restriction commonly causes dry mouth in patients on hemodialysis (HD). The observed effects of chewing gum on the amount of saliva, interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), and degree of thirst in patients on HD have been inconsistent. We investigated whether chewing gum can modulate these three parameters in patients on HD. Materials and Methods: We used purposive sampling to enroll 37 patients on HD who were then randomly divided into the chewing gum group (n = 19) and the control (non-chewing gum) group (n = 18). The degree of thirst was assessed using a self-rated visual analog scale (VAS) and a summated xerostomia inventory (SXI), respectively. Results: The degree of thirst after dialysis was significantly lower in the chewing gum group than in the control group. The amount of saliva was higher in the chewing gum group than in the control group before dialysis, but the saliva amount was comparable between the groups after dialysis. Furthermore, the amount of saliva was not associated with IDWG in patients on HD before or after dialysis. Conclusions: Chewing gum may alleviate the feeling of thirst but may not affect the amount of saliva and IDWG in patients on HD. Therefore, we suggest that chewing gum may be a useful approach to improve dry mouth and thirst in patients on HD.

Oral health and oral care in patients in a surgical context: A quantitative study comparing patients' and nurses' assessments.

To investigate fundamental care delivery regarding oral care in a surgical context, and to compare patients' self-reported oral health with registered nurse assessments. A descriptive and comparative study, with a consecutive selection. A patient oral health rating tool, including questions about performed oral care, was distributed to patients (n = 50), at four surgical wards in Sweden. The response rate was 72%. Oral health status was assessed by a registered nurse using the Revised Oral Assessment Guide (ROAG), and a comparison between patient and registered nurse assessment was performed by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient and percentage agreement. Patients (38%) reported severe oral symptoms, mostly dry lips and not an adequate amount of saliva, and 80% were not offered help with oral care. ROAG assessments revealed that 74% had problems with oral health. Almost half of the patients (48%) needed assistance with oral care but only 10% received help. Registered nurses assessed the patient's oral health as worse than the patient's self-assessment did. There are deficiencies in fundamental care delivery regarding oral care in a surgical care context. Oral health assessments need to be performed by registered nurses. Routines for systematic oral assessments and for oral care need to be implemented by nurse managers to ensure that patients' fundamental care needs are fulfilled. Oral health assessments need to be performed regularly by registered nurses since it is insufficient that patients self-assess their oral health. Nurse managers need to provide and implement routines for nurse assessments and oral care in surgical care contexts. There are deficiencies in patients' oral health and oral care, and registered nurses need to perform oral health assessments. Nurse managers need to implement routines for registered nurse assessments and oral care. Patients admitted to a surgical ward were included in the study after being screened for inclusion criteria. After participants signed informed consent, they filled in a questionnaire about oral health and oral care, and a registered nurse performed an oral health assessment. This study was carried out according to the STROBE checklist.

Comparison of Salivary Secretion, pH, and Buffer Capacity Between COVID-19 Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Child Patients Visiting Dental Clinics of University Hospitals in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

This study aimed to assess and compare the salivary secretion, pH, and buffer capacity between COVID-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated child patients visiting the clinics of private university dental hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This is the first comparative assessment of salivary parameters between unvaccinated and COVID-19-vaccinated child patients. The study sample comprised COVID-19 unvaccinated (n = 66) and vaccinated (n = 66) pediatric dental patients aged 4-12 years seeking dental care in clinics of private university hospitals. Paraffin-stimulated saliva was collected from unvaccinated and vaccinated study participants, and the amount of saliva secreted per minute was noted. Salivary pH and buffering capacity (by 5 mmol Hydrochloric acid titration) were measured using a benchtop digital pH meter. The data obtained were compared between unvaccinated and vaccinated participants using an independent t-test. The results showed a significantly higher salivary secretion rate in unvaccinated than vaccinated study participants (0.83 ± 0.24 mL/min vs 0.67 ± 0.24 mL/min, p = 0.001). Similarly, unvaccinated subjects compared to vaccinated subjects exhibited a significantly higher pH (7.33 ± 0.39 vs 7.04 ± 0.46, p < 0.001) and buffering capacity (6.31 ± 1.55 vs 5.40 ± 1.22, p < 0.001). Moreover, unvaccinated females demonstrated a significantly higher salivary secretion (0.87 ± 0.23 vs 0.71 ± 0.25, t = 2.627, p = 0.011) and buffering capacity 6.19 ± 1.52 vs 5.34 ± 1.25, t = 2.404, p = 0.019) than vaccinated females. Similarly, unvaccinated male exhibited significantly higher salivary secretion (0.80 ± 0.25 vs 0.64 ± 0.23, t = 2.670, p = 0.009), salivary pH (7.39 ± 0.45 vs 6.94 ± 0.41, t=4.309, p<0.001) and buffering capacity (6.42 ± 1.60 vs 5.45 ± 1.21, t = 2.875, p = 0.005) than the vaccinated male subjects. The vaccinated subjects showed a significantly lower mean salivary secretion, pH, and buffering capacity than unvaccinated participants. Hence, COVID-19 vaccination is likely to affect salivary parameters among pediatric patients.

Release of Nickel and Chromium Ions from Stainless Steel Orthodontics Bracket: A Review

Background: Stainless brackets containing nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) are attached to the patient's teeth and interact with the oral environment to cause corrosion. The release of chromium and nickel metals can enter the body and come into direct contact with the tissues. Factors that can cause ion release in stainless orthodontic brackets are temperature, microflora, oral enzymes, quality and quantity of saliva, changes in acidity (pH) of saliva, plaque, protein, physical and chemical properties of food and beverages. Objective: To describe the amount of Cr and Ni ions released on the use of stainless steel brackets in saliva through a narrative review. Methods: The data source of this research was obtained through a literature search through a database. Study about the level of Ni and Cr ions in saliva due to the release of Ni and Cr bracket stainless steel in-vitro. Results: the difference in brand and material mix of stainless steel bracket affected the amount of Ni and Cr ions released. An increase in pH acidity causes the release of nickel ions which is more than the release of ions at normal pH. Uncontrolled release of ions by the bracket can have a negative effect on patient health. Conclusion: The amount of Cr and Ni ions released in stainless steel orthodontics brackets in the saliva is influenced by the bracket raw material and the mixture of saliva solutions caused by oral conditions and the artificial saliva mixture.

Spectrophotometric Measurement of Lithium in Human Saliva Using the Chromogenic Reagent Thorin

The feasibility of using the chromogenic dye Thorin to spectrophotometrically measure lithium concentration in human saliva was explored. Absorbance wavelength maximum of the Li-Thorin complex was found to be 480 nm. Absorbance at 480 nm was obtained for saliva calibration standards containing 0.00–5.29 mEq/L of lithium. A least-squares fit produced a regression equation y = 0.128x + 1.449, R = 0.997. This was used to predict lithium concentrations in both artificially prepared lithium/saliva test solutions and in hospitalized patients treated with lithium. Results agree well with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Using a reagent blank with an equivalent amount of saliva as the test samples eliminated protein and electrolyte absorbance interference. This study supports the continued exploration of this method as a non-invasive point-of-care testing approach for monitoring saliva lithium in bipolar disorder.

Effects of Denture Treatment on Salivary Metabolites: A Pilot Study.

Symptoms of oral discomfort such as dry mouth are common in older people wearing dentures. Such symptoms are mainly treated symptomatically. Many of these symptoms are related to saliva, and associations with salivary volume have been reported. Although denture treatment improves symptoms by increasing the amount of saliva, the effects on salivary components remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of denture treatment on salivary metabolite changes based on salivary metabolome analyses. We enrolled 21 patients requiring denture treatment. At the first visit, and after completion of denture treatment, saliva outflow was measured under resting and stimulated conditions, samples for salivary metabolite analysis were collected, and masticatory efficiency was tested. In all participants, masticatory efficiency increased after denture treatment. Moreover, the amounts of resting and stimulated saliva were increased. Using salivary metabolome analysis, 61 salivary metabolites were detected. Substantial concentration changes were observed for 4 and 21 metabolites in resting and stimulated saliva, respectively. The four metabolites common to both saliva tests had significantly lower concentrations after treatment. These results suggest that the improvement in masticatory function by dentures is related not only to salivary secretion volume, but also to salivary metabolite composition.