Amount Of Saliva Research Articles

Abstract P1-09-24: Oral health-related quality of life in women with early stage breast cancer

Abstract Introduction: Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a well-established component of the adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal (PM) women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) early breast cancer (BCA). AIs are associated with side effects that may adversely affect the quality of life (Qol). The impact of AIs and on oral health-related QoL (OHRQoL) in women with BCA is unknown. To generate data on the impact of adjuvant AIs on OHRQoL we performed a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study assessing patient reported outcomes. Methods: PM women with early BCA were eligible if they were on an adjuvant AI for 3 to 12 months. AI patients were recruited from the Breast Medical Oncology Clinic. The Control group consisted of PM women without BCA who were not on AI therapy and were recruited at the time of screening mammography. Study participants provided socio-demographic information and completed questionnaires OHRQoL which included the Michigan Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (MOHRQoL) Scale, and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) which both measure discomfort, dysfunction and disability resulting from oral problems on a 5 point scale. Presence of saliva status as a measure of oral health was measured by the saliva flow rate. Data was collected at baseline and at 6, 12 and 18 months. The baseline data is presented here. The student t-test and chi-square test were used to analyze outcomes. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the OHIP-14 and the amount of saliva. Results: The study met its target accrual of 58 PM women; 29 with BCA on AI and 29 controls. Median time on AIs at study entry was 5.7 months. Demographics were similar regarding age, education, income level, frequency of dental visits, and dental insurance status across both groups. The OHIP-14 score varied by AI use (p=0.02) and duration of AI use (p=0.03) where the lowest poor OHRQOL was found in AI users less than 6 months. Patients receiving AI therapy had significantly lower perception of OHRQoL for the individual OHIP-14 items: "I have had pain in the mouth", "I have had to limit my diet", "I have had painful aching in my mouth", "I have had to limit foods I eat" and "I have felt tense because of problems with my mouth" compared to controls. Conclusions: This study is the first to report on the OHRQoL among PM women with early BCA using AIs. The baseline data demonstrates a significantly lower OHRQoL in those on AIs compared to controls. Dimensions that were particularly relevant were physical pain, psychological discomfort and physical disability. Analysis of serial time points is ongoing. Citation Format: Linda S Taichman, William G Giannobile, Thomas M Braun, Marita R Inglehart, Catherine H Van Poznak. Oral health-related quality of life in women with early stage breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-09-24.

The Effect of Botulinum Toxin on the Amount of Sialorrhea in Patients With Neurologic Diseases

Background: Drooling is an annoying problem in some neurologic and systemic diseases. Injecting botulinum toxin in the salivary glands is one of the most effective and safest treatments. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin on the amount of sialorrhea in patients with neurologic diseases. Materials and methods: This study included ten patients and 60 units of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) were injected in any submandibular gland and 120 units were injected in any parotid gland bilaterally under the ultrasonographic guide. To check drooling, daily consumption of tissue was counted and it was cheeked once before injection and at six, 12, 18, and 24 weeks after injection; then the results were compared. Results: In this study, the effect of Dysport on the amount of drooling of the participants at the sixth, 12th, and 18th weeks after treatment was significantly decreased (P value of 0.00016, 0.0001, and 0.00011, respectively). However, after 24 weeks, this difference was not significant (P value = 0.15). Conclusions: These finding showed that Dysport can be significantly effective in reducing the amount of saliva for 18 weeks.

수분함량에 따른 의치접착제의 확장성 관찰

Purpose: In this study, Spreadability of denture adhesive in accordance with the saturation level of saliva, respectively, by using the resin plate and the glass was measured thickness and Spreadability. Methods: Examine the spreadability of denture adhesive in accordance with the saturation level of saliva, respectively, by using the resin plate and the glass was measured thickness and Spreadability. Also, by measuring the adhesive strength according to the amount of saliva, and the edentulous patients using denture adhesive and dry mouth patients attempt to provide clinical information of the denture adhesive. Therefore, by using the relatively low shrinkage cold curing resin, after fabricating specimen of plate form, for 7 days, it was immersed in water. Results: For the control group only denture adhesive, an artificial saliva for the experimental group were injected in <TEX>$0.1m{\ell}$</TEX>, <TEX>$0.2m{\ell}$</TEX> and <TEX>$0.3m{\ell}$</TEX> of the denture adhesive on the surface, experimental results of the investigation of the 10 times the tensile bond strength of the specimens in each group was obtained the following results. Conclusion: As the time to pressure increase in the same amount of saliva was found that the amount coming out of the denture adhesive, as the amount of saliva in the same pressure increase coming out of many denture adhesives. And the greater the pressure came out a lot of denture adhesives. Spreadability in measuring saliva contact with <TEX>$0.1m{\ell}$</TEX> and <TEX>$2m{\ell}$</TEX> and <TEX>$3m{\ell}$</TEX> group pressured the diameter of the circular was the denture adhesive is small when compared to the group without adding the pressure of 2kg and 3kg put the saliva. The size of the circle is the same amount of saliva denture adhesive spread more pressure showed a greater increase.

Dynamic texture perception and oral processing of semi-solid food gels: Part 2: Impact of breakdown behaviour on bolus properties and dynamic texture perception

Food texture perception depends on food structure and oral processing behaviour. The aim of this study was to explain dynamic texture perception of emulsion-filled, semi-solid gels by properties of the boli formed during three stages of oral processing. Texture perception of emulsion-filled gels varying in fracture stress and strain was found to be a dynamic process. Specific texture attributes were perceived as dominant sensations in the beginning (firm), middle (moist, refreshing, elastic, sticky) and end of oral processing (grainy, melting, creamy). In the beginning of oral processing mechanical properties of the boli, such as first penetration peak force and flowability, were correlated to sensory firmness. In the middle of oral processing, correlations between boli properties and texture perception were more complex. Perception of moist and refreshing was related to mechanical properties of the boli, such as flowability, rather than to the amount of saliva incorporated into the boli. Perception of elastic and sticky was related to the mechanical bolus properties resilience and adhesiveness. In the end of oral processing, emulsion-filled gels were perceived either as creamy or grainy. Gels perceived as creamy revealed a high bolus flowability while gels perceived as grainy consisted of boli with a high number of broken down particles. We conclude that bolus formation and changes in the properties of the bolus underlay the changes in texture perception during oral processing.

Functional Differences in the Acinar Cells of the Murine Major Salivary Glands

In humans, approximately 90% of saliva is secreted by the 3 major salivary glands: the parotid (PG), the submandibular (SMG), and the sublingual glands (SLG). Even though it is known that all 3 major salivary glands secrete saliva by a Cl--dependent mechanism, salivary secretion rates differ greatly among these glands. The goal of this study was to gain insight into the properties of the ion-transporting pathways in acinar cells that might account for the differences among the major salivary glands. Pilocarpine-induced saliva was simultaneously collected in vivo from the 3 major salivary glands of mice. When normalized by gland weight, the amount of saliva secreted by the PG was more than 2-fold larger than that obtained from the SMG and SLG. At the cellular level, carbachol induced an increase in the intracellular [Ca2+] that was more than 2-fold larger in PG and SMG than in SLG acinar cells. Carbachol-stimulated Cl- efflux and the protein levels of the Ca2+-activated Cl- channel TMEM16A, the major apical Cl- efflux pathway in salivary acinar cells, were significantly greater in PG compared with SMG and SLG. In addition, we evaluated the transporter activity of the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporters (NKCC1) and anion exchangers (AE), the 2 primary basolateral Cl- uptake mechanisms in acinar cells. The SMG NKCC1 activity was about twice that of the PG and more than 12-fold greater than that of the SLG. AE activity was similar in PG and SLG, and both PG and SLG AE activity was about 2-fold larger than that of SMG. In summary, the salivation kinetics of the 3 major glands are distinct, and these differences can be explained by the unique functional properties of each gland related to Cl- movement, including the transporter activities of the Cl- uptake and efflux pathways, and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization.

A fluid secretion pathway unmasked by acinar-specific Tmem16A gene ablation in the adult mouse salivary gland

Activation of an apical Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel (CaCC) triggers the secretion of saliva. It was previously demonstrated that CaCC-mediated Cl(-) current and Cl(-) efflux are absent in the acinar cells of systemic Tmem16A (Tmem16A Cl(-) channel) null mice, but salivation was not assessed in fully developed glands because Tmem16A null mice die within a few days after birth. To test the role of Tmem16A in adult salivary glands, we generated conditional knockout mice lacking Tmem16A in acinar cells (Tmem16A(-/-)). Ca(2+)-dependent salivation was abolished in Tmem16A(-/-) mice, demonstrating that Tmem16A is obligatory for Ca(2+)-mediated fluid secretion. However, the amount of saliva secreted by Tmem16A(-/-) mice in response to the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (IPR) was comparable to that seen in controls, indicating that Tmem16A does not significantly contribute to cAMP-induced secretion. Furthermore, IPR-stimulated secretion was unaffected in mice lacking Cftr (Cftr(∆F508/∆F508)) or ClC-2 (Clcn2(-/-)) Cl(-) channels. The time course for activation of IPR-stimulated fluid secretion closely correlated with that of the IPR-induced cell volume increase, suggesting that acinar swelling may activate a volume-sensitive Cl(-) channel. Indeed, Cl(-) channel blockers abolished fluid secretion, indicating that Cl(-) channel activity is critical for IPR-stimulated secretion. These data suggest that β-adrenergic-induced, cAMP-dependent fluid secretion involves a volume-regulated anion channel. In summary, our results using acinar-specific Tmem16A(-/-) mice identify Tmem16A as the Cl(-) channel essential for muscarinic, Ca(2+)-dependent fluid secretion in adult mouse salivary glands.

Kliniczna ocena stanu jamy ustnej oraz właściwości fizycznych i mikrobiologicznych śliny u otyłych pacjentów

Background. The results of several studies show not only a relationship of obesity with systemic diseases, but also with changes in the oral environment.Objectives. The aim of this study was to carry out clinical evaluation of oral status, the amount of saliva, bacterial titers for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp., and to analyze hygienic habits in people with obesity.Material and Methods. The study included 125 people, of both sexes, aged 20–65 years. The study group consisted of patients from the Clinic of Internal Medicine, Metabolism and Dietetics at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences with a BMI > 25 kg/m2; a control group – patients from the Clinic of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Diabetics were excluded from the study. All participants were asked to complete a short questionnaire. During the clinical trial the authors rated the incidence of dental caries (DMF-t and DMF-s), the state of oral hygiene (API, PLI), the state of gums (SBI, GI), and periodontal pocket depth (PPD). The material for laboratory analysis constituted unstimulated and stimulated mixed saliva. For microbiological tests the authors used CRT bacteria® Ivoclar Vivadent with a component for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Saliva was collected always at the same time of day, between 10.00 a.m. and 1.00 p.m. Patients were 2 h after a meal.Results. There was a higher incidence of tooth caries, worse gum condition and worse oral hygiene status in obese patients compared with those of normal weight. It has been demonstrated significantly lower amount of rest and stimulated saliva in patients with obesity compared to those of normal weight. There was a statistically significant correlation between the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. and the groups of patients.Conclusion. Obesity may contribute to the clinical deterioration of oral cavity, reduced salivary flow, and increased titer of bacteria.

Comet assay in salivary leukocytes: evaluation of early effects of air pollution exposure in pre-school children.

Comet assay in salivary leukocytes: evaluation of early effects of air pollution exposure in pre-school children.

Oral health conditions of older people: Focus on the Balkan countries

Oral health plays a pivotal role in general health, especially in older people. Oral diseases may affect the development of systemic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke and hypertension. The most important oral health conditions that have been recorded in dental literature for older population include tooth loss, dental caries, periodontal diseases, xerostomia (dry mouth) and oral cancer. Edentulism influences social life, either causing aesthetic problems or affecting functional abilities, such as speaking, chewing and eating. Dental caries in older people is similar to that in people in their thirties. Socio-economic status and living area play a key role in the development of dental caries. In addition, the accumulation of several risk factors, such as plaque or systemic diseases, acts synergistically in the onset of periodontal disease in seniors. Furthermore, older people, mainly due to their medications, exhibit a reduced amount of saliva. Xerostomia causes difficulties in chewing, speaking and swallowing, and it has a substantial impact on older people's lives. The prevalence of oral cancer is 1-10 per 100,000 patients, and several factors (smoking, alcohol, education, economic status) play crucial role. Limited data exists today that evaluates oral health conditions of seniors in the Balkan countries. Aging and socio-economic status of seniors in the Balkans are significantly associated with oral health problems.

Dental approach to erosive tooth wear in gastroesophageal reflux disease.

The duration of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), the frequency of reflux, the pH and type of acid, and the quality and quantity of saliva affect the severity of dental erosion due to GERD. To summarize the diagnostic protocol and treatment of dental erosion due to GERD. A Medline literature search was performed to identify articles associated with a dental approach to GERD. The dental professional must carry out a diagnostic protocol, which includes collecting data on the patient's medical and dietary history, occupational/recreational history, dental history, and oral hygiene methods. Intraoral, head and neck, and salivary function examinations should be performed to expose the dental implications of GERD symptoms. Diagnosing the cause of erosive tooth wear can help prevent further damage. Patients must be informed about how to prevent GERD.

Possible benefits of singing to the mental and physical condition of the elderly.

BackgroundThe evaluation and management of stress are important for the prevention of both depression and cardiovascular disease. In addition, the maintenance of the oral condition of the elderly is essential to enable them to stay healthy, especially to prevent aspiration pneumonia and improve mental health in an aging society. Therefore, we examined the efficacy of singing on the oral condition, mental health status, and immunity of the elderly to determine if singing could contribute to the improvement of their physical condition.MethodsForty-four subjects (10 men, 34 women), aged 60 years or older, participated in this study. The efficacy of singing on mental health status and immunocompetence was examined by swallowing function, oral condition, blood, and saliva tests, as well as through questionnaires taken before and after singing.ResultsThe results showed that the amount of saliva increased and the level of cortisol, a salivary stress marker, decreased after singing. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores for feeling refreshed, comfortable, pleasurable, light-hearted, relieved, and relaxed; the tension and confusion subscale score; and the total mood disturbance (TMD) score of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) all showed improvements. Furthermore, the same tendencies were shown regardless of whether or not the subjects liked singing.ConclusionsOur results suggest that singing can be effective in improving the mental health and oral condition of the elderly.

Terminal RFLP analysis to determine the oral microbiota with hyposalivation.

Previous studies of oral microbiota by culture-dependent or targeted DNA approaches demonstrated that hyposalivation, a reduction in salivary secretions, might increase the amount of certain oral pathogens. However, the relationship between hyposalivation and the balance of oral microbiota, especially uncultivable bacteria, remains still unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between hyposalivation and oral microbiota by analyzing terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNA. The 61 subjects were divided into two groups, hyposalivation group and normo-salivation group. The microbiota of tongue-coating samples was analyzed by T-RFLP. The amount of saliva, the number of Candida albicans, and also the dental status including plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) were assessed. Regarding the dental status, none of the evaluated factors were significantly different between the groups except the number of DMFT. According to the T-RFLP profiles, the patterns of microbiota in the tongue coating were classified into two groups, Clusters I and II. Cluster I is made up 76% of subjects with hyposalivation, while Cluster II is made up 61% of subjects with normo-salivation (p<0.001). Compared with the microbiota found in Cluster II, that in Cluster I had higher proportions of T-RFs corresponding to genera Veillonella, Dialister, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Streptococcus. T-RFLP analysis showed a significant role of salivary volume in determining the composition of the microbial community, regardless of the cultivability of the bacteria.

Clinical observation of submandibular gland transfer for the prevention of xerostomia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective randomized controlled study of 32 cases

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of submandibular gland transfer for the prevention of xerostomia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.MethodsUsing the randomized controlled clinical research method, 65 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were randomly divided into an experimental group consisting of 32 patients and a control group consisting of 33 patients. The submandibular glands were averted to the submental region in 32 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma before they received conventional radiotherapy; a lead block was used to shield the submental region during therapy. Prior to radiotherapy, the function of the submandibular glands was assessed using imaging. Submandibular gland function was measured using 99mTc radionuclide scanning at 60 months after radiotherapy. The data in the questionnaire regarding the degree of xerostomia were investigated and saliva secretion was measured at 3, 6, 12, and 60 months after radiotherapy. In addition, the 5-year survival rate was calculated.ResultsAfter follow-up for 3, 6, and 12 months, the incidence of moderate to severe xerostomia was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. The average amount of saliva produced by the experimental and control groups was 1.60 g and 0.68 g, respectively (P < 0.001). After follow-up for 60 months, the uptake and secretion functions of the submandibular glands in the experimental group were found to be significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The incidence of moderate or severe xerostomia was significantly lower than in the control group (15.4% and 76.9%, respectively; P < 0.001). The 5-year survival rates of the experimental group and the control group were 81.3% and 78.8%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.806).ConclusionsAfter a 5 year follow-up period involving 32 patients who had their submandibular glands transferred for the prevention of xerostomia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we found that clinical efficacy was good. This approach could improve the quality of life of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy and would not affect long-term treatment efficacy.

Combining Salivary Pathogen and Serum Antibody Levels Improves Their Diagnostic Ability in Detection of Periodontitis

Initiation and progression of periodontitis correlates with increased quantities of periodontitis-associated bacteria in periodontal biofilms. In the present study, the aim is to measure Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis amounts in saliva and their antibody (immunoglobulin [Ig]A and IgG) levels in serum and evaluate their diagnostic abilities, together or alone, in chronic periodontitis. The study population comprised 230 Finnish dentate adults: 84 with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP), 65 with localized chronic periodontitis (LCP), and 81 controls without periodontitis. General and oral health information was obtained by questionnaires, interviews, and clinical and radiographic examinations. Salivary and serum samples were analyzed by quantitative single copy gene-based real-time polymerase chain reaction and multiserotype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Pathogen carriers suffered mostly from GCP and seldom from LCP. A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis quantities in saliva were strongly associated with corresponding serum IgA and IgG values (P <0.001) and with severity of disease (P <0.001). P. gingivalis exhibited more straightforward associations among salivary bacterial burdens, corresponding antibody formation, and periodontitis severity than A. actinomycetemcomitans. The combination of information on age, sex, smoking, and P. gingivalis results provided an area under the curve of 0.817 (95% confidence interval 0.76 to 0.87, P <0.001) for GCP. The combination of saliva P. gingivalis quantity with pathogen-specific host response may be used to diagnose periodontitis with high accuracy.

Factors associated to salivary flow alterations in dry mouth female patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Saliva plays an important role in oral health; it is involved in lubrication of the oral mucosa, protection against infections, transport of nutrients and digestive enzymes, remineralization of teeth, as well as aiding in chewing, swallowing and speech. Reductions in the amount of saliva are known to increase the risk of oral diseases. This study investigated the factors associated to salivary flow alterations and its relationship with age, burning mouth syndrome, psychiatric and sleep disorders, systemic diseases and chronic drug use. METHODS: A total of 30 patients complaining of dry mouth without unbalanced systemic diseases were included. Questionnaires regarding socio-demographic data, xerostomia, burning mouth, depression and anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances were applied. Measures of salivary flow rates were obtained using spit method. Correlation of hyposalivation and quantitative data was determined using a multivariate regression model. RESULTS: The age range was 31-83 years, hyposalivation was correlated positively with sleep disorder (β=0.079, 95% CI, to 0,124) and negatively with burning mouth (β=-0.043, 95% CI, -0.083 to -0.002). CONCLUSION: These results provide evidences regarding the association between reduced salivary flow and burning mouth, sleep disorders and chronic use of psychotropic medicines, and we highlighted the important role of antidepressants on modulation of burning mouth sensation.

Shear wave elastography: a new noninvasive tool to assess the intensity of fibrosis of irradiated salivary glands in head and neck cancer patients.

The aim of the study was to assess salivary gland parenchyma by means of sonoelastography in patients irradiated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The studied group consisted of 52 patients after radiotherapy (RT) and 54 healthy volunteers. All of the former were treated for advanced larynx (40), oropharynx (9), or maxilla (3) squamous cancers and suffered from chronic dryness. Ultrasonography (US) and elastography (ES) were performed, as well as an assessment of the amount of saliva and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scale. There was a statistical difference between ES values in the RT group and in the controls for parotid glands (41.7 kPa versus 26.03 kPa, P = 0.0018) and for submandibular glands (37.6 kPa versus 22.4 kPa; P = 0.005). There was a significant correlation between the CTCAE scores and objective saliva amount (P = 0.0005), and the median amount of saliva in the examined group was lower than in the reference group (1.86 g versus 2.75 g, P = 0.0006). In conclusion sonoelastography adds a new parameter to ultrasonography in “one touch examination” and may be a useful tool for major salivary gland evaluation during the radiotherapy course and follow-up period.

Differences in the Amount of Fluoride Release among Fluoride-Releasing Cements

ABSTRACT Purpose The abutment teeth of removable partial dentures are susceptible to root surface caries and secondary caries, and such caries sometimes result in crown destruction. In particular, in aged patients, this risk increases due to age-associated gingival recession, periodontal disease, decreased amount of saliva, and inadequate brushing caused by decreased finger motor function. Fluoride-releasing materials may prevent such caries. In this study, we evaluated the amounts of fluoride release from various fluoride-releasing cements based on the amount of fluoride release into artificial saliva. Materials and methods In this study, the following three types of cement were used: Vitremer 2 Paste (3M Health Care: V2 hereafter) and Fuji Luting EX (GC: EX hereafter) as resin-modified glass-ionomer cements, and Clearfil SA Luting (Kuraray Medical: SA hereafter) as a fluoride-containing adhesive resin cement. Using the method indicated by the manufactures, 5 samples (diameter, 8 mm; thickness, 2 mm) for each type of cement were prepared. The samples were immersed in artificial saliva (5 ml) and left at room temperature. The artificial saliva used for immersion was replaced every 24 hours until 14 days after the initiation of immersion and every 48 hours thereafter until after 30 days. Fluoride release was measured in the immersion solution using a combination fluoride ion-selective electrode connected to an ion analyzer. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test were performed to compare the amount of fluoride ion release among the groups (? = 0.05). Results The cumulative amount of fluoride ion release 30 days after the initiation of immersion was the highest for V2 (363.6 ± 87.1 μg/mm2), followed in order by EX (115.6 ± 7.9 μg/mm2) and SA (57.4 ± 23.9 μg/mm2). Significant differences were observed even from 1 day after the initiation of immersion between V2 and EX as well as SA. Concerning daily changes, the amount of fluoride ion release after 1 day was the highest for each type of cement; it was the highest for V2 (89.8 ± 13.5 μg/mm2), followed by SA (35.9 ± 8.3 μg/mm2) and EX (34.3 ± 3.2 μg/mm2). The amount of release gradually decreased after 2 days or more. Significant differences were observed from 1 day after the initiation of immersion between V2 and EX as well as SA. A significant difference between EX and SA was present from 2 until 4 days after the initiation of immersion. Conclusion V2 as a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement showed the highest amount of fluoride release, indicating continuous sustained fluoride release. How to cite this article Ogami K, Yokomoto M, Koike T, Ueda T, Tomura K, Sakurai K. Differences in the Amount of Fluoride Release among Fluoride-Releasing Cements. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(3):78-81.

Management of Xerostomia Patient with Salivary Reservoir Designed in Upper Complete Denture and Lower Cast Partial Denture

ABSTRACTXerostomia is a common complaint found often among older adults. Dry mouth has multiple oral health consequences and affects quality of life. It can produce serious negative effects on the patient's quality of life by affecting dietary habits, nutritional status, speech, taste and tolerance to dental prosthesis and increasing the risk of oral infection, including candidiasis and susceptibility to dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss. Saliva protects oral mucosa and teeth against harmful substances, lubricates the mouth to facilitate chewing, swallowing and speech, and reduces tissue trauma. Presence of adequate amounts of saliva within denture and tissue interface is essential. Without enough saliva, a denture will inadequately adhere to tissues, partly through loss of surface tension. Sometimes, the cause may easily be eliminated but, in many instances, it is not possible, and the condition is persistent and often progressive. There are several approaches to manage dry mouth. In this article, a palatal reservoir design for upper complete denture and lower cast RPD with salivary reservoir has been described, which completely satisfies the patient need for long time.How to cite this articleArora V, Kumar D, Legha VS, Kumar KV A. Management of Xerostomia Patient with Salivary Reservoir Designed in Upper Complete Denture and Lower Cast Partial Denture. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(1):56-59.

Concentration of salivary protective proteins within the bound oral mucosal pellicle

To study which salivary proteins form the protective bound mucosal pellicle and to determine the role of transglutaminase in pellicle development. Oral epithelial cells were collected and underwent washes of different strengths, followed by homogenisation. SDS-PAGE, western blotting, IgA ELISAs and amylase activity assays were completed on cell homogenates and compared to saliva samples to confirm which salivary proteins were bound to cell surfaces. Salivary mucins, MUC5B and MUC7, were strongly retained on the oral epithelial cell surface. Other bound proteins including cystatin S, carbonic anhydrase VI, secretory component and IgA could be washed off. IgA was present in concentrated levels in the bound mucosal pellicle compared to amounts in saliva. Amylase, one of the most abundant proteins present in saliva, showed minimal levels of binding. Transglutaminase 3 presence was confirmed, but proteins that it catalyses cross-links between, statherin and proline-rich proteins, showed minimal presence. Some protective salivary proteins including mucins and IgA become concentrated on oral surfaces in the bound mucosal pellicle, through specific interactions. Concentration of mucins would contribute to lubrication to prevent abrasion damage to soft tissues, whilst increased IgA could create an 'immune reservoir' against mucosal infection.

Rice bolus texture changes due to α-amylase

During mastication, starch hydrolysis caused by salivary α-amylase may influence food bolus formation and subsequent breakdown during gastric digestion. The objective of this study was to examine texture changes of rice boluses after simulated mastication. Boluses were prepared with three varieties each of brown and white rice (short, medium, and long grain). After simulated mastication, rice boluses were incubated from 0 to 180min at 37°C prior to texture measurement by bulk compression. Saliva was added at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2mL saliva/g rice. Boluses were also formed with 0.1mL/g saliva without α-amylase. The peak force and area under the compression curve were significantly influenced by rice type, saliva level, and incubation time (p<0.0001). The peak force of the boluses decreased, on average, from 127 to 52N for brown rice and 111 to 54N for white rice. Changes in bolus texture were described by a linear-exponential model. For all rice types, bolus texture was significantly lower in the presence of α-amylase. Saliva amount and presence of α-amylase influenced the textural properties of rice boluses during 180min of incubation. These factors should be carefully considered in future in vitro studies of carbohydrate-based food products.