Amount Of Resin Research Articles

Monitoring the anticorrosion performance of developed epoxy-based paint formulations on metallic surfaces by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of varying solid ratios in epoxy-based formulations on their corrosion resistance. The amounts of epoxy resin in the formulations were kept constant, and the behavior of paints with varying filler ratios was compared. It also examines the tensiometric and rheological properties of these formulations. Design/methodology/approach Three distinct epoxy-based formulations cured with amine compounds were prepared. The formulations underwent various testing protocols to evaluate their performance: coating tests: coated panels with cross lines were exposed to humidity and corrosive atmospheres. Tensiometric Measurements: Conducted using pendant and sessile drop methods. Rheological characterizations: ıncluded flow tests, oscillatory amplitude sweeps and three-interval thixotropy tests. Corrosion resistance assessment: after the panels were immersed in methanol for one week, measurements were taken using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Additional tests: neutral salt spray (NSS) and humidity testing. Findings The study observed that the coated panels, after exposure to NSS and humidity testing, demonstrated corrosion resistance within acceptable limits as defined by the ISO 12944-6 standard. Results indicate that the epoxy-based formulations show potential for improvements in paints and coatings, suggesting promising advancements in their anticorrosion performance. Originality/value This research provides insights into how the solid ratios in epoxy-based formulations influence their performance, particularly in terms of corrosion resistance, tensiometric and rheological properties. The findings contribute to the development of more effective epoxy resin-based coatings for industrial applications.

Effect of Epoxy Resin on the Strength Propery of Portland Cement Concrete

In this study, the strength effect of partially substituting Portland Cement (PC) with epoxy-resin in making concrete was examined. A mix ratio of 1:1.87:2.67 (PC: sand: granite chippings) at water-cement ratio of 0.5 targeting a strength of 30N/mm2 was adopted. The epoxy resin was mixed with hardener at a proportion of 1:0.5 and this mixture was used to replace PC at 10% intervals starting from 0% to 40%. Six cubes were cast for each mix ratio and were cured in water at room temperature for 28 days. The first set of samples were treated by heating them in an oven to a temperature of 1000C for 1 hour before testing in compression while, the other set were not treated. Results showed that as the quantity of epoxy resin in the concrete enlarged the compressive strength values reduced. But a rise was observed at 30%. All concrete produced were structural in nature except for the heated 40% specimen. An optimal replacement strength of 32.10 N/mm2 at 30% inclusion (unheated) and lowest strength of 18.63 N/mm2 at 40% replacement (heated) were obtained. The heated samples experienced further reduction in their compressive strength values. An 8.94% drop in strength was observed between the maximum replacement values for the heated and unheated samples at 30%. In conclusion, epoxy resin concrete can be used for structural works at replacement levels up to 40%. However, if the concrete will be exposed to increased temperature of 1000C, then an optimal replacement level of 30% is recommended.

Influence of Carbon Content on Element Diffusion in Silicon Carbide-Based TRISO Composite Fuel

The coating layers of Tri-structural Isotropic Particles (TRISO) serve to protect the kernel and act as barriers to fission products. Sintering aids in the silicon carbide matrix variably react with TRISO coating layers, leading to the destruction of the coating layers. Investigating how carbon content affects element diffusion in silicon carbide-based TRISO composite fuel is of great significance for predicting reactor safety. In this study, silicon carbide-based TRISO composite fuels with different carbon contents were prepared by adding varying amounts of phenolic resin to the silicon carbide matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the phase composition, morphology, and microstructure of the composite fuels. The elemental content in each coating layer of TRISO was quantified using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrated that the addition of phenolic resin promoted the uniform distribution of sintering aids in the silicon carbide matrix. The atomic percentage (at.%) of aluminum (Al) in the pyrolytic carbon layer of the TRISO particles reached its lowest value of 0.55% when the phenolic resin addition was 1%. This is because the addition of phenolic resin caused the Al and silicon (Si) in the matrix to preferentially react with the carbon in the phenolic resin to form a metastable liquid phase, rather than preferentially consuming the pyrolytic carbon in the outer coating layer of the TRISO particles. The findings suggest that carbon addition through phenolic resin incorporation can effectively mitigate the deleterious reactions between the TRISO coating layers and sintering aids, thereby enhancing the durability and safety of silicon carbide-based TRISO composite fuels.

Integrated deep eutectic solvent extraction and resin adsorption for recovering polyphenols from citrus reticulata Blanco peels: Process optimization, compositional analysis, and activity determination

The recovery of polyphenols from Citrus reticulata Blanco peels was studied based on integrated deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction and resin adsorption. The DES prepared with choline chloride and ethylene glycol (molar ratio 1:4) and hydrophobic interaction/weakly acidic cation exchange mixed-mode adsorption resin HD-1 were used as the extractant and adsorbent respectively. The operating parameters of integrated process were optimized using completely randomized design and response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction kinetics was studied and the composition of extract was analyzed by UPLC-MS. Finally, the antioxidant activity of extract and its inhibitory ability on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were determined. Under the optimal operating conditions (liquid–solid ratio of 20:1, extraction temperature of 43 °C, extraction time of 4.8 h, resin amount of 6.6 g), the polyphenols yield of integrated process was increased by 2.15-fold and the time was shortened by 52.48 % compared with that of traditional sequential process. The extraction kinetic curves of both integrated and sequential processes conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the extraction speed of integrated process was significantly higher than that of sequential process. The main polyphenols in extract were neohesperidoside, poncirin, narirutin, and hesperidin, etc. The extract exhibited a strong antioxidant capacity with DPPH free radical scavenging rate of extract reached 79.54 % of that of vitamin C. The inhibition ratios of extract against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 97.81 % and 427 % of that of acarbose respectively. The results indicated that the extract has a potential application for prevention and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Analysis of mechanical properties of basalt fabric reinforced fly ash filled vinyl ester composites using multi criteria decision making technique

The current research was to examine the mechanical properties of composite material made of vinyl ester filled with fly ash of various weight percentages. Before fabrication the amount of fly ash and resin were identified by using the Multi Criteria Decision Making technique (MCDM). The best filler weight percentage of 5 wt% is determined by using Weighted Aggregate Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) which is one of the MCDM methods. The virgin samples of vinyl esters are mixed with weight of 5 wt%fly ash by incremental of 5 wt% up to 20 wt%. All the mechanical tests of the specimen were conducted as per ASTM standards. Subsequently based on the results from the WASPAS method of fly ash content, the basalt fabric was reinforced with fly ash filled vinyl ester to fabricate the hybrid composites. By the mixing of fly-ash with vinyl ester the strength of the fly ash filled composites has been found to be enhanced in the filler. The results from the mechanical testing signified that fly ash can be used as filler material in basalt fabric reinforced vinyl ester resin. The fly ash infused basalt fibre reinforced yields significant development in mechanical performance contrast to the other fabricated composites.

Bioretention cells filled with epoxy resin-modified loess for stormwater purification

As a filler material in bioretention cells, loess has a good ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. However, its low permeability can easily trigger cell blockage. To improve permeability, the modification of loess has become important in the construction of bioretention cells. This study tested water-soluble epoxy resin-modified loess and investigated its feasibility as a filler for bioretention cells. Its purification performance under different rainfall conditions, including intensity and dry periods, was analyzed and compared with traditional sand bioretention cells both with and without a submerged zone. Epoxy-modified loess could be used as a bioretention cell filler, significantly increasing the permeability coefficient of the cell. Although modification with epoxy resin did not affect the crystal composition of the loess, the cross-linking reaction that occurred on its surface increased the C content, decreased the Si content, and made the texture rougher. When the amount of epoxy resin was 2.5 % (SZ25), the resulting loess met the permeability coefficient design requirements; its maximum adsorption capacity for ammonium-nitrogen was at least 1.92 times more than that of sand. For phosphate, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 5.17 mg/g. The average removal efficiencies of ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the epoxy-modified loess bioretention cells were 91.67 %, −12.42 %, 39.91 %, and 91.97 %, respectively, 3.14 %, 28.91 %, 20.07 %, and 9.59 % higher than those in the sand bioretention cell. Microbiological analyses revealed that modified loess filler promoted the enrichment of denitrifying bacteria to a relative abundance 14.31 %–26.47 % higher than that in traditional sand filler. Based on the Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa analysis, the modified loess bioretention cell had stronger C and N cycling than that of the traditional sand bioretention cell, indicating that microbial metabolism and denitrification were stronger and nitrogen removal was improved.

THE EFFECT OF TREATING HEAVY OIL WITH ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL ON THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF RESINS

The effect of heavy oil treatment with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for 8 h at a temperature of 25-100 °C on the composition and structure of resins is investigated. The objects of investigation were heavy oil from the Zyuzeevskoye field (the Republic of Tatarstan) and resins isolated from this oil. It is established that the resin content increases by almost 3 wt% as a result of heavy oil treatment with IPA at 100 °C. It is shown than an increase in the temperature of oil - IPA (20 wt%) mixture treatment from 25 to 100 °C causes an increase in sulphur and oxygen content in resins by 0.5 and 0.8 wt%, respectively, and a decrease in the Н/С atomic ratio from 1.40 to 1.38. The aromaticity factor of resins increases by 0.17 %, while the fraction of aliphatic carbon decreases. It is concluded that oil treatment with isopropyl alcohol, aimed at a decrease in the content of resinous and asphaltenic substances, is unreasonable because it causes unfavourable formation of the additional amount of resins.

Trace amounts of silica and epoxy resin driven MXene-based flexible electrode coupled with good cycle stability

MXene-based flexible electrodes possess advantageous properties, including good electrical conductivity and high specific capacitance. Nevertheless, the lack of cycling stability of these flexible electrodes represents a significant limitation for their further application in wearable technology. In response to this challenge, this study innovatively composites SiO2 nanoparticles with Ti3C2Tx nanosheets and introduces a trace amount of epoxy resin to prepare CC/MXene@SiO2-EP nanostructures, which form a unique three-dimensional structural composite. This method significantly enhanced the interfacial properties, electrochemical performance, and cycling stability of MXene-based flexible electrodes in a straightforward and environmentally benign manner. The introduced epoxy resin acts as an efficient binder to firmly anchor the MXene@SiO2 nanostructures to the carbon cloth surface, which greatly improves the mechanical properties of the flexible devices. The specific capacitance of the CC/MXene@SiO2-EP composite in the three-electrode system was approximately 481.4 F g−1, with a capacity retention of 94.07 % after 8000 cycles. Furthermore, the AC//CC/MXene@SiO2-EP ASC device assembled with activated carbon exhibits an ultra-high energy density of 39.74 W h kg−1 at a power density of 400 W kg−1 and a capacitance retention of up to 96.7 % after 5000 cycles at maximum 90° reciprocal bending. It can be observed that CC/MXene@SiO2-EP composites represent a novel class of flexible electrodes, offering a promising avenue for the advancement of the energy storage field.

Preparation and characterization of ox bone powder and bamboo fibers reinforced hybrid epoxy composites

Composite materials are one of the fastest growing when compared with metal, ceramic, and polymer due to their high specific strength, stiffness, and versatile application in various fields. This study aimed to develop an ox bone powder and bamboo fiber-reinforced hybrid epoxy composite for stock and bumper applications and investigate the effect of the reinforcements on the composite’s mechanical properties. The reinforcements used in this work were random orientations of animal bone (ox) powder of 75 microns and bamboo fiber. The matrix used for this work was epoxy resin. Composite materials were prepared using the hand layup method with a 40% weight fraction of reinforcement (bone powder and bamboo fiber) and a 60% weight fraction of epoxy resin matrix. Five different combinations of bone powder and bamboo fiber with a fixed amount of epoxy resin were used for this work. The combinations of bamboo fiber and bone powder were: 40% bamboo fiber with 0% bone powder; 30% bamboo fiber with 10% bone powder; 20% bamboo fiber with 20% bone powder; and 0% bamboo fiber with 40% bone powder. The mechanical properties studied were compressive strength, impact strength, and flexural strength. In addition, water absorption was studied for all combinations. The maximum results of the flexural and impact strengths were 278.91 MPa and 7.5 J/m, respectively, at a 0:40 (bone powder: bamboo fiber) composite. The maximum compressive strength and the lowest absorption obtained were 283.3 MPa and 1.05%, respectively, at the 40:0 (bone powder: bamboo fiber) composite. For the hybrid composite case, optimal flexural and impact strengths were 236.72 MPa and 6.66 J/m, respectively, and water absorption was 1.52% at 10:30 (bone powder: bamboo fiber). Since reasonable flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption were obtained with the hybrid composite of 10:30 (bone powder: bamboo fiber), this combination of the hybrid composite is recommended for stock and bumper applications.

Study on the mechanical and electrical conductivity properties of waste short carbon fibers concrete and the establishment of conductivity models

The properties of waste short carbon fibers (WSCFs) were firstly characterized in this paper, and the effects of WSCFs with different lengths and contents on the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of concrete were mainly investigated. Conductive model for WSCFs concrete was established based on the core-shell structure. The results revealed that, in comparison to virgin carbon fibers, WSCFs contained a small amount of resin, and the microscopic surface of WSCFs was smoother, but the content of C elements was low, the wettability and graphitization were poorer. The compressive strength of concrete did not significantly change after being mixed with WSCFs. Compared with the control group (0 %), only when the WSCFs content was 1 %, the compressive strength was slightly improved. The splitting tensile strength decreased as the length of WSCFs increased at the same content. When the length of WSCFs was 10 mm or 20 mm, the resistivity of concrete decreased by 86.0 % and 90.3 %, respectively, at 0.5 % content (28 d). As curing age increased, the free water inside the concrete decreased, and fibers were wrapped by hydration products, resulting in an increase of resistivity. Increasing the length of WSCFs from 10 mm to 20 mm effectively increased the probability of fiber overlap, constructing a more connected conductive network and reducing the conductive threshold of concrete from 0.5 % to 0.4 %. The established conductivity model for WSCFs concrete exhibited high calculation accuracy. The calculation results showed that for WSCFs with a length ranging from 10 mm to 50 mm, the concrete resistivity was very close and fluctuated less for the WSCFs content greater than 0.5 %.

Study on adsorption of scandium by iminodiacetic acid resin TP207

Abstract Scandium (Sc) is a rare transition metal applied in unique electronic/alloy materials such as magnesium scandium alloy, aluminum scandium alloy, laser glass, superconductors, and electronic components. However, scandium is extremely hard to obtain. In this paper, the iminodiacetic acid resin TP207 was first applied for the recovery of scandium from a hydrochloric acid solution. The adsorption of Sc3+ by TP207 resin was analyzed by SEM-EDS, FT-IR, and XPS. It was found that the best adsorption time was 2 hours with the equilibrium adsorption rate reaching 99%. The saturated adsorption amount of resin was 0.05g/ml. This process involves the ion exchange of scandium ions with sodium ions on the resin and the chemisorption of scandium with the -COO- group. Furthermore, the TP207 resin exhibited a quasi-second-order kinetic mechanism towards Sc3+, which was the rate of adsorption is proportional to the concentration of the reactants. In addition, the adsorption of resin for Sc3+ is an endothermic reaction by calculating the thermodynamic parameters, and there is a 3.6% difference in adsorption efficiency between the two cycle experiments. In a word, the TP207 resin is a very promising adsorbent for Sc beneficiation from the HCl system.

Demulsification Methods for Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions. A Review

Demulsification (dehydration) is one of the most important problems in the oil industry. The peculiarity of heavy oil emulsions is their high stability since heavy crude contains a significant quantity of resins and asphaltenes. This paper provides an overview of the issue of heavy oil emulsion dehydration, emphasizing the importance of understanding their properties to develop appropriate demulsification methods. The use of environmentally friendly demulsifiers was an object of special attention. The analysis of ongoing research in this area would be useful for researches and engineers.

Effect of resin amount on the damping properties of polymer concrete

Effect of resin amount on the damping properties of polymer concrete

Understanding polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PAAE) retention in paper

Polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PAAE) is a permanent wet strength resin used in papermaking. When applied to paperboard, some amount of resin is retained in the sheet, and some is lost to the white water. The papermaker usually knows the amount of PAAE charged to the pulp but has no idea how much chemical is retained in the sheet. In addition, the influence of PAAE dosage, freeness, zeta potential, and pulp kappa number variability on PAAE retention is not well understood. Factorial design experiments using unbleached and bleached softwood (loblolly pine) kraft pulps were conducted to understand the factors that affect PAAE retention. The results revealed that PAAE retention, wet tear index, and tensile index not only depended on the PAAE charged of the pulp but also depended significantly on the pulp freeness. In lieu of freeness, zeta potential data can be used to predict PAAE retention. In addition, at similar freeness, bleached pulp has the highest retention of PAAE compared to low and high kappa unbleached kraft pulps. The results also suggest that lignin may have potential as a wet strength agent.

ENHANCING COPPER REMOVAL THROUGH INTEGRATED CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION WITH HETEROGENEOUS CATION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a novel technique to eliminate ions present in the solution. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of cation exchange resin loading on the membrane using the nonsolvent-induced phase inversion method. After optimizing the resin loading on the membrane, the prepared membrane was employed for the membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). A concentration of 500 mg.L-1 Cu2+ was used as a test contaminant in the CDI system to study Cu2+ removal and recovery at different voltages. Results showed that resin loading substantially influenced the membrane structure and enhanced the Cu2+ removal by the CDI technique. The presence of cation exchange resin on the membrane was found by the appearance of a peak at 1,007 cm-1, 1,035 cm-1, and 1,128 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra of the –SO3 group, which became more significant as the amount of resin increased. The prepared membrane’s water uptake and ion exchange capacity increased as the quantity of resins loaded onto the membrane increased. When monitoring a current-time graph during CDI tests, an adsorption amount of 6.9 mg.g-1 of Cu2+ and recovery efficiency of 51.7 % at the 10th cycle in the MCDI cell was observed for M20 (20% by wt resin). Using the prepared membrane in the CDI system has the potential to remove Cu2+ from the solution selectively.

Study on the performances of epoxy asphalt binders influenced by the dosage of epoxy resin and its application to steel bridge deck pavement

The concentration of epoxy resin can outstandingly affect the performance of hot-mixed epoxy asphalt binders. A standard measuring procedure of tensile performance for plastics is applied to investigate epoxy asphalt binders influenced by different dosages of epoxy. The rheological performances and microscope structure evolution process influenced by hot mixed epoxy dosage are investigated by dynamic shear rheometer and laser scanning confocal microscopy respectively. The consequences manifest that the flexibility and anti-rutting ability of epoxy asphalt binders is raised accompanied by raising the dosage of epoxy resin are founded by long time of creep, creep and recovery. Dynamic shear rheometer temperature scans showed that epoxy asphalt binders exhibited excellent thermal stability within the scope of −20 °C and 120 °C, when the amount of epoxy resin is no less than 40%. It was observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy that the three-dimensional crosslinked network structure was gradually shaped when the epoxy resin concentration was no less than 40%. These experimental results demonstrated that the excellent performances of epoxy asphalt binders are obtained when the concentration of epoxy resin is no less than 40%. From the viewpoint of epoxy asphalt mixtures, the optimal mixture performances are acquired, when the concentration of epoxy resin is no less than 40%. Finally, when the concentration of epoxy resin is 40%, the excellent cost-performance of epoxy asphalt is obtained, which can be used in steel bridge deck pavement.

A pool construction using ramie fabric composite in eco-resin matrix: a cost of goods sold analysis (COGS)

One of the oldest and most traditional products made with resin and fiberglass is swimming pools; however, this product consumes large quantities of fiberglass mat and resin, both raw materials are based on non-renewable products and contribute significantly to carbon footprint and environmental damage. The increasing environmental concern has raised awareness in the industry and academia for the search of environmentally friendly materials. Natural fibers are attracting interest in engineering sectors due to specific advantages such as low density and cost, as well as renewability, biodegradability, recycling, and CO2 emission neutrality. In particular, the fiber extracted from the stem of the ramie plant is currently recognized as one of the strongest lignocellulosic fibers. In addition to natural fibers, eco-resins such as water-based acrylics have gained great attention from the industry due to their carbon footprint and environmentally friendly characteristics. The aim of this work is to calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS) for a pool constructed with composite ramie fabric in a water-based eco-resin matrix, for this purpose, a 1:30 scale prototype will be made, from which all manufacturing costs will be collected, then we will perform a mathematical extrapolation for comparison of values with products currently available in the market.

Pilot Study Investigating Effects of Changing Process Variables on Elastic and Energy-Absorbing Characteristics in Polyurethane/Agglomerated Cork Mix for Use in Micro-Transport Helmet.

This pilot investigation identifies the influence that changing the process variables of curing pressure, curing temperature, and mix ratio of a polyurethane/agglomerated cork matrix has on the mechanical properties of energy absorption, Young's modulus of elasticity, and spring stiffness in safety helmets intended for micro-transport riders. The results are compared to expanded polystyrene, a material commonly used in micro-transport helmets. Mechanical testing of the various samples found that, over the range tested, curing pressure had no effect on any of the mechanical properties, while increasing amounts of resin caused a stiffer structure, and increasing curing temperature led to increased energy absorption. Consistent with the elastic modulus findings, all polyurethane/agglomerated cork test samples demonstrated higher median levels of spring stiffness, ranging from 7.1% to 61.9% greater than those found for expanded polystyrene. The sample mixed at a 1.5:1 binder/cork ratio and cured at 40 °C displayed the closest spring stiffness to EPS. While the mechanical properties of the eco-friendly polyurethane/agglomerated cork matrix did not match those of expanded polystyrene, the difference in performance found in this study is promising. Further investigation into process variables could characterise this more ecologically based matrix with equivalent energy-absorbing and structural characteristics, making it equivalent to currently used expanded polystyrene and suitable for use in micro-transport helmets.

A multidisciplinary investigation of a mummified Egyptian head and analysis of its associated resinous material from the Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum in Palermo (Sicily)

Among the 70 items donated by the abbot Antonio Pietro Paternostro to the former National Museum of Palermo (now Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum) in 1870, an ancient Egyptian mummified human head stands out. In 2022 the finding was submitted for a multidisciplinary investigation that relied upon non-invasive or minimally invasive approaches. Investigations revealed that this is a possible female head, which was likely subjected to trans-nasal craniotomy, and dated to the Egyptian Graeco-Roman period. The head was packed with an abundant amount of resin which was analysed using thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The analysis suggested that the resin was most likely comprised of a natural resin, pitch, or tar, from the Pinaceae family of conifers, and mixed with other materials including a fat, oil, or wax. The use of multiple sample preparation techniques for the chromatographic analysis provided a high level of confidence in the identification of a wide variety of compounds, including a range of himachalene derivatives, which indicate the inclusion of cedar tar or oil.

An experimental study on the strength values of resin added sand samples with different types of fiber reinforcements

In this study, uniaxial compressive strength values of a sand type soil reinforced with polypropylene fiber and silicate-based resin additives with different amounts were investigated. Micro grid fiber (MGF) was tested as a new polypropylene fiber additive in the experiments to compare it with a widely used polypropylene fiber type geosynthetic product used in soil fill improvement applications. According to the findings obtained from the uniaxial compressive strength (unconfined compressive strength) tests, it was determined that the new MGF type fiber usually increased the strength values at higher rates in comparison with the conventional fiber product. As another outcome, it was found that target strength values can be supplied by using less resin amounts for the specimens with fiber additives. It was determined that proper strength improvements can be obtained more economically by the fiber additive use together with the resin, rather than the resin added mixtures without the fiber.