Amount Of Pigment Research Articles

Correlation of elongation factor 1A accumulation with photosynthetic pigment content and yield in winter wheat varieties under heat stress conditions

Heat stress is one of the most important environmental factors that influences wheat growth and development, leading to significant losses in grain yield and has become a significant detrimental factor for worldwide wheat production. In recent years, several studies suggested that eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A), may contribute to heat tolerance in plants, therefore the aim of this study was: to investigate the accumulation of eEF1A in wheat under conditions of moderate and high air temperatures; to determine the amount of photosynthetic pigments and to determine the yield traits; and to examine whether there is a correlation between eEF1A accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, and yield in different wheat varieties. The results showed that heat stress induced accumulation of eEF1A significantly different among wheat varieties and showed that varieties with a higher accumulation of eEF1A under heat stress are characterized by a smaller decrease in the photosynthetic pigments. A correlation between higher accumulation of eEF1A under heat stress and yield traits was found. Analyzed parameters from two growing seasons, indicated that the higher accumulation of eEF1A and a smaller decrease in photosynthetic pigments distinguishes the varieties more resistant to heat stress. The analysis of the molecular mechanisms by immunoblot, under conditions of high and moderate air temperatures in two growing seasons, aims to develop agricultural strategy and develop wheat varieties tolerant to heat stress.

The Management of Dissolved Oxygen by a Polypropylene Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor Affects Wine Aging.

Background: Numerous oenological practices can cause an excess of dissolved oxygen in wine, thus determining sensory and chromatic defects in the short- to long-term. Hence, it is necessary to manage the excess of oxygen before bottling. Methods: In this study, the management of the dissolved oxygen content by a polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor apparatus was performed in two wines from different grape varieties (Aglianico and Falanghina). The wines were analyzed after an 11-month aging. Anthocyanins and acetaldehyde content were evaluated by HPLC. In addition, other phenolic compounds and chromatic characteristics were analyzed by spectrophotometric methods. NMR and HR ESIMS analyses were conducted to evaluate the amount of pyranoanthocyanins and polymeric pigments. Results: After 11 months of aging, in both wines a decrease of free and total SO2 with respect to initial values was detected. In the wines with the highest dissolved oxygen levels, a more remarkable loss was observed. No significant differences in terms of color parameters were detected. In red wine with the highest oxygen content, a massive formation of polymeric pigments and BSA reactive tannins was observed, as opposed to wines with lower oxygen levels. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the membrane contactor can prove a successful tool to manage dissolved oxygen in wines as to prevent their oxidative spoilage.

The Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Alleviating the Adverse Effects of Drought on Plants

Simple SummaryAmong abiotic stress factors, drought is one of the most detrimental factors in arid and semiarid regions, causing a significant decrease in plant growth and yield in most species, including crops. Under drought conditions, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics such as plant height and enzymatic activities are negatively affected. This negative effect may be alleviated with the aid of plant growth-promoting bacteria. Application of plant growth-promoting bacteria such as Paenibacillus, Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Bacillus, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Serratia can enhance hormonal balance, maintain nutrient status and improve plant growth characters as well as increase yield. This review discusses the pivotal role of plant growth-promoting bacteria in mitigating drought stress by improving plant growth characters and yield.Plant growth-promoting bacteria play an essential role in enhancing the physical, chemical and biological characters of soils by facilitating nutrient uptake and water flow, especially under abiotic stress conditions, which are major constrains to agricultural development and production. Drought is one of the most harmful abiotic stress and perhaps the most severe problem facing agricultural sustainability, leading to a severe shortage in crop productivity. Drought affects plant growth by causing hormonal and membrane stability perturbations, nutrient imbalance and physiological disorders. Furthermore, drought causes a remarkable decrease in leaf numbers, relative water content, sugar yield, root yield, chlorophyll a and b and ascorbic acid concentrations. However, the concentrations of total phenolic compounds, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, amounts of proline, and reactive oxygen species are considerably increased because of drought stress. This negative impact of drought can be eliminated by using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Under drought conditions, application of PGPB can improve plant growth by adjusting hormonal balance, maintaining nutrient status and producing plant growth regulators. This role of PGPB positively affects physiological and biochemical characteristics, resulting in increased leaf numbers, sugar yield, relative water content, amounts of photosynthetic pigments and ascorbic acid. Conversely, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage and amounts of proline, total phenolic compounds and reactive oxygen species are decreased under drought in the presence of PGPB. The current review gives an overview on the impact of drought on plants and the pivotal role of PGPB in mitigating the negative effects of drought by enhancing antioxidant defense systems and increasing plant growth and yield to improve sustainable agriculture.

Rapid Generation of Pigment Free, Immobile Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae in Any Genetic Background Using CRISPR-Cas9 dgRNPs.

The ability to carry out high-resolution, high-magnification optical imaging of living animals is one of the most attractive features of the zebrafish as a model organism. However, increasing amounts of pigmentation as development proceeds and difficulties in maintaining sustained immobilization of healthy, living animals remain challenges for live imaging. Chemical treatments can be used to suppress pigment formation and movement, but these treatments can lead to developmental defects. Genetic mutants can also be used to eliminate pigment formation and immobilize animals, but maintaining these mutants in lines carrying other combinations of transgenes and mutants is difficult and laborious. In this study, we show that CRISPR duplex guide ribonucleoproteins (dgRNPs) targeting the slc45a2 (albino) and chrna1 (nic1) genes can be used to efficiently suppress pigment formation in and immobilize F0 injected animals. CRISPR dgRNPs can be used to generate pigment-free, immobile zebrafish embryos and larvae in any transgenic and/or mutant-carrying background, greatly facilitating high-resolution imaging and analysis of the many transgenic and mutant lines available in the zebrafish.

БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КОНСЕРВОВ ИЗ РЯБИНЫ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ

The research is devoted to the biochemical parameters of different canned rowan products differ-entiated for fruits and solution and will complement the work carried out by fruit growers, bio-chemists and technologists of Michurinsk. The content of ascorbic acid, organic acids, tannin, ca-rotenoids and catechins in mountain ash fruits is best preserved when frozen compared to com-potes, jam and rubbing with sugar. The preservation of tannins and coloring substances, protopec-tin and pectin acid in rowan fruits is the highest if they were stored in the form of compotes. The best preservation of anthocyanins, carotene and the amount of pigments in rowan fruits is record-ed when they are frozen and stored in the form of compote. Flavonols are best preserved in rowan fruits when frozen and in the form of jam. Water-soluble pectins of rowan fruit are best preserved when rubbed with sugar. The dry matter content in rowan fruits is best preserved when frozen, rubbed with sugar and in the form of jam. In the process of cooking rowan fruits with sugar, the acidity of the medium decreases, and the content of some BAS may increase due to an increase in the concentration of the product.

Selection of High Functional Red Paprika (Capsicum annuumL.) Germplasms by Antioxidant Activity, Polyphenol Content, and Red Pigment Amount

Selection of High Functional Red Paprika (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>L.) Germplasms by Antioxidant Activity, Polyphenol Content, and Red Pigment Amount

Morpho-Physiological Testing of NaCl Sensitivity of Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Choline Oxidase Gene.

In this study the transgenic lines (TLs) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), which overexpress the heterologous gene encoding the bacterial enzyme choline oxidase were evaluated. The goal of our work is to study the effect of choline oxidase gene expression on the sensitivity of plant tissues to the action of NaCl. The regenerative capacity, rhizogenesis, the amount of photosynthetic pigments and osmotically active compounds (proline and glycine betaine) were assessed by in vitro cell culture methods using biochemical and morphological parameters. Transgenic lines with confirmed expression were characterized by high regeneration capacity from callus in the presence of 200 mmol NaCl, partial retention of viability at 400 mmol NaCl. These data correlated with the implicit response of regenerants and whole plants to the harmful effects of salinity. They turned out to be less sensitive to the presence of 200 mmol NaCl in the cultivation medium, in contrast to the WT plants.

Comparison of Age-Related Pigmentary Changes in the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Within Mouse and Human Temporal Bones.

BackgroundMelanin pigmentation is present within the auditory and vestibular systems of the mammalian inner ear and may play a role in maintaining auditory and vestibular function. Melanocytes within the stria vascularis (SV) are necessary for the generation of the endocochlear potential (EP) and decreased EP has been linked to age-related hearing loss. Melanocytes and pigment-containing “dark cells” are present within the vestibular system, but have a less well-defined role. African–American individuals have increased pigmentation within the SV and vestibular system, which is hypothesized to be related to lower rates of age-related hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. It remains unclear if increased pigmentation confers lifelong protection against hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction.MethodsMouse temporal bones were collected from juvenile (3–4 week) and aged (20–32 months) CBA/CaJ mice. Pediatric and adult human temporal bones from Caucasian or African–American individuals were examined from the Johns Hopkins Temporal Bone Collection. Information regarding Fitzpatrick skin type were unavailable, and self-identified race/ethnicity was used as a proxy. Images were taken using light microscopy at 20× magnification. ImageJ software (v1.53) was used to measure pigment within the SV and vestibular system.ResultsIn mouse temporal bones pigmentation within the SV increased with age, but pigmentation within the vestibular system did not increase with age. In human temporal bones pigmentation within the SV increased with age and pigmentation within the vestibular system increased within the wall of the utricle, but not other regions of the vestibular system. African–American individuals had higher amounts of pigment within the SV and vestibular system, among both pediatric and adult populations.ConclusionStria vascularis pigmentation increases with age in mouse and human temporal bones. Pigmentation within the vestibular system did not increase with age in mouse specimens and only increased within the utricular wall with age in human specimens. Individuals who identified as African–American had higher pigment content within the SV and vestibular system, both as children and as adults. These results highlight how similar age-related pigmentary changes occur in the auditory and vestibular systems across species and underscore the importance of racial/ethnic diversity in human temporal bone studies.

A Multimethodological Characterization of Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences from Seven Dioecious Cultivars Grown in Italy: The Effect of Different Harvesting Stages.

The chemical profile of the female inflorescence extracts from seven Cannabis sativa L. dioecious cultivars (Carmagnola, Fibranova, Eletta Campana, Antal, Tiborszallasi, Kompolti, and Tisza) was monitored at three harvesting stages (4, 14, and 30 September), reaching from the beginning of flowering to end of flowering/beginning of seed formation, using untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and targeted (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and spectrophotometry) analyses. The tetrahydrocannabinol content was always below the legal limits (<0.6%) in all the analyzed samples. The NMR metabolite profile (sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and minor compounds) subjected to principal components analysis (PCA) showed a strong variability according to the harvesting stages: samples harvested in stage I were characterized by a high content of sucrose and myo-inositol, whereas the ones harvested in stage II showed high levels of succinic acid, alanine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and threonine. Samples harvested in stage III were characterized by high levels of glucose, fructose, choline, trigonelline, malic acid, formic acid, and some amino acids. The ratio between chlorophylls and carotenoids content indicated that all plants grew up exposed to the sun, the Eletta Campana cultivar having the highest pigment amount. Tiborszallasi cultivar showed the highest polyphenol content. The highest antioxidant activity was generally observed in stage II. All these results suggested that the Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences of each analyzed dioecious hemp cultivar presented a peculiar chemical profile affected by the harvesting stage. This information could be useful for producers and industries to harvest inflorescences in the appropriate stage to obtain samples with a peculiar chemical profile suitable for proper applications.

Modulating skin colour: role of the thioredoxin and glutathione systems in regulating melanogenesis.

Different skin colour among individuals is determined by the varying amount and types of melanin pigment. Melanin is produced in melanocytes, a type of dendritic cell located in the basal layer of the epidermis, through the process of melanogenesis. Melanogenesis consists of a series of biochemical and enzymatic reactions catalysed by tyrosinase and other tyrosinase-related proteins, leading to the formation of two types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. Melanogenesis can be regulated intrinsically by several signalling pathways, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA), stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit and wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signalling pathways. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major extrinsic factor in the regulation of melanogenesis, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants or antioxidant systems, with the ability to scavenge ROS, may decrease melanogenesis. This review focuses on the two main cellular antioxidant systems, the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems, and discusses their roles in melanogenesis. In the Trx system, high levels/activities of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are correlated with melanin formation. The GSH system is linked with regulating pheomelanin formation. Exogenous addition of GSH has been shown to act as a depigmenting agent, suggesting that other antioxidants may also have the potential to act as depigmenting agents for the treatment of human hyperpigmentation disorders.

The study of collection durum winter wheat samples according to grain quality in the Rostov region

The success of any agricultural crop breeding, including winter durum wheat primarily depends on the initial material at the breeder’s disposal, its value, and the degree of study. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate collection samples of winter durum wheat according to quality indicators and to select the best ones for use in breeding programs. In the Rostov region there were studied 159 winter durum wheat samples of different ecological and geographical origin according to grain quality (protein percentage, gluten content, amount of carotenoid pigments, kernel hardness, nature weight). The winter durum wheat samples had a high protein percentage and belonged to the 1-st quality class. According to gluten content in grain there were identified 17 (10.7%) samples. The following samples had the maximum values of trait ‘SDS-sedimentation’: ‘588/15’ (Russia) with 50 ml; ‘SAHINBEY’ (Turkey), ‘SARI BUGDAY 2’ (Turkey), ‘543/15’ (Russia) with 49 ml; ‘ANKARA 98’ (Turkey) with 48 ml. The following 43 winter durum wheat samples (more than 85%) had large kernel hardness in the trial: ‘663/17’, ‘1121/12’, ‘Novinka 4’, ‘Alena’ (Russia), ‘C1252’ (Turkey), ‘SN TURK MI 82-83 90 / GUTROS-2’, ‘DF 28.82.84 / DAB-18’, ‘P 1290493 // HUI // AV79’ (Mexico), ‘K-61869’ (Moldova). Over the years of study, a large amount of carotenoid pigments was identified in the following samples: ‘Novinka 4’ with 705 μg /%, ‘535/17’ with 689 μg /%, ‘543/15’ with 664 μg /% (Russia), ‘OSU-3880001 / 4AOS / SNIP / 3 / MEDIUM / KIF // SAPI’ with 704 μg /% (Mexico), ‘Winter Gold’ with 697 μg /% (Germany). According to the complex of qualitative indicators, there were identified 5 winter durum wheat samples, which are recommended to be included in the breeding programs of the Rostov region.

Effect of Lactone- and Ketone-Containing Brassinosteroids on Photosynthetic Activity of Barley Leaves during Aging

A comparison was made of the physiological activity of brassinosteroids (BS) of different chemical structures—lactone-containing 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and ketone-containing brassinosteroid 24-epicastasterone (ECS)—during dark aging of cut barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. The functional state of the photosynthetic apparatus, the amount of photosynthetic pigments, the content of lipid peroxidation products, and gene expression of HvS40 (senescence marker) were assessed. The separated barley leaves were incubated on solutions of EBL and ECS in the concentration range of 0.01–1 µM in Petri dishes on filter paper. Synthetic cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at a 10 μM concentration was used as a positive control, and distilled water was used as a negative control. Petri dishes with leaves were kept in the dark for 5 days. Measurements of the analyzed parameters were carried out on the first, third, and fifth days from the beginning of incubation, mainly in the middle part of the leaf plate. ECS at a concentration of 1 μM reduced oxidative stress by the fifth day of incubation to a greater extent than EBL at a similar concentration. Regarding maintenance of chlorophyll a (Chl a) levels, 24-epicastasterone (1 μM) was more effective than 24-epibrassinolide. It was shown that exogenous brassinosteroids showed a protective effect on the main photochemical processes of the second photosystem during aging of barley leaves. Moreover, when assessing the coefficient of nonphotochemical quenching (qN), indicators of regulated (Y(NPQ)) and nonregulated (Y(NO)) energy dissipation, the ECS showed a more pronounced protective effect for the second photosystem compared to EBL. It was found that treatment with brassinosteroids reduced the level of gene expression of HvS40, a senescence marker on the fifth day of incubation, which was especially characteristic for the ketone-containing brassinosteroid. Thus, it can be concluded that the ketone-containing brassinosteroid not only exhibits high biological activity but, in terms of a number of parameters, is also more effective than the lactone-containing brassinosteroid in reducing the damage caused by aging.

Effectiveness and safety of a combination of sun protection and depigmentation agent in the treatment of epidermal hyperpigmentation

&lt;p class="Default"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Medication adherence is recognized as a worldwide public health problem. As a multi-modality approach with sun protection and depigmentation is quintessential in patients with epidermal hyperpigmentation, a combination of day and night cream may be prudent for long-term improvement and compliance. Aim of the current investigation was to assess treatment outcomes and medication compliance in patients with epidermal hyperpigmentation using day and night cream in a combi-kit packaging (Melaglow day and night&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; combi-kit).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Sixty patients (18-45 years) with epidermal pigmentation were enrolled in this 12-week study. Treatment effectiveness was determined by melanin index/erythema measure (dermacatch), extent, depth and density of pigmentation (fotofinder), and clinical/dermoscopic aspects (grade-1: &amp;lt;25%; grade-2: 25%-50%; grade-3: 50%-75%; grade-4: &amp;gt;75% reduction in the amount of epidermal pigment), safety, satisfaction, and compliance were assessed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Out of 60 patients, 52 completed the study. The overall percentage of melanin and erythema improvement was 22.51% and 13.85%, respectively. Based on fotofinder images, 36.54% had grade-2, 34.62% had grade-3, 15.38% had grade-1, and 13.46% patients had grade-4 improvement. Based on the photographic images, 40.38% had grade-2, 32.69% had grade-3, 17.31% had a grade-1, and 9.62% had grade-4 improvement in skin color. All patients agreed that combi-kit helped in remembering and adhering to treatment. Most patients were satisfied with the treatment (84.62%), with compliance rate of 97.72%. No adverse events were reported.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Combi-kit containing day and night cream (Melaglow day and night&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; combi-kit) was safe and effective in the treatment of epidermal pigmentation, ensuing treatment compliance, and patient satisfaction. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Chemical Composition and Potential Practical Application of 15 Red Algal Species from the White Sea Coast (the Arctic Ocean).

Though numerous valuable compounds from red algae already experience high demand in medicine, nutrition, and different branches of industry, these organisms are still recognized as an underexploited resource. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the chemical composition of 15 Arctic red algal species from the perspective of their practical relevance in medicine and the food industry. We show that several virtually unstudied species may be regarded as promising sources of different valuable metabolites and minerals. Thus, several filamentous ceramialean algae (Ceramium virgatum, Polysiphonia stricta, Savoiea arctica) had total protein content of 20–32% of dry weight, which is comparable to or higher than that of already commercially exploited species (Palmaria palmata, Porphyra sp.). Moreover, ceramialean algae contained high amounts of pigments, macronutrients, and ascorbic acid. Euthora cristata (Gigartinales) accumulated free essential amino acids, taurine, pantothenic acid, and floridoside. Thalli of P. palmata and C. virgatum contained the highest amounts of the nonproteinogenic amino acid β-alanine (9.1 and 3.2 μM g−1 DW, respectively). Several red algae tend to accumulate heavy metals; although this may limit their application in the food industry, it makes them promising candidates for phytoremediation or the use as bioindicators.

Microstructures amplify carotenoid plumage signals in tanagers

Brilliantly-colored birds are a model system for research into evolution and sexual selection. Red, orange, and yellow carotenoid-colored plumages have been considered honest signals of condition; however, sex differences in feather pigments and microstructures are not well understood. Here, we show that microstructures, rather than carotenoid pigments, seem to be a major driver of male–female color differences in the social, sexually-dimorphic tanager genus Ramphocelus. We comprehensively quantified feather (i) color (using spectrophotometry), (ii) pigments (using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)), and (iii) microstructures (using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical modeling). Males have significantly more saturated color patches than females. However, our exploratory analysis of pigments suggested that males and females have concordant carotenoid pigment profiles across all species (MCMCglmm model, female:male ratio = 0.95). Male, but not female, feathers have elaborate microstructures which amplify color appearance. Oblong, expanded feather barbs in males enhance color saturation (for the same amount of pigment) by increasing the transmission of optical power through the feather. Dihedral barbules (vertically-angled, strap-shaped barbules) in males reduce total reflectance to generate “super black” and “velvet red” plumage. Melanin in females explains some, but not all, of the male–female plumage differences. Our results suggest that a widely cited index of honesty, carotenoid pigments, cannot fully explain male appearance. We propose that males are selected to evolve amplifiers—in this case, microstructures that enhance appearance—that are not necessarily themselves linked to quality.

On the question of the toxic effects of sulfate m-bromoaniline on the blood system

Introduction. The preclinical study of the effect of chemical intoxication on the blood system's states is especially relevant for preventing and treating workers producing bromo-aromatic compounds with polytropic toxic effects m-bromaniline sulfate, in case of possible contact at the stages of its synthesis. The aim of the study to research in an experiment the toxic effect of m-bromaniline sulfate on the state of the blood system. Materials and methods. Sulfate m-bromaniline is an intermediate of the synthesis of the drug tramadol. Scientists study the toxic effect of sulfate m-bromaniline in experiments on rats. We reproduce single inhalation and subacute intragastric modes and methods of exposure. The researchers evaluated the impact of the substance on animals based on the results of peripheral blood tests. Namely: by the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, analysis of the white blood cell formula. According to the indicators of biochemical tests of blood serum, morphological data of the study of the liver, kidneys, heart, stomach. We took into account the readings of the critical parameters of the pancreas and thyroid glands. Results. The results of examining animals subjected to acute inhalation intoxication and sub-acute intragastric exposure showed the same type of changes in the peripheral blood and experimental group's biochemical profile. The intake of m-bromaniline sulfate leads to a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin against the background of increased reticulocytosis, leukocytosis. The number of eosinophils in the blood of animals exposed to poisoning decreased by almost one and a half times. We found a violation of the balance of hemoglobin fraction's content. Also reduced oxyhemoglobin, an increase in methemoglobin. Researchers discovered in the blood sulfohemoglobin in the absence of it in the control group's animals. The animals' biochemical profile revealed increased blood catalase activity against the background of its decrease in red blood cells. In the blood serum of rats primed with sulfate m-bromaniline we found an increase in bilirubin concentration. We noted an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase while maintaining the same action of alanine aminotransferase. The effect of sulfate m-bromaniline at the morphological level revealed vascular disorders in all internal organs and moderately pronounced fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys. The spleen was hyperplastic; a large amount of brown iron-containing pigment was noted intra- and extracellularly in the red pulp. Conclusions. Different receipt methods of sulfate m-bromaniline in the conditions of acute inhalation sub-acute intragastric experiments lead to some disorders. Violations have a hemotoxic character with a predominant effect on the state of the blood system. An essential element of intoxication prevention can be the correct selection of the persons entering the work contact with toxicants. Individuals with manifesting or latent iron deficiency, various hemorrhagic syndrome types, and severe forms of autonomic dysfunction represent a health risk group if possible contact with sulfate m-bromaniline.

Investigation of four microalgae in nitrogen deficient synthetic wastewater for biorefinery based biofuel production

Microalgae are a possible source of biofuel, but no commercial development has yet been developed. Possible approaches to improve economic feasibility involve increasing lipid content and the usage of biorefinery in microalgae. In this regard, the nitrogen-deficient-synthetic wastewater was fed to four microalgae to increase the lipid and carbohydrate content. In conjunction, changes in the amount of biorefinery components, including proteins and pigments, during nitrogen synthetic wastewater feeding have also been reported. The study revealed that both lipids and carbohydrates increased as much as 2 and 1.5 times in selected microalgae after 20 days of nitrogen-deficient-synthetic wastewater relative to nitrogen sufficient conditions, respectively. In particular, after 20 days of exposure to nitrogen deficient synthetic wastewater, the highest Lipid content of 40% was displayed by Desmodesmus sp . The same species had also shown an increased carbohydrate content of 18.3%. Carotenoids was retained in Desmodemsus sp . (0.03%) through nitrogen deficiency, but were shown to be reduced in three other algae. Analysis of the FAME profile of four nitrogen-deficient microalgae indicated that lipid was promising for biodiesel production as it showed an increase in saturated fatty acid content and a decrease in unsaturated fatty acid content. However, during nitrogen insufficiency, unavoidable side reactions involving reductions in protein levels, chlorophylls (a and b type) and biomass were observed in all four microalgae. But 23.3% protein was found in Desmodesmus sp . at end of 20 th day of nitrogen deprivation The study showed that feeding of nitrogen-deficient-synthetic wastewater raised the lipid and carbohydrate content and maintained carotenoids in selected microalgae. Above said approach is possibly a low cost economical option for biorefinery. • Lipids improved 2 fold in nitrogen deficient wastewater than control. • Carbohydrates improved 1.5 fold in nitrogen deficient wastewater than control. • Carotenoids retained in Desmodemsus sp. in nitrogen deficient wastewater. • High chlorophyll a to b ratio in N 2 lacking wastewater ensures ATP for lipid synthesis.

Malawian mothers' experiences of raising children living with albinism: A qualitative descriptive study.

BackgroundAlbinism in humans is characterised by a reduced amount of pigment (melanin) present in the skin, hair follicles and the eye; approximately 7000–10 000 Malawians of all ages are affected. Children with these features face extreme forms of human rights abuses, even death.ObjectivesThis study aims to describe Malawian mothers’ experiences, perceptions and understanding of raising children with albinism (CWA).MethodsThe study was conducted in 2018 using a qualitative descriptive design, with purposive sampling and voluntary participation. Mothers, 18 years and older, who had given birth to a CWA and who attended the dermatology clinic of a local public hospital participated. An interview guide used during standardised, open-ended interviews was translated from English to Chichewa using forward and backward translation. Interviews were conducted in Chichewa, audio recorded, transcribed and forward and back translated from English to Chichewa. Thematic data analysis was employed.ResultsThe mean age of participants (N = 10) was 33 years; two had albinism. Emerging themes confirmed the existence of myths and stereotypes regarding albinism but from the mothers’ perspectives. Mothers reported: (1) some experiences of emotional pain, initially, but also love and acceptance of their children, despite adverse reactions of others; (2) their experiences of stigmatisation of their children and themselves, and of intended harm to their children, and (3) their own lack of knowledge and understanding of albinism.ConclusionIn our limited study, mothers’ self-reported experiences of raising CWA in Malawi highlight the need for educational programmes on albinism at national level, particularly for families with a CWA, health professionals and educators.

Модель конструкции микроводорослевой фотометрической ячейки

The work assesses the efficiency of red light-emitting diodes widely used in phyto-irradiators. The article focuses on the emitting monochrome LED with an extended radiation range in a photometric cell used for determining the concentration of pigments in microalgae cultures, Spectrophotometric methods are known as the most accurate and relevant methods for assessing the concentration of pigments, having significant advantages for monitoring and controlling the process over chemical ones in terms of selectivity, speed, accuracy, sensitivity, substance consumption, as well as the possibility of continuous analysis in a flow. The study of the emission spectra of red LEDs, their comparison with the absorption spectra of microalgae cultures, as well as the selection of the most accessible emitting element for the photometric cell is carried out. The analysis of the absorption spectra of the culture and extracts of Dunaliella salina using the method of dividing the long-wavelength region of the spectrum (from 600 to 700 nm) into separate Gaussian curves is presented. Based on the results obtained, the choice of an LED is made, which has an extended radiation range and allows providing a high sensitivity of the device, with low price making it easy to manufacture a photometric cell. Comparison between the emission spectrum of the LED and the absorption spectrum of the microalgae culture allows us to conclude that the emission spectrum of the LED emitter is in good agreement with the maximum absorption spectrum of the chlorophyll b pigment in the 620–700 nm region, which means that such an emitter is capable of providing a higher energy efficiency. The spectrum of the transmitted light entering the photodetector is also built. It is concluded that the proposed LED, when used in a photometric cell, can effectively work with pigments in the red region of the spectrum. The obtained device spectra allow determining such culture characteristics as biomass and the ratio of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The transmitted light spectrum allows determining not only the average value of the energy received by the photocell but also the amount of pigments.

THE CONTENT OF RUTIN, APIGENIN-7-O-GLUCOSIDE AND THE LEVEL OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS OF ALYSSUM LENENSE ADAMS (BRASSICACEAE BURNETT) GROWING IN DIFFERENT PHYTOCENOTIC CONDI-TIONS OF CENTRAL YAKUTIA

The features of accumulation of rutin and apigenin-7-O-glucoside and their distribution in the aboveground organs of Alyssum lenense Adams (Brassicaceae Burnett) were revealed. The content of photosynthetic pigments was investigated depending on the phytocenotic conditions of plant growth in the territory of Central Yakutia. The data obtained on the content of flavonoids are characterized by an uneven distribution over organs with respect to different phytocenotic conditions of the growth of cenopopulations. A. lenense was collected during flowering period in 8 cenopopulations and in the collection of the Yakutsk Botanical Garden. The distribution of rutin content over the aboveground organs of A. lenense was directed: flowers → leaves → stem and depended on the altitude of the population growth, shading, and phytocenosis. The distribution pattern of apigenin-7-O-glucoside corresponded to the scheme: flowers / = leaves → stem and depended on phytocenotic growing conditions. It was revealed that rutin in flowers is higher than apigenin-7-O-glucoside under the conditions of introduction and in the Veronica incana-Festuca lenensis-Stipa capillata grass steppe; in the plants of the other studied cenopopulations, the ratio was inverse. The same amount of flavonoids in flowers was observed in A. lenense, growing in Pulsatilla flavescens steppe and Artemisia commutata steppe. In most of the studied cenopopulations, the content of apigenin-7-O-glucoside in leaves and stems was higher than rutin, with the exception of populations growing in a dry pine forest, at the edge of a pine forest, and in leaves - only in plants on an artificial slope at the initial stage overgrowth. Phytocenotic growing conditions affect the amount of pigments in the leaves of A. lenense: the largest amount was recorded in the population growing in a dry pine forest, and the smallest in Artemisia frigida steppe and Artemisia commutata steppe.