Amount Of Phenolic Content Research Articles

Promising antagonistic effect of bimetallic silver-selenium nanoparticles against Ralstonia solanacearum-causing wilt disease in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Ralstonia solanacearum wilt disease causes significant economic losses to a number of crops worldwide, including eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). In this article plant growth promotions such as silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), selenium (Se) NPs, and bimetallic Ag-Se NPs were used to combat the Ralstonia solanacearum wilt (RSW) disease and encourage growth-promoting strategies and resistance mechanisms in Solanum melongena L. Results clarified that the tested nano inducers against R. solanacearum (RS) have beneficial antibacterial. Bimetallic Ag-Se NPs (100 μg/mL) was the best treatment in reducing disease index (DI) by 17.5 and increasing the protection by 78.1 %, then Ag NPs and Se NPs, where the DI was 30 and 32.5 and protection by 62.5 % and 59.4 %, respectively. The potential resistance of developing eggplant plants was assessed using morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates, soluble protein, antioxidant enzyme activity, and isozymes. There was an increase in vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates, and proteins in infected plants treated with all tested inducers, especially, bimetallic Ag-Se NPs. The amount of phenol content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (PPO and POD) across diseased and healthy plants were recorded after applying all investigated inducers. The commercial use of a combination of tailored bimetallic Ag-Se NPs as nutritional therapy against R. solanacearum may be advised.

Effect of ultrasonication, germination, and steaming on the properties of a black rice variety

This study determined the combined effect of ultrasonication (50 KHz for 5 min and 7 min), germination (for 96 h), and steaming (100 °C for 10 and 20 min) that was given sequentially on colour, physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties of Chakhao Poireiton, a black rice variety. The treated rice decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in amylose content and total starch, and increased in sediment volume, and the values were affected maximum in the samples given higher severity of treatments. There was loss of lightness with treatments and increase of redeness and yellowness, indicating the impact of steaming. Chakhao Poireiton had considerable amount of phenolic content (488.16 mg/100 g), flavonoid content (77.31 mg/100 g), and monomeric anthocyanin content (40 mg/100 g). The most severely treated sample had 167 mg/100 g of total phenolic content, which was 34.2% of the raw rice value, and showed strong DPPH scavenging activity (90.40%). GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) level increased substantially to 334.98 mg/100 g in this sample. Surface morphology of the treated flour samples showed changes that are characteristic of the treatment. Thus, combination of ultrasonication, germination, and steaming had very high GABA levels and such treated rice can be used as a functional food.

Analysis of Phytochemical content and Antioxidant activity of Mycelia sterilia isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa

Fungal endophytes are living asymptomatically inside the tissue of higher plants are of rising interest as they are the promising resource of bioactive agents. The current study shows that mycelia sterilia isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa would be a potent phytochemical and antioxidant source. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of different secondary metabolites and all the fungal extracts exhibited antioxidant activity. There was a positive association between the amount of phenol content and the antioxidant content of the fungal extracts. Further research needs to be done on isolating the active compound accountable for this free radical scavenging activity and biophysical evaluation will be carried out in the future.

Sahlep (Dactylorhiza osmanica): Phytochemical Analyses by LC-HRMS, Molecular Docking, Antioxidant Activity, and Enzyme Inhibition Profiles.

Studies have shown an inverse correlation among age-related illnesses like coronary heart disease and cancer and intake of fruit and vegetable. Given the probable health benefits of natural antioxidants from plants, research on them has increased. Dactylorhiza osmanica is consumed as a food and traditional medicine plant in some regions of Turkey, so evaluation of the biological ability of this species is important. In this study, the amount of phenolic content (LC-HRMS), antioxidant activities and enzyme inhibitory properties of an endemic plant, D. osmanica, were investigated. The antioxidant capacities of an ethanol extract of D. osmanica aerial parts (EDOA) and roots (EDOR) were evaluated with various antioxidant methods. Additionally, the enzyme inhibitory effects of EDOA and EDOR were examined against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-glycosidase, and α-amylase enzymes, which are associated with common and global Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes mellitus. The IC50 values of EDOA against the enzymes were found to be 1.809, 1.098, and 0.726 mg/mL, respectively; and the IC50 values of EDOR against the enzymes were found to be 2.466, 0.442, and 0.415 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, LC-HRMS analyses revealed p-Coumaric acid as the most plentiful phenolic in both EDOA (541.49 mg/g) and EDOR (559.22 mg/g). Furthermore, the molecular docking interaction of p-coumaric acid, quercitrin, and vanillic acid, which are the most plentiful phenolic compounds in the extracts, with AChE, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase, were evaluated using AutoDock Vina software. The rich phenolic content and the effective antioxidant ability and enzyme inhibition potentials of EDOA and EDOR may support the plant’s widespread food and traditional medicinal uses.

The Effect of UV-C Irradiation on the Mechanical and Physiological Properties of Potato Tuber and Different Products

Amongst the surface treatment technologies to emerge in the last few decades, UV-C radiation surface treatment is widely used in food process industries for the purpose of shelf life elongation, bacterial inactivation, and stimulation. However, the short wave application is highly dose-dependent and induces different properties of the product during exposure. Mechanical properties of the agricultural products and their derivatives represent the key indicator of acceptability by the end-user. This paper surveys the recent findings of the influence of UV-C on the stress response and physiological change concerning the mechanical and textural properties of miscellaneous agricultural products with a specific focus on a potato tuber. This paper also reviewed the hormetic effect of UV-C triggered at a different classification of doses studied so far on the amount of phenolic content, antioxidants, and other chemicals responsible for the stimulation process. The combined technologies with UV-C for product quality improvement are also highlighted. The review work draws the current challenges as well as future perspectives. Moreover, a way forward in the key areas of improvement of UV-C treatment technologies is suggested that can induce a favorable stress, enabling the product to achieve self-defense mechanisms against wound, impact, and mechanical damage.

Effects of Different Drying Methods and Solvents on Biological Activities of Curcuma aeruginosa Leaves Extract

Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. is one of the plants from the Zingiberaceae family which the rhizome has been used for medicinal purposes. However, the biological properties of the leaves have not been fully explored. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different drying methods and solvents on total phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities of C. aeruginosa leaf extract. Samples were dried by oven drying (OD) and freeze drying (FD), and then extracted using different ratios of ethanol:water (100:0, 50:50 and 0:100). The amount of phenolic content (TPC) was determined using a spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity was tested using the Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) test and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay (FRAP), while the anti-hyperglycemic test was evaluated by determining the percentage of α-glucosidase inhibition. The results showed that FD at 100:0 and 50:50 concentrations had the highest phenolic content (30.88 and 33.06 mg GAE/g extract, respectively) and highest antioxidant activity value (38.24 and 42.46 mg TEAC/g extract, respectively). For DPPH, FD at 50:50 showed the highest inhibition of 71.48% compared to other extracts. Whereas FD at 100:0, 50:50 and 0:100 showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibition of 25.65, 30.78 and 27.65%, respectively. However, compared to Quercetin, the extract showed mild anti-hyperglycemic activity. The results indicated that FD is the best method of drying while 50:50 showed as the best solvents. Positive correlation between TPC with antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities showed that C. aeruginosa leaf has potential as a source of natural antioxidant with the presence of phenolic compounds.

Various Solvent Effects on Phytochemical Screening and Gas Chromatography–mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Tephrosia Villosa Leaf Extract Mass

Introduction: Plants produce various chemicals to protect themselves; but recent studies proved that many phytochemicals can also protect humans against infectious diseases. The present study was conducted to identify and characterize the phytoconstituents and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extract of leaves of Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. of family Fabaceae. Materials and Method: The leaf extracts were subjected to qualitative screening for primary and secondary metabolites as per standard methods; further, GC–MS analysis was carried out for the identification of secondary metabolites. Result: Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf extract of T. villosa showed positive result for alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids, saponins, glycosides, gum and mucilages, and fixed oils in methanolic extract which is followed by aqueous extract. In quantitative analysis, the highest amount of phenolic content was obtained in aqueous extract, tannin in petroleum ether, and flavonoids and saponins in ethyl acetate. GC–MS analysis of leaf extract revealed the presence of 53 bioactive phytochemical compounds. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the species contain effective phytochemical compounds, need further research on toxicological aspects to develop a safe drug.

Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants of Nepal and their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against uropathogenic Escherichia coli

BackgroundA biofilm is an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composed of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that impede antibiotics and immune cells, thus providing a shielded environment for bacterial growth. Due to biofilm formation, some microbes can show up to 1000 fold increased resistance towards the antibiotics than the normal planktonic forms. The study was conducted to screen the crude extracts of medicinal plants used in Nepal for their in vitro antibiofilm activities.MethodsTotal phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined by using a Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and aluminium trichloride method, respectively. Resazurin assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The initial antibiofilm activities and their inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined by the microtiter based modified crystal violet staining method.ResultsOut of 25 different plant extracts were used for the study, methanolic extracts of 20 plants showed a biofilm inhibition activity against five different strong biofilm producing Escherichia coli strains. Calotropis gigantea exhibited inhibition against all five different E. coli strains with IC50 values ranging from 299.7 ± 20.5 to 427.4 ± 2.7 μg/mL. Apart from that, Eclipta prostrata also showed biofilm formation inhibition, followed by Eupatorium adenophorum, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum tenuifolium, Oxalis lantifolia, Prunus persica, and Urtica parviflora. The extracts of C. gigantea, E. prostrata, Mangifera indica, O. tenuifolium, P. persica, and U. parviflora exhibited a moderate to poor MIC value ranging from 625 to 2500 μg/mL. The highest amount of phenolic content (TPC) was found in Acacia catechu followed by Morus alba, which was 38.9 and 25.1 mg gallic acid equivalents, respectively. The highest amount of flavonoid content was found in A. catechu followed by M. indica, which was 27.1 and 20.8 mg quercetin equivalents, respectively.ConclusionExtracts of C. gigantea, E. prostrata, P. persica, U. parviflora, and O. tenuifolium showed antibacterial as well as antibiofilm activity against pathogenic and strong biofilm producing E. coli. Thus, extracts or the pure compound from these medicinal plants could be used as antibiotics in the future.

Variations in Andrographolide Content, Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Leaves of Andrographis paniculata (L.) Nees Collected from Different Locations of Southern India

In present study, the samples collected from different locations of Southern India viz., Yellapur Beltargadde, Siddapur, Joida, Ankola, Sirsi Kangod, Yellapur Shalabail, Sirsi Bairumbe, Karwar of Karnataka and Kasaragod from Kerala were analyzed for the andrographolide content, total phenolic and flavonoid content and screened for their antioxidant potential. The A. paniculata leaves were extracted with three different solvents (chloroform, methanol and water) and methanolic extract of Siddapur showed highest (8.82 ± 0.25 mg/g DW) amount of phenolic content whereas, aqueous extract of Ankola (3.00 ± 1.18 mg/g DW) showed the least amount. Chloroform extract of Yellapur Beltargadde village showed highest quantity i.e. 1.87 ± 0.50 mg/g DW of flavonoid content and aqueous extract of Yellapur Beltargadde showed 0.30 ± 0.20 mg/g DW which was least among all the tested samples. The sample collected from Karwar was found to have highest andrographolide content (9.36 ± 0.02 mg/g DW) followed by Yellapur Beltargadde sample with 7.29 ± 0.01 mg/g DW and Sirsi Kasaragod has the lowest contents of 1.54 ± 0.1 mg/g DW when analyzed through HPLC. Among the nine locations, methanol extract from Joida showed highest percentage of scavenging activity (91.95%) followed by methanol extract of Ankola (90.42%) and chloroform extract of Siddapur (77.31%) which was the lowest value of all samples tested.

Farklı Susam (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotiplerine Ait Toplam Fenolik Madde Miktarları ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Beslenme ve sağlık üzerindeki olumlu etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasından dolayı susam tohumlarına ve ürünlerine tüketici taleplerinde son yıllarda sürekli bir artış olmuştur. Çalışmanın amacı, farklı tohum renklerine sahip 17 susam genotiplerinin toplam fenolik madde ile DPPH ve ABTS yöntemleri ile antioksidan içeriğinin belirlenmesidir. Toplam fenolik madde miktarı 1,99 ile 6,81 mg GA/g arasında değişim göstermiş olup, en yüksek fenolik madde miktarı değeri Libya genotipinden elde edil en düşük değer Gaziantep-Oğuzeli genotipinden elde edilmiştir. DPPH yöntemine göre elde edilen antioksidan aktivitesi değerleri 8,23 ile 17,50 mg Trolox/g arasında değişirken, ABTS yöntemine göre elde edilen antioksidan aktivitesi değerleri 3,62 ile 4,18 (mmol Trolox)/g arasında değişmiştir. Yapılan korelasyon analizine göre toplam fenolik madde, DPPH ve ABTS yöntemlerine göre antioksidan kapasiteleri arasında istatistiki olarak önemli ve olumlu bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, tohum rengi ile bu özellikler arasında bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF IMPATIENS WALLERIANA LOCAL TO MALAYSIA

To study the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Impatiens walleriana local to Malaysia, against pathogenic bacterial strains. Total phenolic content, DPPH antioxidant, Disc Diffusion assay were performed to screen the samples of Impatiens walleriana for antioxidant and antibacterial activity against four Gram-negative and six Gram-positive bacterial strains. Zones of inhibition were measured and compared with 10 mg of penicillin as standard drug. Methanolic extract gives a higher amount of phenolic contents among all extracts 67.57 GAE g/kg. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts ranged from 52-80% were found. Methanol extracts exhibit high scavenging activity among all extract were 80.4%. Methanol extract showcase high antibacterial activity against E-coli (16 mm) in disc diffusion assay. In conclusion present study demonstrate that Impatiens walleriana local to Malaysia have significant phytochemical and antioxidant activity.

Garcinia Mangostana Leaf Extracts from Ivory Coast Possess Remarkable Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxicological Properties

Garcinia mangostana L. is medicinal plant. Its fruit, the mangosteen contains many bioactive xanthones. This study investigates the potential of organic leaf extracts of G. mangostana grown in Ivory Coast. We tested two organic leaf extracts: G. mangostana aqueous ethanolic leaf extract (ethanol: water, 80:20 v/v) (GMLE) and dichloromethane leaf extract (GMLD). We measured total phenolic and total Flavonoids. We analysed the in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-radical and anti-proliferative activities of leaf extracts. Ethanol leaf extract showed a considerable amount of phenolic content (328.78±34.32 mg GAE/g) and moderate flavonoids content (43.60±1.48 mg QE/g), Dichloromethane extract had low values of phenolic (70.31±4.55 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (8.49±0.69 mg QE/g). However, GMLD extract gave a significant anti-inflammatory activity (IC50=152.79±3.34 µg/mL), comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium (IC50=142.30±1.22 µg/mL), contrary to GMLE extract (IC50=652.33±12.23 µg/mL). The radical scavenging assay showed a very significant ability of ethanol leaf extract to reduce the DPPH radical (IC50=33.40±0.67 µg/mL) compared to references molecules such as Trolox (IC50=43.72±0.31 µg/mL) and acid ascorbic (IC50=27.20±0.17 µg/mL), dichloromethane extract results showed lowest activity (IC50 = 580.00±23.03 µg/mL). All the organic leaf extracts of G. mangostana had moderate anti-proliferative activity on L20B, RD and VS cell lines studied with IC50 values ranging from 110.89 ±4.82 µg/mL to 860.60±25.78 µg/mL). Our results prove the high potential of the G. mangostana leave extracts as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress drugs. However, further studies are to determine and validate all the medicinal properties of G. mangostana leaves extracts.

In vitro Antioxidant Properties of Alangium salvifolium Seed Extracts

Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. (AS) is a medium sized tree of dry deciduous forest. The leaves has been used for bone fracture and seeds for rheumatism. A. salvifolium seeds were successfully extracted with ethanol and water separately. The extracts were subjected to evaluate free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and OH) and antioxidant activity (ammonium molybdate dependent) and ferric chloride induced lipid peroxidation in goat liver tissue homogenate. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was quantified by using spectrophotometric methods. The phytochemical results indicate that water extract extracted more amount of phenolic content, while alcoholic extract contain more amount flavonoid content. Alcoholic (AE) and water (WE) extracts of AS seeds exhibited concentration dependant activity to free radicals (DPPH & OH) and lipid peroxidation in Goat liver tissue homogenate. Of the tested extracts AE showed strong free radical and antioxidant activity. The present study results indicate that, AS seed extracts are good source of bioactive compounds.

Total phenolic content and anti-oxidant potential of Ficus deltoidea using green and non-green solvents

The aim of the present study is to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and anti-oxidant activity of green and non-green solvent extracts. Solvents have an important role in chemical or pharmaceutical industry. The usage of non-green solvent may cause detrimental effects on human safety and health. Therefore, green solvents are encouraged to be utilized because they are environmental friendly and easily acquired during the agricultural crops processing. For this study, the green solvent used in the extraction of Ficus deltoidea's leaves was water whereas non-green solvents used were ethanol and methanol. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for measuring the presence and amount of phenolic content in each of the sample. The results showed that aqueous extract had the highest TPC (368.42 ± 6.37 mg GAE/g), followed by methanolic (295.03 ± 16.65 mg GAE/g) and ethanolic (263.45 ± 5.28 mg GAE/g) extracts. Furthermore, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used in determining the anti-oxidant activity of the extracts. The lowest IC50 value based on the graph of percentage inhibition against concentration of sample was shown by ethanolic extract (16.5 µg/mL), followed by methanolic extract (22.0 µg/mL), and aqueous extract (23.5 µg/mL). For the three samples, the correlations between TPC and IC50 were negative and weak. Hence, the anti-oxidant activity of an extract cannot be predicted based on its TPC. The present study has shown that F. deltoidea considerably has the potential as a source of natural anti-oxidants.

In-Vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activity of Various Leaf Extracts of Detarium microcarpum

Detarium microcarpum commonly known as ‘‘sweet detar’’ has been used for centuries in Nigerian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The present study deals with the scientific evaluation of the in-vitro alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and the antioxidant potential of various leaf extracts of the plant by examining the free radical scavenging activity on DPPH using rutin, gallic acid and ascorbic acid as standards. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of the leaf extracts were also determined using standard methods. The ethyl acetate, aqueous, and crude leaf extracts of D. microcarpum showed a significant amount of phenolic content 2014.22mg, 933.33mg and 766.81mg of GAE/g of extract respectively. Total flavonoid content in the ethyl acetate, aqueous and crude leaf extracts was discovered to be also high with values of 132.90mg, 30.50mg and 49.50mg of rutin equivalent (RE)/ g of extract respectively. The radical scavenging activities of extracts were significantly higher at all concentrations used than the standard compounds. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of D. microcarpum crude and aqueous leaf extracts on α-amylase and α-glucosidase were lower than that of the ethylacetate fraction but all were higher than that of Acarbose. The present study provides evidence that the leaf extract of D. microcarpum is rich in flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds and also possesses potent alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and antioxidant activities and this may justify its use in ethnomedicine in the management of diabetes.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of &lt;i&gt;Secamone afzelii&lt;/i&gt; (Rhoem) Ascleipiadaceae

Secamone afzelii is used traditionally in Ghana mainly as a wound healing agent. This study re-ports the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of S. afzelii. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method in 7 day old chicks and antioxi-dant property by the 2,2–diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, total antioxi-dant and total phenol content determinations. In doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg kg-1, the methanol extract of the leaves reduced carrageenan-induced oedema by 24.70%, 33.41% and 44.26% respectively. The leaf extract exhibited free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 of 16.73 μg mL-1 com-pared to ascorbic acid which gave an IC50 of 2.01 μg mL-1. In the total phenol content determination, the leaf extract was found to contain 56.86 mg g-1 calculated as tannic acid equivalent of the dry weight of extract. The extract also demonstrated remarkable antioxidant effect in the total anti-oxidant capacity determinations and had an 87% correlation with the amount of phenolic content present.Keywords: Secamone afzelii, carrageenan, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory

Phenols and lignin are involved in the defence response of banana (Musa) plants to Radopholus similis infection

The role of lignin and phenols in plant defence ranges from preformed characteristic to inducible physical and chemical response against nematode infection. Our study shows the involvement of lignin and phenols in the defence of two newly identified resistant banana (Musa) genotypes to burrowing nematode Radopholus similis infection. Results were compared with reference resistant and susceptible banana cultivars. Histochemical analysis of root cross sections showed a more extensive secondary cell wall lignification of vascular bundles in R. similis-infected plants than in the nematode non-infected plants. Increased extensive lignification was not associated with the cortex cells that are directly attacked by the nematode. This showed that the increased lignification is a general defence response to protect the vascular bundle from damage rather than resisting the nematode development and reproduction at the root cortex. Histochemical localisation showed no preformed phenolic cells in the cortex of the non-infected, R. similis-resistant and -susceptible Musa genotypes. By contrast, phenolic substances were the major constituents of the nematode-infected necrotic cells. Phenols and lignin contents were also quantitatively assayed. The Folin-Ciocalteu assay confirmed the increase in phenol content of nematode-infected root cells. Phenol content in nematode-infected plants was twice the amount of phenol content in nematode non-infected plants at 3 weeks after infection. This is possibly due to the biosynthesis or accumulation of secondary metabolites such as phenolic phytoalexins in the nematode infection sites of all the banana genotypes. This study clearly demonstrates that phenols and lignin play an important role in the defence mechanisms of Musa to R. similis infection.

Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of by- products from cereal and legume milling industries

Agro-industrial waste is often utilized as feed for animals or as fertilizers on farms, but they may be rich sources of certain health-promoting compounds like antioxidants. The objective of this research was to examine total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging method of certain legume and cereal industries by-products. Four types of by-products namely bengal gram seed coat, bengal gram brokens, rice brokens and wheat bran were studied for this purpose. The results showed that bengal gram seed coat extract possess much higher amount of phenolic content as well as antioxidant activity followed by bengal gram brokens, wheat bran and rice brokens. This suggested that these by-products could be used as functional ingredients for the development of health-promoting food sources.

Biological Activities of Freshwater Algae, Spirogyra singularis Nordstedt

Spirogyra is commonly found as accessible algae in freshwater areas all over the world. Some medical uses have been reported from this genus. Biological activities of Spirogyra singularis were investigated employing eight in vitro assays. The extract showed different antioxidant activity. IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging was 4.71 ± 0.11 μg mL−1. The extract showed very strong nitric oxide-scavenging activity with IC50 = 77.3 ± 2.07 μg mL−1, but its Fe2+ chelating ability was weak. The extract also exhibited high antioxidant activity in hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid peroxidation tests and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. The extract also showed good antihemolytic activity. The total amount of phenolic content in the extract was determined as gallic acid equivalents, and total flavonoid content was calculated as quercetin equivalents. Biological activities may be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of phenol and flavonoid contents in the extract.

Antioxidant Activities of Bacterial Culture Extracts Isolated from Arctic Lichens

Lichens are a symbiosis between fungi, algae and cyanobacteria. Our group recently studied the antioxidant properties of some bacterial species isolated from Arctic lichens and we confirmed that they possess high antioxidant activities. In this paper, we investigated the antioxidant capacity of 5 microorganisms newly isolated from 4 Arctic lichen species, Cladonia sp., Sterocaulon sp., Umbilicaria sp. and Cetraria sp., using various solvent extractions. We carried out 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity test and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Also total phenolic and flavonoid content assays were performed. Among the bacterial culture extracts of the tested lichen-microorganisms, ethyl acetate extracts of Burkholderia sordidicola S5-B(T) had not only a high antioxidant activity (72.9%) when compared with the ascorbic acid used as the control (51.3%) in the DPPH assay, but also a high amount of phenolic content as well as flavonoid content. As a result, these lichen-microorganisms may be potentially useful sources of natural antioxidants.