Amount Of Output Power Research Articles

Solar tracking: The best alternative to obtain more solar power output

By conventional solar panels, only 15–22 % of incoming solar energy is converted to electric energy. Therefore, to achieve a stable output, a programmed system is required that can constantly gyrate the solar panel. The Solar Ray Tracking Device was created to address the issue stated above. This system is entirely automated, as it gyrates the panel to face the sun till it’s visible and takes Sun as a reference source rather than the earth, with its sensing elements continually following the solar rays and rotating the panel to achieve the maximum outcome. Photovoltaic panels are a packed, interconnected arrangement of PV cells that have been kept in an optimum position at 90°with respect to the incoming solar rays to optimize the power outcome. The dual-axis mechanism is an effective technique to enhance the efficiency of solar cells which was developed to track the Sun’s movement. Solar radiation and PV parameters were studied using characterization techniques such as spectral analysis, PV panel analysis, and LDR sensors. Spectral analysis reveals a good amount of current and solar output power at 435 nm wavelength, which helps in the material selection for PV panels. PV parameter was observed and checked, which shows the maximum solar energy that can be received by a given panel. Solar tracking at a small scale is tested, but in reality, large-scale testing can still be done in the future.

High-peak-power electro-optically Q-switched laser with a gradient-doped Nd:YAG crystal

We report on a high-peak-power electro-optically Q-switched laser emitting a near-diffraction-limited beam profile at 1064 nm by using a gradient-doped Nd:YAG crystal. The gradient-doped crystal features a unique combination of a reduced thermal lens effect through effectively spreading the heat load distribution within its volume. Its performance is compared with those of Nd:YAG crystals with uniform volume doping distribution operating in the Q-switched regime with the same laser configuration, demonstrating the higher average and peak power achievable with the gradient-doped crystal. The maximum average output power amounts to 6.9 W at a pulse repetition rate of 2 kHz, which corresponds to a maximum peak power of ∼585kW. Compared to homogeneous dopant crystals, the slope efficiency and average output power increased by 30.8% and 21.1%, respectively.

Comparison of dust and high-temperature effects on mono and poly photovoltaic panels

Solar Photovoltaic Panels are considered as one of the most powerful alternative renewable and sustainable energy sources. However, a major challenge is the effect of dust accumulation on the photovoltaic panels in natural outdoor environment as it reduces the transmissivity of the light on the surface of the solar panels. For many small communities, the decision of implementing mono or polycrystalline PVs should consider economic aspects. This study is a case study that is held at The British University in Egypt at El Sherouk city to study the effect of different parameters such as dust accumulation, water cooling and coating on the performance of both mono- and poly-crystalline panels at El-Sherouk City. The effects of high temperature and dust accumulation on different solar panels placed in natural outdoor conditions at El-Sherouk City are studied and the electrical performance of the solar panels is represented by measuring several characteristic parameters of dusty and cooled PV panels compared to cleaned and non-cooled panels. The effect of the tilt angle on the accumulation of dust on the surface of the solar panels is, also, studied. The mono-crystalline solar panels are installed at tilt angles 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° for one month without cleaning, by any method. The results shows that the power reduction percentage is 17%,20%,25%,27% and 30% for tilt angles 60°,45°,30°,15° and 0°; respectively. Tilt angles 15° and 30° show to be optimal for the installation of the PV solar system, as they produce the highest amount of output power. It is found from the study that the accumulation of dust on the surface of different types of solar panels can reduce the efficiency by 30%. While the high temperature can reduce the efficiency by up to 10 %.

Kerr-lens mode-locked Tm-doped sesquioxide ceramic laser.

Kerr-lens mode-locked solid-state laser operation at ∼2µm is investigated. Using a Tm3+-doped (Lu,Sc)2O3 "mixed" sesquioxide ceramic as a gain medium, pulses as short as 58 fs are generated at ∼2081nm via soft-aperture Kerr-lens mode locking. The average output power amounts to 220 mW at a pulse repetition rate of 84.8 MHz. The emitted spectrum at the long-wavelength wing extends to >2.2µm which is attributed to vibronic transitions of the Tm3+ ions. The latter is found to be essential for generating pulses with durations in the 50 fs range.

Hybrid Input Power Balancing Method of Modular Power Converters for High Efficiency, High Reliability, and Enhanced Dynamic Performance

Input parallel output parallel (IPOP) modular power converters have been used to supply high power and high current in various applications. In general, the IPOP modular power converter uses an output power balancing method to equally distribute the amount of output power to each converter. In this article, a hybrid input power balancing method is proposed to obtain high power conversion efficiency, high reliability, and enhanced dynamic performance of the IPOP modular power converters. In the steady state, the proposed method controls input power to be balanced in each converter. A power loss distribution capability of the input power balancing method can improve the entire power conversion efficiency and can reduce the overall operating temperature of the IPOP converters, which can increase lifetime and can improve reliability. During the transient operation, the proposed method makes the IPOP converters under an interleaving mode to tightly regulate the output voltage and to obtain fast dynamic performance. Experimental results with 200-W prototype modular synchronous buck converters verify the performance improvements of the proposed method such as high power conversion efficiency, the power loss distribution capability in the steady-state operation, and the enhanced dynamic performance in the transient operation.

Effect of Dust and High Temperature on Photovoltaics Performance in the New Capital Area

The trend for integrating solar Photovoltaic Panels as an alternative renewable and sustainable energy source is growing in Egypt, North Africa and the Middle East. However, these efforts are not widely accepted by the society due to their lower efficiencies. The efficiency of the photovoltaic panels is affected by many environmental parameters, which have a negative impact on system efficiency and cost of energy, dust and increased panel temperatures being the most serious. This work presents the results of a case study conducted at The British University in Egypt at El-Sherouk city to study the effect of different parameters such as dust accumulation, water cooling and coating on their performance of both mono- and poly-crystalline panels at El-Sherouk City. The effects of high temperature and dust accumulation on different solar panels placed in natural outdoor conditions at El-Sherouk City were studied and the electrical performance of dusted, cleaned, and cooled PV panels is presented. The variation in the efficiency of mono-crystalline panels installed at different tilt angles, resulting from the accumulation of dust on their surface, was also studied. The results showed that the accumulation of dust on the surface of different types of solar panels can reduce the efficiency by 30%. While the high temperature can reduce the efficiency by up to 10 %. The results showed that the power reduction percentage was 17%, 20%, 25%, 27% and 30% for tilt angles 60°,45°,30°,15° and 0°; respectively. Tilt angles 15° and 30° showed to be optimal for the installation of the PV solar system, as they resulted the highest amount of output power

A Fault Diagnosis Mechanism with Power Generation Improvement for a Photovoltaic Module Array

This paper aims to develop an online diagnostic mechanism, doubling as a maximum power point tracking scheme, for a photovoltaic (PV) module array. In case of malfunction or shadow event occurring to a PV module, the presented diagnostic mechanism is enabled, automatically and immediately, to reconfigure a PV module array for maximum output power operation under arbitrary working conditions. Meanwhile, the malfunctioning or shaded PV module can be located instantly by this diagnostic mechanism according to the array configuration, and a PV module replacement process is made more efficient than ever before for the maintenance crew. In this manner, the intended maximum output power operation can be resumed as soon as possible in consideration of a minimum business loss. Using a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based algorithm, the PV module array is reconfigured by means of switch manipulations between modules, such that a load is supplied with the maximum amount of output power. For compactness, the PSO-based online diagnostic algorithm is implemented herein using a TMS320F2808 digital signal processor (DSP) and is experimentally validated as successful to identify a malfunctioning PV module at the end of this work.

Design of Open Loop Single Axis Solar Tracker System

The amount of power output in a solar power system depends on the intensity of solar radiation. The earth’s movements however cause changes in the intensity of solar radiation received by solar panels on the daily. Therefore, the implementation of a controller that can track the position of the sun (solar tracker) is believed to increase the power output of solar panels. This research focuses on the design of a photovoltaic panel drive system using an Android-based application as a monitoring media. The application is used to monitor the current temperature and provide a desired angle input. Based on the test results, the average power output of a fixed PV reached only 17.15 Watt, while on a single axis PV, average output reached 21.50 Watt. It can be concluded that in the single axis PV, average power output increased by more than 25% compared to the fixed PV.

IoT Based Solar Power Monitoring System

Presently we are invading in a new period of modernisms i.e., Internet of Things (IoT). By using the IoT supervising solar energy can greatly enhance the performance, monitoring of the plant. It is a technique to keep track of the dust assembled on the solar panels to induce the maximum power for active utilization. The amount of output power of the solar panels depends on the radiation hit to the solar cell. All the panels are attached and the sensors are precisely connected to the central controller which supervise the panels and loads. Thus, user can view the current, voltage and sunlight.

A Review of Vibration Based Wide-Band Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters

Vibration based electromagnetic energy harvesters (VEMEHs) for powering wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) and low power devices has got enormous research interests as alternative source of power. One of the prime limitations to the application of these harvesters as a replacement to battery systems is their dependency on the limited range of operating frequencies. This paper highlights the current advancements in the area of wide-band VEMEHs. All such VEMEHs have been studied and reported based on their range of operating frequencies, frequency bandwidth, overall volume, output voltage, the value of available output power, power density and the level of vibrations these harvesters are subjected to. Moreover the reported VEMEHs are categorized on the basis of their operating mechanism i.e either resonant or non-resonant. The main focus over here is the operating range of frequencies and the frequency bandwidth where the harvester is capable of producing adequate amount of output power which could be used for operating remote WSNs. The reported VEMEHs include harvesters with a minute volume of 0.032 cm3 to as large as approx 1600 cm3. When compared on the basis of output voltage, the reported VEMEHs could produce output voltage from 0.13 mV to as high as 5700 mV. Similarly the reported VEMEHs are generating output power from 0.00096 μW to 74000 μW. The reported VEMEHs are having power densities in the range of 0.50 x 10-6 μW/ cm3 to1073 μW/ cm3. The power per acceleration of the reported VEMEHs is in the range of 16.012 x 10 -6 μW/g to 129824 μW/g. Moreover the reported VEMEHs are having power density per acceleration in the range of 0.500 x 10-6 μW/g.cm3 to 1877 μW/g.cm3. Based on the overall device’s size and resultant output power, a 1 cm³ harvester having an average power output of 0.75 μW to a harvester of 68.96 cm³ with a peak output power of 74 mW have been reported in this literature. Comparison has been made on the basis of operating frequency range, frequency bandwidth, device size, output power, acceleration of operation, power per acceleration and power densities of the reported wide-band electromagnetic energy harvesters (EMEHs).

Exceptional Point of Degeneracy in a Backward-Wave Oscillator with Distributed Power Extraction

We show how an exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) is formed in a system composed of an electron beam interacting with an electromagnetic mode guided in a slow wave structure (SWS) with distributed power extraction from the interaction zone. Based on this kind of EPD, a new regime of operation is devised for backward wave oscillators (BWOs) as a synchronous and degenerate regime between a backward electromagnetic mode and the charge wave modulating the electron beam. Degenerate synchronization under this EPD condition means that two complex modes of the interactive system do not share just the wavenumber, but they rather coalesce in both their wavenumbers and eigenvectors (polarization states). In principle this new condition guarantees full synchronization between the electromagnetic wave and the beam's charge wave for any amount of output power extracted from the beam, setting the threshold of this EPD-BWO to any arbitrary, desired, value. Indeed, we show that the presence of distributed radiation in the SWS results in having high-threshold electron-beam current to start oscillations which implies higher power generation. These findings have the potential to lead to highly efficient BWOs with very high output power and excellent spectral purity.

Performance and profit analysis of thermoelectric power generators mounted on channels with different cross-sectional shapes

In order to generate electric power by thermoelectricity, thermoelectric modules are mounted on peripheral surface of a channel and hot fluid moves along the inside of the channel. Despite the importance of cross-section shape on the performance of power generator, no comprehensive study has been previously performed to clarify the thermal/hydraulic characteristics of different cross-sections on thermoelectric generators. Hence, in this paper, three-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the performance of thermoelectric generators mounted on channels with five different cross-sectional shapes. The effect of Re number, hot air inlet temperature, thermoelectric cold side temperature, and load ratio on the maximum output power, pumping power, net power and thermal conversion efficiency are studied. Results revealed that the thermoelectric generator device with a rectangular-shape channel provides the highest output power and thermal conversion efficiency. With the increase of Re number, the amount of output power and pumping power increase. However, the net power and thermal conversion efficiency improves up to a specific Re number and then diminishes. Besides, increment of hot side inlet temperature intensifies the net power and thermal conversion efficiency of all channels while the increment of cold side temperature has a minor effect on the thermal conversion efficiency of thermoelectric.

A Novel Method for Optimizing Power Efficiency of a Solar Photovoltaic Device

Most recently, photovoltaic energy has made an incredible technological advancement for the forthcoming decades towards mitigating the ever-increasing energy demand worldwide through generating electric power. Present paper proposes a novel solar photovoltaic (SPV) device model that achieves optimal power efficiency from simulation and graphical performance analysis of SPV device characteristics. First of all, power as well as current performances is compared for varying irradiance and temperatures circumstances. Then, output current characteristics of the SPV device for the proposed as well as existing model with variable temperatures is plotted. Later, power versus voltage performances of a SPV device for the proposed model with varying irradiance and temperature criterions is compared. Finally, power–voltage characteristics are plotted graphically for the existing as well as proposed SPV device model that achieves significant amount of output power for the proposed model than the existing model and optimal power efficiency is obtained for the novel SPV device model.

The Effect of Dust on the Output Performance of Solar Module

This study investigates the effect of dust on the output performance of a solar module. Two 250W monocrystalline modules (control & dust) were used during the study. The experiment was performed in the University of Port Harcourt, at the Basic Unit in Abuja Campus, Rivers State, Nigeria with longitude 4.903674˚N and latitude6.923759˚E. The amount of current and voltage generated by both panels, under solar radiation, were recorded using a digital multimeter at an interval of 15minutes between 7am and 4pm for a period of 7days. Measurement data and graphical analyses were used to evaluate the I-V characteristics of the control and dusty modules, and also the amount of output power generated by both modules. The minimum and maximum values of the Cumulative Average Power Output (watt) obtained for the control module were 2156.16W and 5790.655W respectively. While the minimum and maximum values of the Cumulative Average Power Output (watt) obtained for the dusty module were 1743.277W and 4714.068W respectively. The percentage reduction in output power for the solar module with dust typically ranged from 5.92% to 28.78%. The results reveal that dust particle accumulation on the surface of solar module leads to a significant reduction in the current, voltage and amount of output power generated by a solar module which in turn abates its overall performance.

A Soft-Switching Step-Down PFC Converter with High Power Factor Using Auxiliary Flyback Circuit

In this paper, a new soft-switching bridgeless single-phase power factor correction converter is introduced and analyzed. Employing an auxiliary flyback circuit, existing dead angle in the input current is eliminated while softswitching is achieved. The flyback converter processes only small amount of output power. Therefore, conduction losses of its bridge diode and semiconductor devices are low. Also, the auxiliary flyback converter provides soft-switching condition for buck switches. All semiconductors are turned on and off under soft-switching condition. In addition to reduction of switching losses, diode's reverse-recovery problems are eliminated due to soft-switching condition. The proposed approach takes advantage of operating under discontinuous conduction mode to shape the input current into sinusoidal form inherently. Experimental results are reported for a 120-W prototype at 110 Vrms input and 48-V output. The results demonstrate efficiency of 93% at nominal load condition. Furthermore, the input current harmonics fulfill IEC61000-3-2 (Class D) standard as well.

Robust and effective parallel process to coordinate multi‐area economic dispatch (MAED) problems in the presence of uncertainty

Considering the independency of areas as a challenge in multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) problems, this study presents a novel parallel process MAED to preserve independency in MAED problems and, at the same time, supply the demanded power in each area. Although distributed power networks are physically connected to each other to improve the financial and technical aspects of the operation, they have to operate with few information about other areas. In addition, utilising renewable energies, especially wind turbines, are unavoidable in the future to supply the demanded power. However, the uncertainty that arises from wind behaviour makes the MAED problems more complicated, meaning that the exact amount of output power in each time instant is not known. Hence, the authors analyse the wind and load uncertainty effect on the MAED cost function using the unscented transformation (UT) method. Moreover, the applicability of the UT method in terms of accuracy and speed is evaluated with Monte–Carlo simulation method. Finally, four different cases, both small and large, are studied to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed parallel process and UT method in MAED problems.

An agile optimization algorithm for vitality management along with fusion of sustainable renewable resources in microgrid

ABSTRACTThis article presents a residential microgrid consisting of hybrid wind–solar energy to meet residential local demand. Due to the random and intermittent characteristics of renewable energy, new challenges arise for the reliable operation of microgrids such as loss of power, decrease in performance, reduction in quality of power, etc. Hence, a novel hybrid galactic–swarm optimization (GSO with point estimation method that utilizes renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy for energy management is proposed in this article. The point estimation method models the uncertainties of energy resources and also provides optimal power flow from wind and solar. Then, GSO algorithm concludes the optimal amount of output power to avoid supplementary generation with proper scheduling and also the amount of exchanging energy with load and main grid during the operating period. Based on the power supply form the hybrid energy resources to load, the load shifting is done during peak hours using ant–lion Optimization Algorithm. The proposed method manages the processes in power distribution system for controlling power stability and power loss. The proposed work is implemented in the working platform of MATLAB and the effectiveness of the proposed is demonstrated.

Analysis of angular position, dimension and material of a cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester

The performance of an angular vibrating single piezoelectric cantilever beam energy harvester in a flexural mode was analyzed. In this research the approaches of theory, finite element, and experiment have been undertaken to study the effects of angular position, mechanical properties, and dimensions on the output power and resonance frequency of a piezoelectric cantilever beam. The phase shift is an important phenomenon observed in this system because of the angular position of the beam about its longitudinal axis. Frequency shift due to the angular position is usually observed in experiments. However, it has not been studied theoretically until now. The angular position not only affects the resonance frequency but also the amount of output power from the lead zirconate titanate ceramic bonded on it. Furthermore, beam and piezoelectric dimensions have a major effect on power output and resonance frequency. Another aspect considered in this research is the effect of materials on power and frequency which have been studied for aluminum, copper, and steel.

Resonant frequency self-tunable piezoelectric cantilevers for energy harvesting and disturbing torque absorbing

This research aims to develop an energy-harvesting device that converts kinetic energy in rotating environments into electrical energy which can be used as a power source for a tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) to replace chemical batteries. An energy harvester with a weighted trapezoidal cantilever that had the ability to self-adjust its resonant frequency approaching to the wheel rotation speed to keep a resonant mode in order to generate a higher amount of output power was developed. The weighted length of the trapezoidal cantilever was tuned by the centrifugal force from a rotating wheel to vary the area moment of inertia at the cantilever root. The dynamic equation was derived through the Lagrange method. Moreover, the weighted cantilever can also be considered as a centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber (CPVA) to absorb unexpected vibrations or torque. Therefore, this study analyzed the dynamic behavior of the wheel when a disturbing torque was applied to it. The experimental results revealed that the output power of the prototype was approximately 65–110 μW at the wheel rotation speeds in the range of 240–1200 rpm. This demonstrated that the proposed device has the potential to replace the battery in the TPMS. The effective vibration absorption bandwidth of the prototype was approximately 130 Hz, and more than 42% of the vibration absorption ratio was observed under disturbing vibration between 60–110 Hz.

Analysis of LC-LC2 Compensated Inductive Power Transfer for High Efficiency and Load Independent Voltage Gain

A novel LC-LC2 compensated resonant converter topology with high efficiency and good controllable voltage gain is presented in this paper. An additional receiving side inductor working together with the receiving coil has the contribution to work with a large range of air gap distance. Due to this property, proposed compensation technique is effective for IPT based EV charging application. Voltage gain with independent of load and input impedance having ZPA of the proposed resonant converter are observed by the frequency domain analysis. On the other hand, time domain analysis gives the circuit operation. A 500 W LC-LC2 compensated resonant converter prototype is built to testify the theoretical analysis. To observe the efficiency-comparison, an S-SP compensated resonant converter with a similar amount of output power under different air gap is also presented. In order to justify the effectiveness, the proposed compensation method is verified by the laboratory results. The highest efficiency of the proposed compensated resonant converter is 93% with output power of 500 W at 140-mm air gap between the two sides of the IPT (inductive power transfer) transformer.