Amount Of Output Power Research Articles

The Effect of Dust Accumulation on Photovoltaic (PV) Panel Surface in Politeknik Mersing, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract: One of the initiatives aiming at supporting green technology sustainability education in the Politeknik Mersing is the generation of power using renewable energy sources like solar. Considered as more efficient and able to meet current power needs of the community, the generation of electricity from limitless green energy sources is Dust accumulation on the photovoltaic (PV) panel surface has been one of the main environmental elements influencing the declining sun irradiation since Politeknik Mersing located in a tropical rainforest and coastal location. Moreover, in humid environments the accumulation of dust forms mud and contamination on the PV panel surface, which subsequently reduces the relative power efficiency of PV by up to 30%. Therefore, the study has been carried out to investigate the effects of dust accumulation on PV panel surfaces on the amount of output power generated by the PV system. While the lowest relative performance of 69.6% occurred at a 30° tilt angle, the best relative performance of 97% was obtained at a 0° tilt angle during peak solar hours. The relative power efficiency was used to analyse the performance of PV panels under clean and dusty conditions since there was no pyranometer to measure solar irradiation. Several tilt angles (0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°) were assessed in order to situate the panel optimally with respect to the latitude of the location and peak solar hours (10:00 am, 11:00 am, 12:00 pm, and 1:00 pm). The performance of the PV system was evaluated using total output power that is derived from open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc). Results showed that dust accumulation affects the efficiency of PV panels thus necessitating effective maintenance strategies within such environments.

Performance Improvement of a Limaçon Gas Expander Using an Inlet Control Valve: Two Case Studies

Renewable energy-based compact energy-generation systems based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) can be employed to meet the ever-growing thirst for affordable and clean energy. The overall performance and effectiveness of ORC systems are constrained by the low efficiency of the gas expander, specifically the positive displacement expander, which is responsible for energy conversion from the working fluid. This low-efficiency scenario can be significantly improved by employing a control valve to regulate and restrict the flow of the working fluid into the expander. A control valve can effectively curve the loss of costly compressed and energized working fluids by allowing them to expand in the expander chamber before discharging through the outlet port. They can thus be used to regulate the amount of energy yield and output power. In this work, two direct drive rotary valves (DDRVs) operated by a stepper motor (SM-DDRV) and rotary solenoid (RS-DDRV) are suggested, and the behavior of the valves is examined. The effect of friction and temperature on the valve response is also studied. Additionally, the effect of inlet control valves on the overall system performance of the limaçon expander is assessed. Thermodynamic properties such as the isentropic efficiency and filling factor are also computed. The effect of leakage due to valve response delay is analyzed at different inlet pressures. The performance indices are compared to the expander performance without any inlet valve. The SM-DDRV setup results in a 14.86% increase in isentropic efficiency and a 220% increase in the filling factor, whereas the RS-DDRV performs moderately with a 2.58% increase in isentropic efficiency and an 80% increase in the filling factor compared to a ported expander. The SM-DDRV provides better performance indices compared to the RS-DDRV and without valve setups. However, the performance of the limaçon expander with the SM-DDRV is sensitive to the inlet pressure and degrades at higher pressure. Overall, the valves proposed in this work present key insights into improving the performance characteristics of gas expanders of ORC systems.

Spectroscopy and Kerr-lens mode-locked operation of Yb:GdScO3 crystal

A Kerr-lens mode-locked laser based on a Yb3+-doped disordered gadolinium scandate (Yb:GdScO3) crystal is reported for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The crystal with the perovskite structure was grown using the Czochralski method, and its room temperature (RT) and low temperature (LT) spectra were also investigated. Due to the crystal's multisite structure (Gd3+/Sc3+ site), Yb:GdScO3 offers broad and intense polarized emission spectra in the near-infrared range (975–1075 nm). The stimulated emission cross section σSE is 0.46 × 10−20 cm2 at 1000 nm with an emission band width of 75.7 nm for E // b polarization. The continuous wave (CW) laser was operated pumped by a 976 nm fiber-coupled LD laser, resulting in a maximum output power of 8.74 W with a slope efficiency of 76.1% was obtained. Additionally, a pulses as short as 74 fs are generated at ∼1061.7 nm via Kerr-lens mode-locking. The average output power amounts to 32 mW at a pulse repetition rate of 101.4 MHz. All results indicate Yb:GdScO3 a promising candidate for 1 µm ultrashort laser.

In-band pumped Kerr-lens mode-locked Tm,Ho-codoped calcium aluminate laser

We report on a Kerr-lens mode-locked Tm,Ho-codoped calcium aluminate laser with in-band pumping of the Tm ions by a spatially single-mode 1678 nm Raman fiber laser. The structurally disordered CaGdAlO4 host crystal is also codoped also with the passive Lu ion for additional inhomogeneous line broadening. The Tm,Ho,Lu:CaGdAlO4 laser generates soliton pulses as short as 79 fs at a central wavelength of 2073.6 nm via soft-aperture Kerr-lens mode-locking. The corresponding average output power amounts to 91 mW at a pulse repetition rate of ∼86 MHz. The average output power can be scaled to 842 mW at the expense of slightly longer pulses of 155 fs at 2045.9 nm, which corresponds to a peak power of ∼58 kW. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of an in-band pumped Kerr-lens mode-locked Tm,Ho solid-state laser at ∼2 µm.

A Novel Control Strategy for Soft Open Point to Address Terminal Voltage Violations and Load Rate Imbalance in Low-Voltage Power Distribution Station Areas.

In low-voltage power distribution station areas (DSAs), sensor devices and communication networks are often inadequate. Therefore, the control strategies mainly used for soft open points (SOPs) based on global information in medium-voltage distribution networks are difficult to be directly applied to low-voltage DSAs. This paper proposes a novel control strategy for SOP that only requires collecting the local information of SOP and the load rate of transformers. It aims to address the issues faced of voltage violations at the end of feeders and the load rate imbalance among adjacent DSAs under the current high penetration of renewable energy sources. In this paper, first, a sensor network consisting of sensor devices located at the transformers and each port of the SOP is introduced for information collection. Then, based on the sensitivity relationship between the node voltage and the injected power, considering capacity and voltage safety constraints, the adjustable range of the active power output for each port of the SOP is derived. According to this range, the operating states of the DSAs are categorized into four scenarios. For each scenario, the adjustment amount of SOP output power is determined to achieve comprehensive regulation of terminal voltage and load rate of all DSAs interconnected by SOP. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified based on a simulation model of three flexible interconnected DSAs established in MATLAB/Simulink.

Novel differential power processing technique for uneven partial shading mitigation in PV systems

Photovoltaic (PV) system output power greatly depends on environmental operating conditions. Partial shaded condition (PSC) operates PV string under mismatch. PV module mismatch has been one of the major causes for reduced amount of output power. Maximizing the amount of energy extraction from PV system under mismatch greatly influenced by conversion efficiency as well as the mismatch mitigation topology used. Differential power processing (DPP) is one of the advanced techniques to deal with mismatch conditions and enhance power output from a PV system. In this paper hybrid modular DPP topology is presented. The proposed technique mitigates the effect of mismatches at submodule and enhance power extraction from PV string. Since in majority shading on a PV module is nonuniform. The conversion efficiency of module level DPP shading mitigation techniques enhanced using submodule level DPP architecture. To demonstrate its applicability simulation study is carried out in MATLAB Simulink and results are compared with traditional bypass method and module level DPP. Simulation results showed the reduction in mismatch loss and improvement in efficiency and power output.

Analysis Of The Effect Of Loading On Parallel Generator Work At PT. Mitrabara Adiperdana Tbk

Genset is a combination of two different devices: the engine as a rotating device and the generator as a generating device. Genset at PT. Mitrabara Adiperdana. Tbk is used as a backup when the electricity source from PLN goes out. Due to fluctuating loads, an ample power supply is needed when the conveyor is operating, so more than one generator is needed to supply electricity according to load demand. To meet the power needs at PT. Mitrabara Adiperdana. Tbk, 2 gensets with a capacity of 500 kVA and 3 gensets with a capacity of 800 kVA were synchronize. Generator synchronization aims to obtain optimal power, good efficiency and efficient specific fuel consumtion (SFC). When 5 generator units were paralleled, the lowest efficiency was 19.2% with an SFC of 0.48 liters/kWh in September with a capacity of 800 kVA, while the highest efficiency was 62.98% with an SFC of 0.15 liters/kWh in July with a capacity of 800 kVA. The calculation result, when given the same loading, obtained the lowest efficiency of 1% with an SFC of 9.3 liters/kWh in August with a capacity of 500 kVA and the highest efficiency of 51.45% with an SFC of 0.18 liters/kWh in August with a capacity og 800 kVA. The calculation result show that the efficiency is affected by the amount of output power, the difference in the initial year of operation, anf the difference in several parameters of the nmaplate. Meanwhile, the generator’s Specific Fuel Consumtion (SFC) is influenced by the output and hours meter.

Design guideline of capacitive power transfer system to achieve targeted output power

Power transfer capability of the capacitive power transfer (CPT) system is dependent on the dimensions of capacitive coupler, which should be correctly designed to meet the required amount of output power. This paper presents a guideline to design the conductive plates used in CPT system to achieve a targeted output power. For a given operating frequency, resonant inductance, DC input voltage, load resistance, and the air gap between plates, the required cross-sectional area of conductive plates is obtained using this guideline. It has been guided through the design procedure which is explained in detail. A step-by-step guide to design a 5-watts CPT system is demonstrated as a design example. The proposed design guideline is verified by the experiment which shows the closeness between measured and targeted output power. Design error is obtained as low as 3.6 percent.

Process design and simulation study of an electricity generation plant utilizing low-grade wasted thermal energy using aspen Hysys software

An analysis of the operational parameters of a small-scale electrical generation facility that uses the thermal energy contained in the flue gases from rubbish waste incineration is the goal of this study. To assess this system, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) thermodynamic system was used. Since the organic fluid has a lower boiling point than water and can be evaporated with less thermal energy, it was chosen as a heat transfer medium instead of water. Aspen Hysys was utilized as a simulation tool, while R11 was used as the working fluid. To maximize the amount of available electrical output power, the plant's operational temperature, working fluid flow rate, and pressure are all maximized. According to the simulation's findings, flue gas may generate electric power between the ranges of 3.12 – 29.71 kW at working pressures between 2.5 and 3.5 bar and working fluid flow rates between 3.600 and 7200 kg/h when the temperature is between 50 and 95 oC. The system reaches a thermal efficiency of about 8.30 at 350 kPa of working fluid pressure.

Energy efficiency and exergetic analysis of combined cycle plant with inlet air cooling

Combined cycle power plants (CCPP) are gaining increased acceptance due to their lower environmental impact over coal-fired power plants, better natural gas availability and renewable balancing capabilities. The objective of this study is to perform energy and exergy analysis of a CCPP with LNG re-gasification cold energy utilisation for inlet air cooling. Energy and exergy analysis comparison is presented including component-level breakdown of exergy destruction. The sensitivity of energy and exergetic performance indices to ambient temperature, compressor inlet temperature, inlet heat exchanger cold duty and steam turbine isentropic efficiency is discussed in detail. The results reveal that for ambient temperature range of 35–45°C, the relative increase in CCPP output power amounts to 14.01%–18.49% (for RH of 40%) and 10.62%–8.50% (for RH of 80%). In a range of RH 40%–80% and ambient temperature 35–45°C, exergy efficiency improvement is 0.20%–1.60%.

TRACKING SUN PATH AND VOLTAGE MONITORING SYSTEM

Presently we are invading in a new period of modernisms i.e., Internet of Things (IoT). By using the IoT supervising solar energy can greatly enhance the performance, monitoring of the plant. It is a technique to keep track of the dust assembled on the solar panels to induce the maximum power for active utilization. The amount of output power of the solar panels depends on the radiation hit to the solar cell. All the panels are attached and the sensors are precisely connected to the central controller which supervise the panels and loads. Thus, user can view the current, voltage and sunlight.

Control Parameters Optimization of Accumulator in Hydraulic Power Take-Off System for Eccentric Rotating Wave Energy Converter

To improve the efficiency and stability of an eccentric rotating wave energy converter (ERWEC), the adaptive hydraulic power-take-off (PTO) system with an accumulator is designed and developed. Experiments are performed to analyze the effects of trigger pressure, delay time, and open state duration on average output power and power fluctuation index. The results show that the effects of those three control parameters of accumulator on output power are strongly coupled. The experimental examples are designed based on the optimal Latin hypercube sampling (OLHS) method, and the nonparameterized agent models of control parameters to output power indices are established based on the Gaussian process regression (GPR) method. With the help of sensitivity analysis, it is found that the coupled effect of delay time and open state duration on the power fluctuation index is greater than that on the average output power. Furthermore, the optimal combination of control parameters is obtained by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-III (NSGA-III), which improves the amount and stability of output power from a hydraulic PTO system. This paper is of important significance for parameter setting of hydraulic PTO systems with an accumulator for wave energy converter, and provides the basis for the real-time adjustment of control parameters under complex sea conditions.

A Compound Coordinated Optimal Operation Strategy of Day-Ahead-Rolling-Realtime in Integrated Energy System

Aiming at the impact of the uncertainty of source load on the optimal scheduling in an integrated energy system (IES), in this paper, based on hybrid resolution modeling and hybrid instruction cycle scheduling technology, three time scales of day-ahead, intra-day rolling and real-time feedback optimization scheduling models are established, respectively, with the objectives of the economic optimal daily operation of the system, the minimum sum of the operation cost of energy purchase and wind curtailment penalty cost in the rolling control time domain, and the minimum adjustment amount of equipment output power. Then, the chaotic gravitational search algorithm (CGSA) is used to solve the problem, and the composite coordination optimization operation strategy of IES with mixed time scales based on CGSA is proposed. In the example, the comparison between the multi-timescale scheduling plan and the actual output, the comparison of the system scheduling results under different strategies and the comparison of different optimization algorithms show that the proposed optimization operation strategy is beneficial to optimize the energy flow distribution, reduce the system operation cost, improve the IES economy and optimization speed.

The Effect of Magnetic Flux Density Magnitude on Machine Performance

The effect of magnetic flux density magnitude on electromagnetic performance of a double stator permanent magnet synchronous machine is investigated and presented in this study. Finite element analysis method is applied in computing the results. The considered machine variables are: torque, losses, efficiency and electromagnetic power. The results reveal that output performances of a given machine would be affected by the magnitude of its magnetic flux density, particularly under saturation condition. Most promising electric machine characteristics are shown to be obtained from the device when the magnetic flux density magnitude is within 1.5 to 2.0 Tesla. The impact of this flux density amplitude should be taken into consideration during the design and operation of electrical machines, for effective and efficient output delivery. Highest amount of output torque, power and efficiency of 2.61 Nm, 109.46 W and 89.22 % are obtained from the simulated model at flux density amplitude of 1.6 Tesla.

Technical and Economical Evaluation of Micro-Solar PV/Diesel Hybrid Generation System for Small Demand

This paper is intended as an investigation on a reliability of solar PV(Photovoltaic) and DG (Diesel Generator) hybrid system and the economical evaluation. In the remote area or island countries, diesel generator is a common technology for supplying power. In general, the price of diesel oil is expensive in remote areas. Therefore, introduction of the technologies which can reduce the fuel consumption for power generation is important in those area. Interconnection of solar PV with isolated diesel distribution lines is one of the options when expanding power generation facilities. However, the output of solar PV is influenced by the weather condition, it is difficult to ensure a constant output and control power amount. Using unstable input for power generation such as solar PV increases the risk of power outage due to instability of system voltage and frequency fluctuations. In this study, experiments were conducted to clarify the unstable condition using the micro-solar diesel hybrid system using solar PV (2kW), Battery Bank (24V,420Ah) and Diesel Generator (4.7kVA) and load(1500W) at Ashikaga University (AU). The experiments are conducted by two different setups, a hybrid system of solar PV and DG and the hybrid with battery bank. The results of the experiments show the frequency fluctuations becomes smaller by the hybrid system with battery bank. And the mechanical governor which attached to the DG has important function to stabilize frequency fluctuation. In the study, economic viability of the solar PV and DG hybrid system is examined by computing the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). In the calculation of the least-cost alternative system, a diesel engine powered generation system with the capacity to generate the same amount of electricity as the solar PV-DG hybrid system was used. The IRRs of the solar PV – diesel hybrid system is positive in all configuration. IRR becomes larger in the hybrid system without a battery bank and also it becomes larger with increase of the penetration ratio of solar PV. The configuration of solar PV and DG hybrid system have to be considered by the type of power demand. If the demand user requires quality power such as stabilized voltage and frequency in minimum range, battery bank have to be installed to the system. If the economical operation by saving the amount of fuel consumption is more important, battery bank does not need to be included. The system is feasible on the both aspect of technical and economical, therefore it can be introduced as reliable energy supply system for small power demand in remote areas.

An effective and cleaner discharge method of spent lithium batteries

The rapid development of new energy vehicles has exponentially increased the output of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The extraction and recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs are expected to alleviate the shortage of battery materials. However, the spent LIBs to be recycled may still have certain amount of usable output power. If the battery is disassembled and crushed directly, the residual electricity may be hazardous. Therefore, discharge pretreatment should be carried out before disassembling and crushing spent LIBs. To date, electrochemical discharge in conducting solutions has been widely investigated and applied to discharge pretreatment, but there is no convincing evidence of its effectiveness. At the same time, non-electrochemical discharge in conducting powders has been investigated as a possible cleaner and more effective discharge method. Therefore, our current article reports the results of a series of experiments performed with spent LIBs to explore electrochemical discharge in conducting solutions and non-electrochemical discharge in conducting powders. We also systematically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different discharge media in terms of their discharge efficiency, the potential existence of solid/liquid/gas phase contaminants, and their effectiveness. The experimental results obtained showed that battery discharge reached the safe voltage of 2 V and that the voltage rebound behavior occurs after 48 h standing. This is called the voltage relaxation phenomenon in an electrical field, which could cause certain safety risks during battery disassembly and crushing. Therefore, the effect of voltage rebound was also studied, and the obtained results showed that the voltage was over-discharged after flake-graphite discharge, which would cause irreversible damage to the anode material of the batteries and lead to battery failure. This is of great significance for the discharge pretreatment of spent LIBs. Therefore, flake-graphite discharge is an cleaner and effective discharge method for spent LIBs.

Evaluation and Development of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for the Remote Telecommunication Station of Bougaroun, Collo, Algeria

Abstract Mobile telecommunication sites are an essential station in our technological life, used to allow the communication through mobiles and internet. Many telecommunication sites are installed in remote areas where the grid is not available. For this, hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are used to power the stations and integrate the remote areas with the world. This article aims to evaluate the performance of the existing HRES of the remote mobile telecommunication station of Bougaroun, Collo, Algeria -which consists of PV modules, batteries and diesel generator (DG)- and to develop it using a mathematical model to demonstrate the effect of deploying a wind turbine to supply more green energy, minimize the operation cost (fuel consumption and maintenance), and reduce the greenhouses emitted by the DG. Based on the wind data at the site location, the obtained results show a significant amount of output power that can be used to minimize the DG functionality.

Comparison between overall and respective electrical rectifications in array of piezoelectric energy harvesting

Abstract The article compares two different electrical rectifications employed by a piezoelectric harvester array. The first type consists of parallel connection of harvesters followed by an AC–DC full-bridge rectifier for overall electrical rectification. The second type allows for respective electrical rectification of each individual harvester, and then connecting them all in parallel. The former exhibits stronger electromechanical coupling effect for enhancing output power. The latter is capable of avoiding charge cancelation for improving bandwidth. The analysis of the electromechanical response of these two types is provided with full derivations for the second case. The predictions of displacement and output power are compared with the experiment and the results show good agreement. Two recommendations are offered from the present studies. First, suppose the power dissipations due to voltage gaps across the rectifiers are insignificant compared with the amount of output power realized by each individual harvester. The piezoelectric harvester array with respective electrical rectification exhibits better performance than that with the overall rectification from the broadband point of view at the cost of reducing peak power. On the contrary, if the amount of power dissipations can not be neglected or the harvester exhibits the strongly coupled electromechanical response, it is recommended to employ the harvester array allowing the mixed parallel/series connections switched by DPDT (Double-Pole Double-Throw). The array of the mixed type with overall electrical rectification exhibits performance significantly outperforming the array with respective electrical rectification from the point of view of broadband and power enhancement.

Analisis Kinerja Motor Terhadap Kerusakan Kompresor Tipe B – 304 pada LRT Jakarta Seri 1100

Compressor is one of the energy conversion machines that has a function to compress or compress the working fluid, in this case compressible fluid. To maintain the reliability of components carried out maintenance including periodic maintenance and maintenance when there is damage, in this final task obtained data on the 71st weekly maintenance obtained compressor is not able to supply air optimally. Output power obtained output power of 61,475 kW, while in data processing obtained the largest output power obtained by 85.6 kW large output power based on high current input due to excess load on the motor. The amount of output power that exceeds the maximum output power results in a fracture in the piston rod. And get a filter that has been dirty on the compressor so that the air can not be compressed to the maximum.

Batteries to Keep Solar‐Driven Water Splitting Running at Night: Performance of a Directly Coupled System

Direct solar‐powered hydrogen generation (so‐called “green” hydrogen) is promising as a renewable fuel that can be generated anywhere there is sunshine and water. Many attempts are made to integrate a water electrolyzer (EC) and solar cell at different levels (a so‐called artificial leaf) to take advantage of the reduced losses from the lack of wiring and optionally increased portability afforded by an integrated unit. However, in many cases, EC catalysts degrade as electrodes depolarize when shut down at night. Much less attention is paid to the need for a minimum current across the EC under insufficient illumination to prevent excessive cyclic degradation. Directly coupling a battery to keep an artificial leaf running at night can address this need and, in theory, also increase solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) efficiency. A seven‐cell silicon heterojunction module, two bifunctional NiFeMo ECs in series, and a commercial Li‐ion NMC battery are selected to provide the same amount of solar output power despite different working voltages and tested in a series of simulated diurnal cycles. The increased average STH efficiency per cycle (11.4% vs. 10.5% without the battery) is analyzed and discussed with implications for future artificial leaf design and implementation.