Amounts Of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Differences in Growth Performance and Meat Quality between Male and Female Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during Separate Rearing.

This study compared the growth and flesh quality of juvenile male and female Nile tilapia grown in separate RAS tanks. The Genetic Sex Determination method yielded 40 males and 40 females. Males grew longer and heavier than females, and the results showed significant variation between the sexes in terms of weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and final body length and weight. In terms of the feed conversion ratio (FCR), Gonad Somatic Index (GSI), and Viscera Somatic Index (VSI), females presented better results than males. Male and female Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) values did not differ significantly-no difference in blood serum values. The meat's moisture and crude protein composition did not alter significantly from male to female; however, the crude fat and ash levels did differ significantly. Male and female animals were given the same seventeen distinct types of amino acids, and there was no distinct variation in the profiles of total amino acids (TAAs) and essential amino acids (EAAs) between the sexes. However, in the non-essential amino acid (NEAA) category, there were marginally significant differences, wherein females performed better than males. Males and females differed considerably in crude fat and ash levels but not in the moisture content or crude protein composition of the meat. Regarding fatty acids, males outperformed females in terms of total fatty acids (TFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). However, no significant difference in the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in muscle was found between males and females.

Mitigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in roasted beef patties by cold plasma treatment and products quality evaluation

The cold plasma (CP) technique was applied to alleviate the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in this investigation. Two different CP treatments methods were implemented in the production of beef patties, to investigate their inhibition and degradation capacity on PAHs. With 5 different cooking oils and fats addition, the inhibition mechanism of in-package cold plasma (ICP) pretreatment was explored from the aspect of raw patties fatty acids composition variation. The results of principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components accounted for more than 80 % of the total variation in the original data, indicating that the content of saturated fatty acids was significantly positively correlated with the formation of PAHs. ICP pretreatment inhibited the formation of PAHs by changing the composition of fatty acids, which showed that the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased and the total amount of monounsaturated fatty acids increased. Sensory discrimination tests demonstrated there were discernable differences between 2 CP treated samples and the controls, utilization of the ICP pretreatment in meat products processing was expected to achieve satisfying eating quality. In conclusion, CP treatment degraded PAHs through stepwise ring-opening oxidation in 2 reported pathways, the toxicity of PAHs contaminated products was alleviated after CP treatment.

An investigation of slaughter weight and muscle type effects on carcass fatty acid profiles and meat textural characteristics of young Holstein Friesian bulls

Study objectives included the assessment of carcass fatty acid composition and meat texture characteristics of younger Holstein Friesian bulls. Three experimental groups were formed based on the weights of the 23 young bulls at slaughter: lighter, medium, and heavier. Samples were taken from the Gluteus medius (GM) and Longissimus thoracis muscles 24 h after slaughter. Fatty acid composition, Warner-Bratzler Meat Shear (WBS) measurements, as well as textural profile analysis (TPA) and sensory analysis of the muscle samples were conducted. The fatty acid composition was determined using Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fatty acids give a neutral hypocholesterolemic effect in direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) contents, DFA/OFA (C14:0+C16:0) ratio, hardness, Warner-Bratzler Shear force and also the chews number – which is desirable - before swallowing (NCBS) the meat were significantly decreased with the increasing slaughter weight. Higher slaughter weight resulted in a larger amount of beef with a better panel tenderness score; however, the meat obtained from the LSW group was less healthy considering the fatty acid profile. Additionally, internal fat contained the highest saturated fatty acids concentrations, while subcutaneous fat contained the highest amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, intramuscular fat levels were highest in PUFA and PUFA/SFA ratio. As a result, this study strongly suggests that slaughter weight and anatomical location of fat samples contribute significantly to meat texture characteristics and fatty acid profiles in Holstein Friesian bulls.

Growth, yield and oil quality of adult pedestrian olive orchards grown at four different planting systems.

This study evaluated growth, yield and olive oil quality of mature pedestrian olive orchards. Trees of three Sicilian cultivars Calatina, Nocellara del Belice and Abunara were planted at four combinations of planting densities and training forms. Trees at 2 × 5m were trained to central leader (CLx2), those at 3 × 5m to free palmette (FPx3), those at 4 x 5 to globe vase (GVx4), and those at 5 x 5 to poly-conic vase (PVx5). 'Calatina' had the smallest trees in terms of trunk size in all growing systems, while canopy size of trees at higher densities was similar for all three cultivars. 'Calatina' was also the most growth efficient (m3 of canopy per cm2 of TCSA) and produced the least amount of pruning wood in the hedgerow systems (CLx2 and FPx3). Fruit yield per tree tended to be higher in more vigorous cultivars (Abunara and Nocellara) grown to 3D systems (GVx4 and PVx5), while 'Calatina' was the most yield efficient (kg of fruit per cm2 of TCSA) especially in the hedgerow growing systems. Fruit and oil yield per ha and average production value tended to be highest in CLx2 trees and lowest in GVx4 trees, with 'Calatina' showing the sharpest changes and 'Nocellara' the smallest changes among growing systems. According to the Jaen index, CLx2 tended to induce earlier fruit maturation, followed by PVx5, GVx4, and FPx3. The growing system did not affect oil fatty acid composition, while 'Calatina' had the highest amount of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and the lowest amount of saturated fatty acids. 'Abunara' oils exhibited the highest amount of total phenols in CLx2, while 'Calatina' and 'Nocellara' oils exhibited the highest amount in FPx3 and PVx5. Both, trans-2-hexenal ("cut grass" sensory note) and hexenyl acetate ("floral" sensory note) tended to be lowest in oils from trees grown at CLx2 and highest in those from trees grown at GVx4, showing a somewhat inverse relationship with fruit ripening degree. The outcome of the present study on mature pedestrian orchards shows that proper combinations of cultivars, planting densities, and training forms (canopy shape) may result in efficient intensive systems for growing olive in areas where super-high density systems cannot be profitable due to agronomic and environmental limitations (water shortage, steep sloping sites, small farm size, etc.). Pedestrian growing systems can also be used to exploit olive biodiversity by allowing the use of available local genotypes. For this reason, they may represent an effective and sustainable solution against unexpected climate changes and associated emerging diseases.

Analyzing the fatty acid composition of goat milk and its HDAC inhibitory effects: A rational approach towards understanding the epigenetic impacts of goat milk

Goat milk is a rich source of fatty acids. This study intended to assess the inhibitory potential of goat milk and its extracted fatty acids on histone deacetylases (HDACs). Palmitic acid (C16:0) is the most prevalent saturated fatty acid in goat milk. Goat milk also contains a substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid (C18:1) being the most abundant one. Additionally, the fatty acid profile of goat milk reveals the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid (C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3). Interestingly, the fat extracted from goat milk showed a greater ability to inhibit HDAC enzymes in comparison to the whole milk. These findings, at least to the best of my knowledge, showed the HDAC inhibitory properties of goat milk for the first time, presenting new opportunities for the development of fatty acid-based epigenetic-targeted food products derived from goat milk.

Evaluation of the composition of colostrum and milk from various animal species in the desert climate of Egypt

Heat stress is a major challenge for dairy farmers, as it can have a significant impact on milk production. The purpose of this research was to investigate the differences in the compositions of colostrum and mature milk from various animal species (Aberdeen Angus cows (AC), Baladi cows (BC), and Baladi goats (BG)) under a desert climate in the New Valley Governorate, southwest Egypt. The physicochemical properties, protein fractionations, fatty acid composition, and vitamin A and cho-lesterol contents of AC, BC, and BG were evaluated. The studied species had higher total solids, fat, protein, ash, minerals, whey proteins, and vitamin A (IU/g) in colostrum than in mature milk. The colostrum and milk of BG had the highest vitamin A and cholesterol content in comparison with those of AC and BC. The content of κ-casein in milk decreased, while the content of αs-casein increased. Additionally, the band for αs2-CN was stronger than that for αs1-CN in milk from different species. In comparison to BC and BG milk, the αs1-CN band in BG milk was weaker. However, the bandwidth of β-CN was smaller in milk and stronger in all colostrum bands. In cow milk, the amount of β-casein was lower than that in goat milk. Colostrum from different species had higher concentrations of β-LG and α-LA than milk. The levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were lower in colostrum than in mature milk, while the amount of monoun-saturated fatty acids (MUFA) was higher.

Insights into the functional properties of a natural free amino acid mix: Effect on growth performance, nutrient metabolism, and immune response in a carnivorous fish, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)

Dietary supplements containing a functional feed additive have been shown to be beneficial to fish and shellfish aquaculture. However, the functional properties of aquafeed formulations have rarely been reported in fish. This study aimed to investigate the effects of natural free amino acid mix (FAAM) supplementation as a functional solution on the growth performance and nutrient utilization in a carnivorous fish, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were prepared with graded supplementation levels of FAAM at 0 % (control group), 0.25 %, 0.50 %, 0.75 %, and 1.0 %, denoted as FAAM0, FAAM0.25, FAAM0.5, FAAM0.75, and FAAM1.0, respectively. The experimental fish were fed different dietary FAAM supplementations to apparent satiation twice daily for eight weeks. Significant improvements were observed in the growth performance of fish among the five groups (P < 0.05). Fish fed with FAAM0.75 displayed significantly increased activities of lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05). The activities of digestive enzymes, including amylase, protease, and lipase, were enhanced by the supplementation of FAAM in the feed (P < 0.05), especially for the groups that contained more than 0.5 % FAAM in the feed. Furthermore, the morphological profile of the intestinal tract, including the mucosal fold height, width, thickness, and goblet cell, increased in fish fed with FAAM at 1.0 % (P < 0.05). Moreover, FAAM supplementation in diets not only modulated the expression of immune-related genes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), complement (C)3, C4, and C-reactive protein) in the liver but also positively impacted the growth-ralated genes, including growth hormone (GH), GH receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and IGF-II. In addition, the amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid (C18:1n9c)) and polyunsaturated fatty acids-especially γ-linolenic acid (C18:3 n6) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3)-increased in fish fed with diets containing FAAMs (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the diets supplemented with FAAMs also had a positive effect on the economic indices in terms of revenue-to-cost ratios. These findings provide a scientific basis for the application of FAAMs as a functional solution that can be used in feed formulations for Asian seabass.

Fatty Acid Profile, Volatile Organic Compound, and Physical Parameter Changes in Chicken Breast Meat Affected by Wooden Breast and White Striping Myopathies.

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of pectoralis major myopathies on the physical parameters, fatty acid (FA) profile, and volatile organic compound (VOC) composition of chicken breast meat. Samples were collected from pectoralis major of broilers with varying severity scores (normal, mild, and severe) of wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) myopathies. Chicken breast meat affected by severe myopathies expressed higher cooking loss, drip loss (p < 0.001), and yellowness (p < 0.05) compared to those of samples that were taken from broilers without myopathies (normal). The amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) was significantly higher in samples affected by mild and severe myopathies than in those without myopathies (p < 0.05). There was significantly more aldehyde hexanal in muscles affected by mild and severe myopathies than in muscles without myopathies (p < 0.05). In conclusion, WB and WS myopathies of the breast muscle not only affected the physical parameters of broiler meat but also may have influenced its FA profile and VOC composition. Additionally, an elevated amount of hexanal in muscles affected by WB together with WS suggests that oxidative stress could be important in the etiopathogenesis of WB and WS myopathies. Therefore, poultry meat affected by myopathies have the potential to alter breast meat flavor and composition.

Light irradiance modifies the fatty acid composition of Amphidinium carterae (Dinophyceae)

ABSTRACT Amphidinium carterae is a dinoflagellate of increasing interest for producing bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of five irradiances (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1) on the fatty acid profile of A. carterae. The results show that high irradiances increase the lipid productivity (36.65 mg l–1 d–1 at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 90 mg l–1 d–1 at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). High irradiance increased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) relative to the total content of fatty acids (40.0% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 53.23% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1) and decreased the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (14.30% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 6.04% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). The higher PUFAs content was due to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 20.76% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 30.63% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 14.91% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 18.96% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). Palmitic acid (C16:0) had the highest content among saturated fatty acids (19.87% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 22.29% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). The proportion of neutral lipids tended to increase under high irradiances (100–250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). At the lowest irradiance (50 µmol photon m–2 s–1), the proportion of polar lipids was higher than that of neutral lipids. PUFAs had the main content within polar lipids at the five irradiances (47%–50%). The major neutral lipids were SFAs at the five irradiances (47%–51%). It was concluded that the irradiance levels influence the lipid metabolism of A. carterae. The increase in irradiance level raises the production of lipids and the content of EPA and DHA for potential utilization in the biotechnological, aquaculture and nutraceutical industries.

Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.

The role of ADIPOQ gene variants on weight loss and serum lipid changes after a dietary intervention is an important topic area with little scientific evidence. We designed a study in order to analyze the effects of rs3774261 of ADIPOQ gene on metabolic response and adiposity parameters after a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet pattern for 9 months and with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. 133 patients with obesity were enrolled. Adiposity parameters, blood pressure, and serum parameters (lipid profile, insulin, HOMA-IR; glucose, C reactive protein, adiponectin, resistin, and leptin levels) were measured, at basal time and after dietary intervention (3 and 9 months). All patients were genotyped rs3774261 and evaluated in a dominant model (AA vs. GA+AA). Genotype frequencies were 46 (34.6%) AA, 66 (49.6%) AG, and 21 (15.8%) GG. After dietary intervention and in both genotypes, BMI, weight, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin decreased. In patients with the AA genotype, there was a significant improvement at (3 and 9 months) in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (-10.1±0.9 mg/dl vs. -5.6±1.7 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-19.1±0.9 mg/dl vs. -6.9±0.7 mg/dl, p=0.03), total cholesterol (-9.4±0.8 mg/dl vs. -5.8±0.9 mg/dl, p=0.02) (-17.4±1.8 mg/dl vs. -9.8±1.9 mg/dl, p=0.02), triglycerides (-12.3±0.8 mg/dl vs. -8.0±0.9 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-26.1±0.8 mg/dl vs. -11.0±0.3 mg/dl, p=0.01), C reactive protein (CRP) (-0.8±0.2 mg/ dl vs. -0.4± 0.3 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-1.1±0.2 mg/ dl vs. -0.7±0.1 mg/dl, p=0.01) and adiponectin (28.2±11.1 ng/ml vs. 4.1±2.8 ng/ml, p=0.02) (30.1±8.1 ng/ml vs. 7.1±4.8 ng/ml, p=0.02). Finally, higher values of adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio were detected at 3- and 9-months post-treatment in patients with AA genotype. G allele carriers of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs3774261) showed no improvement in serum levels of adiponectin, adiponectin/leptin ratio, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and CRP after weight loss with a hypocaloric fat monounsaturated diet.

Effect of commission implementing regulation (EU) 2020/1319 on the bacterial composition of PDO Provola dei Nebrodi cheese

In this study, PDO Provola dei Nebrodi cheese was deeply characterized for its bacterial community and chemical composition. Four dairy factories (A–D) were monitored from milk to ripened cheese. Wooden vat biofilms were dominated by thermophilic rod LAB (4.6–6.5 log CFU/cm2). Bulk milk showed consistent levels of total mesophilic microorganisms (TMM) (5.0–6.0 log CFU/mL) and, after curdling, a general increase was recorded. The identification of the dominant LAB in wooden vat biofilms and ripened cheeses showed that the majority of wooden vat LAB were lactococci and Streptococcus thermophilus, while cheese LAB mainly belonged to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Enterococcus. Illumina sequencing identified 22 taxonomic groups; streptococci, lactococci, lactobacilli and other LAB constituted the majority of the total relative abundance % of the wooden vat (69.01–97.58 %) and cheese (81.57–99.87 %) bacterial communities. Regarding chemical composition, the effect of dairy factories was significant only for protein content. Inside cheese color was lighter and yellower than surface. Differences in fatty acids regarded only myristic acid and total amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. The sensory evaluation indicated some differences among cheeses produced in the four dairies regarding color, homogeneity of structure, overall intensity, salty, spicy, and hardness. The integrated approach applied in this study showed that PDO Provola dei Nebrodi cheese characteristics are quite stable among the dairy factories analyzed and this has to be unavoidably imputed to the application of the same cheese making protocol among different dairies.

Effects of the Seed Oil of Carica papaya Linn on Food Consumption, Adiposity, Metabolic and Inflammatory Profile of Mice Using Hyperlipidic Diet.

Background: Studies indicate that different parts of Carica papaya Linn have nutritional properties that mean it can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of various pathologies. Methods: The fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the seeds of Carica papaya Linn was evaluated by gas chromatography, and an acute toxicity test was performed. For the experiment, Swiss mice were fed a balanced or high-fat diet and supplemented with saline, soybean oil, olive oil, or papaya seed oil. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests were performed. After euthanasia, adiposity, glycemia, total cholesterol and fractions, insulin, resistin, leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 and the histology of the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue were evaluated. Results: Papaya seed oil showed predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids in its composition. No changes were observed in the acute toxicity test. Had lower food intake in grams, and caloric intake and in the area of adipocytes without minimizing weight gain or adiposity and impacting the liver or pancreas. Reductions in total and non-HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c were also observed. The treatment had a hypoglycemic and protective effect on insulin resistance. Supplementation also resulted in higher leptin and lower insulin and cytokine resistance. Conclusions: Under these experimental conditions, papaya seed oil led to higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids and had hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic, and hypoglycemic effects.

Oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides biomass effect on the metabolism of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus).

Sustainability issues arise when using fish oil and vegetable oils in fish feed production for aquaculture purposes. Microbial production of single cell oil is a potential alternative as a lipid ingredient in the production of fish feed. In this study, we replaced the vegetable oils with the oleaginous yeast R. toruloides biomass in the diet of Arctic char (S. alpinus) and investigated the effects on health and composition. Measurement of fish growth parameters showed a higher liver weight and hepatosomatic index in the experimental group of fish fed partly with yeast biomass compared to a control group fed a diet with vegetable oils. No significant differences in the lipid content of muscle and liver tissues were found. The fatty acid profiles in the muscle of both fish groups were similar while the experimental fish group had a higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acids in the liver. Histology of livers showed no significant difference in the number of lipid droplets. The size of hepatic lipid droplets seemed to be related to liver fat content. Quantification of metabolites in the liver revealed no differences between the fish groups while plasma metabolites involved in energy pathways such as alanine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, creatinine, serine, betaine, and choline were significantly higher in the experimental fish group.

DYNAMICS OF FATTY ACIDS IN THE PRODUCTION OF TRADITIONAL BULGARIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS

Recently, the fatty acids which are the main component of milk fat have been a subject of extensive scientific studies due to their potential positive and negative effects on human health. The purpose of this research is to investigate the dynamics of fatty acids in the production of traditional Bulgarian dairy products - white brined cheese and yellow cheese, obtained from cow’s milk. During the process of manufacturing and ripening, a general decrease in the amount of saturated fatty acids was found, more obvious in the white brined cheese - by 3.44% and insignificant in the yellow cheese - by 0.59%. There was also a minimal decrease in the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids - by 0.37% in white cheese and by 0.8% in yellow cheese. At the same time, there was a raise in the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids by 3.81% in the mature white cheese and by 1.46% in the mature yellow cheese, and a particularly large increase in the amount of linolenic acid, which turned out to be 54 times more in ripened d white cheese and 40.5 times more in ripened yellow cheese.

A comparative study of physicochemical properties, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of oils extracted from seeds of seven new sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines

This study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and chemical profile of seeds oil obtained from new seven sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines as well as their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity. The seeds powder was extracted by maceration in n-hexane. The oil content of the seven lines was ranged from 20.04% to 36.65% and was either yellow or pale yellow in color. No significant variations were observed on the refractive index (1.46 unit) of the oil. Oils of the seven lines were significantly (p ? 0.05) different in their saponification values (32.13-282.66 mg KOH/g oil), peroxide values (1.76-13.26 mg KOH/g-oil), acid values (0.016?1.766 mg KOH/g oil) and free fatty acids content (6.26-72.23 mg KOH/g-oil). The chemical profile of the oil revealed that line APO42 contained the highest amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (55.9%). All the seven lines contained a considerable amount of linoleic acid (27.5%- 42.5%), and it represented the major compound in lines BOH3 (42.5%) and H1733 (39.8%). The variation was remarkable in their oleic acid content where the highest amount was observed in lines APO42 (55.4%) and APO43 (42.2%), respectively. Lines BOH3, APO43, APO41, and H1733 exerted the best total antioxidant activity in addition to their capacity to reduce Cu2+ and Fe3+, while lines H1733 and APO43 had a metal chelating activity as well. All oils showed weak acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Only four lines showed considerable enzyme inhibitory activity against tyrosinase enzymes. Multivariance analysis suggested that linoleic acid participated in the observed biological activity of the oils. In conclusion, these new lines might contribute to the nutritional and phytotherapeutic properties of sunflower oil in addition to other industrial applications.

Single-Cell Oils from Oleaginous Microorganisms as Green Bio-Lubricants: Studies on Their Tribological Performance

Biolubricants refer to eco-friendly, biodegradable, and non-toxic lubricants. Their applications are still limited compared to mineral oils; however, their sustainable credentials are making them increasingly attractive. Vegetable oils are frequently used for this purpose. However, vegetable oils have issues of low lipid productivity, dependence on climatic conditions, and need for agricultural land. Microbial oils represent a more sustainable alternative. To ensure their widespread applicability, the suitability of microbial oils from a physicochemical point of view needs to be determined first. In this study, oils obtained from various oleagenic microbes—such as microalgae, thraustochytrids, and yeasts—were characterized in terms of their fatty acid profile, viscosity, friction coefficient, wear, and thermal stability. Oleaginous microalgal strains (Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella sorokiniana), thraustochytrids strains (Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21 and Aurantiochytrium sp. T66), and yeast strains (Rhodosporidium toruloides and Cryptococcus curvatus) synthesized 64.5%, 35.15%, 47.89%, 47.93%, 56.42%, and 52.66% of lipid content, respectively. Oils from oleaginous microalgae (A. protothecoides and C. sorokiniana) and yeasts (R. toruloides and C. curvatus) possess excellent physicochemical and tribological qualities due to high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid C18:1 content, 56.38%, 58.82%, 46.67%, 38.81%) than those from oleaginous thraustochytrids (A. limacinum SR21 and Aurantiochytrium sp. T66; 0.96%, 0.08%, respectively) supporting their use as renewable and biodegradable alternatives to traditional mineral oil-based lubricants. Oil obtained from microalgae showed a lower friction coefficient than oils obtained from yeasts and thraustochytrids.

Research Design for a Randomized Control Trial to Assess the Effects of Almond Supplementation on Insulin Resistance, Glycemic Markers, and Inflammation Among Overweight Asian Indians

Background: Fatty acids play an important role in health and well-being; almonds have the highest amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) among the nuts. Western studies have shown positive health effects of almonds. However, well-designed studies are sparse on Asian Indians who have a unique phenotype with higher predisposition to diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hence, the present study describes the design and methods of a clinical trial to assess the effect of almond supplementation on insulin resistance, glycemic markers, and inflammation in overweight Asian Indians. Methods and Outcome Assessments: Parallel-arm open-labeled, randomized controlled trial was conducted in Chennai, India. The study included 400 overweight and obese volunteers of age 25–65 years with a body mass index ≥23 kg/m2 and with some having cardiometabolic risks. The participants in the intervention group received 43 g of almonds per day as recommended by the American Heart Association for 12 weeks, whereas the participants in the control arm followed their habitual dietary patterns and were advised not to consume any nuts. All other lifestyle habits were similar. The anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and diet data of the participants were assessed periodically. Dietary 24-hour recalls and plasma percent fatty acid of the participants were assessed at the baseline and end of the study as a measure of participant compliance to protocol. This study also assessed gut hormone levels as a marker for satiety. The effects of almonds supplementation on anti-inflammatory and inflammatory markers such as adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α were also assessed. Discussion: The study findings, if benefits are found, would help to improve the MUFAs intake by a single supplementation of almonds daily to meet the dietary guidelines of 15% of total calories of MUFAs. In addition, it might aid in the prevention of obesity-related chronic diseases such as diabetes and CVDs by reducing the cardiometabolic risk factors. Trial Registration: The trial was registered in the clinical trial registry of India CTRI201710010251.

Comparative Study of Fatty Acid Composition and Sensory Acceptance of Indonesian Shortfin Eel (Anguilla bicolor) and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

The aim of this study was to examine the fatty acid composition and sensory acceptance of Indonesian shortfin eels meat (Anguilla bicolor) in two consumable sizes (small and large) as compared to farmed Atlantic salmon meat (Salmo salar) that are commonly consumed by Indonesian consumers as a source of nutrient and omega-3. Fatty acid analysis was carried out by fat extraction and gas chromatography. Data obtained was analyzed by ANOVA. Results revealed that the highest total fat content was found in small eels (23.75 / 100 gr), followed by large eels (18.52 / 100 gr) and salmon (15.98 / 100 gr). Meanwhile, the highest total fatty acid content was found in salmon (88.07% w/w), followed by large eel (81.88% w/w) and the small eels (75.68% w/w). Saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found more abundant in eels of both sizes whereas salmon contains a higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Both small eel and large eel contain 25 types of fatty acids, while salmon contains 24 types of fatty acids with heneicosanoic acid being the fatty acid absent in salmon. Sensory evaluation using hedonic scale demonstrated panelists’ preferences for texture (firmness, juiciness), aroma, taste, and overall of boiled salmon were not significantly different from boiled eel. The panelists’ preference for the aroma, taste, and overall of boiled eel with dipping sauce was also not significantly different from steamed salmon with dipping sauce. In conclusion, our study suggests that Indonesian shortfin eels present a commensurable if not greater fatty acid composition and palatability compared to Salmon.

Inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in cardamom using 150 KeV low-energy X-ray

This study aimed to investigate the inactivation effect of 150 KeV low-energy X-ray on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes that were inoculated in dry cardamom. The D10 value for E. coli O157:H7 was 71.43 Gy and the tR values for S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus were 53.57, 87.74, and 114.64 Gy, respectively. The irradiation did not significantly affect the amount of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in cardamom; however, the content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decreased by approximate 20%. No 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), dimethyl disulfide and 3-methyl-thiophene were detected in the irradiated dry cardamom. These findings indicated that 150 KeV low-energy X-ray could be applied to effectively inactivate pathogens in dry cardamom. Industrial relevanceIt was shown that low-energy X-ray irradiation up to 350 Gy did not generate 2-ACBs, dimethyl disulfide and 3-methyl-thiophene in dry cardamom, which are among the major concerns with the application of food irradiation. The outcomes of this research highlight the potential of low-energy X-ray for the preservation of low moisture foods.

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, EDTA and sodium chloride on biomass and lipid accumulation of Chaetomorpha aerea

The increase of total lipid and fatty acids production was studied under different nutrient stress conditions using the macroalga, Chaetomorpha aerea. The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, ethylene diamine tetra-acetate and sodium chloride on the growth and lipid accumulation were systematically investigated in laboratory conditions. The biomass was harvested at different stages of cultivation and assessed. The maximum changes of growth and lipid accumulation were observed in the exponential phase at different cultural conditions. The two-fold increase of total lipid was found in the order of 28.27±0.04 % (at 0.1 g/L nitrogen) &gt; 27.30±0.37 % (at 0.5 g/L of phosphorus) &gt; 25.86±0.77 % (at 0.05 g/L of EDTA)&gt; 24.37±0.04 % (at 0.05 g/L NaCl) on 8th day of cultivation. The fatty acids were identified and quantified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The alga produces significantly high amount of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) than the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in different cultural conditions. The elevated levels of C16:1, C18:1 and C20:1 was identified under nitrate, phosphate and salt stress conditions, which are more suitable for biodiesel production.