Amount Of Liquor Research Articles

Relationship of Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) Between Maternal and Perinatal in Patients

Background: Alcohol amniotic, a protecting fluid that surround the embryo. It protects from concussion, pressure, desiccation, reminiscent of the aquatic origin of life. Adequate amount of amniotic fluid is essential requirement for the normal development and it acts like a cushion against trauma, agitation and accidental impulsions. It has also bacteriostatic properties and prevents the infection of many bacterial infections.
 Aim: To assess the maternal and fetal outcome in cases with normal and abnormal Amniotic Fluid Index levels.
 Results: The mode of delivery was spontaneous vaginal delivery followed by Assisted VD, Elective CS, Emergency CS respectively. It was affected by amount of liquor since, low AFI group 35 (75%) patients ended up in cesarean section for fetal distress. While in control group 63(18.3%) patients had caesarean section.
 Conclusion: Early neonatal death was seen in 0.2%, 4.5% and 70.5% newborns were born to pregnant women with normal AFI, oligohydramnios respectively. 70.5% neonates born to pregnant women with oligohydramnios had NICU admission. All cases were admitted in NICU because of respiratory distress.

TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT COMPLICATIONS DURING ANTEPARTUM, INTRAPARTUM AND POSTPARTUM PERIODS WITH POSSIBLE MEASURES TO MANAGE TWIN PREGNANCY

Background: The present study of twins was done among the patients admitted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, Indore.
 Method: Blood sample from the mother was collected for estimation of hemoglobin percentage to diagnose anemia, ABO & Rh typing for blood transfusion if necessary. Urine examination for albumin, sugar & acetone. Special investigations like USG done whenever possible. In maximum cases ultrasonography was done to detect or confirm presence of twins, their lie, maturity, gestational age, rule out congenital anomaly & to note any IUGR, Discordant growth. Amount of liquor also noted.
 Result: 143 (85.10%) babies were LBW. The main factors responsible for LBW were IUGR and prematurity. Intrauterine growth retardation affected 42 cases (24.41%) while prematurity affected 42 cases (24.41%) and 8 (9.3%) cases aborted.
 Intrauterine death was more common in first baby, because of malpresentations. Asphyxia was found to be slightly more in second baby in our study. Congenital anomalies were found in total 3 cases (1.78%). In one case, baby-2 was Anencephalic and in the other case baby-2 had fetal ascites. In one case baby-1 had multiple congenital anomalies with imperforate anus. Cord prolapse was present in one case. In one case (Case No. 17) first baby was presented by footling with cord prolapse LSCS was done, baby had SBA and died 1 day after birth. There were 8 abortions. All were second trimester abortions (12 weeks and 22 weeks).
 Conclusion: In the present study, incidence of various antepartum and intrapartum complications were less in booked cases, which shows that availability of antenatal care to more patients will further reduce their incidence and thus will decrease maternal morbidity.
 Keywords: Complications, Antepartum, Intrapartum & Postpartum.

New ultrasound signs for prediction of early placental Insufficiency

Background: Chronic placental insufficiency is a common condition that affects fetal growth and wellbeing. The response of the fetus to such stress depends on time and degree of placental affection. The acute placental insufficiency rapidly affects the fetal movements, amount of liquor and might lead to fetal demise while the chronic placental insufficiency is more deciduous and affects fetal weight and develops fetal growth restriction more slowly. The prophylaxis against the development of chronic placental insufficiency is more effective to protect growth and avoid perinatal morbidities and moralities.Aim: Evaluation of 2 new ultrasound signs (tent like placenta and turbid liquor) to predict early placental insufficiencyMaterials and Methods: One hundred pregnant women with gestational age between 16 weeks till 28 weeks were included in the study. This cohort of women with singleton pregnancy was evaluated by detailed ultrasound scanning to document gestational age, amniotic fluid index, cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), exclusion of congenital anomalies and other routine ultrasound scanning items. This cohort was divided into two groups, group one was the group with placental tenting and/or turbid liquor while group two was the group with no evidence of placental tenting or turbid liquor.Results: Documentation of all relevant demographic data was done. The follow up was done every two weeks in all cases unless patients complained of decreased or absent fetal movement, passage of liquor, passage of blood. Spontaneous labour was allowed in primigravidae and elective cesarean section in Cases with previous c-section at completed 38 weeks of gestation was done unless one or more of the following signs had appeared that indicated the need for emergency delivery which were : abnormal low CPR less than 0.76, severe oligohydramnios, biophysical profile equal to or less than 4/8, abnormal cardiotocogram and fetal distress. The duration from the beginning of the study and documentation of the new studied signs in the placenta and turbid liquor till the development of placental insufficiency was calculated in weeks. All complications or adverse events were documented in both groups.Conclusions: Both new signs were associated with increased risk for development of chronic placental insufficiency and can be used as predictors for evaluation of all pregnant women in the second trimester.

Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Factor V Leiden Mutation in Egyptian Preeclamptic Women

Background: Factor V [Leiden] mutation, also known as activated protein-C resistance, is the most common of the inherited thrombophilias. Aim of the work: The present study aimed to ass the prevalence of factor V Leiden mutation in a group of Egyptian pregnant women and its relation to maternal and neonatal outcomes. Patients and methods: The present prospective study included 130 preeclamptic women with a singleton pregnancy in the 3rd trimester. Blood samples were obtained for DNA analysis to assay factor V Leiden mutation. Transabdominal obstetric ultrasound examination was performed to confirm the fetal number, viability, presentation, estimated fetal weight, position & grade of the placenta, amount of liquor, biophysical profile, and gestational age. This was achieved through the measurements of the biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length. Flow velocity waveforms were obtained from each uterine artery. Results: Factor V Leiden [FVL] mutation was identified in 20 patients [15.4 %]. Comparison between women with FVL and women without revealed a significantly higher frequency of intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR], intrauterine fetal death [IUFD], small for gestational age [SGA], preterm labor, and intensive care unit [ICU] admission among women with FVL mutation. They also have a significantly higher frequency of abnormal Doppler findings, abruptio placenta, and placental infarction. Conclusion: The present study suggested that maternal and neonatal complications in PE patients may be related to FVL, abnormal uterine artery Doppler findings, and placental infarction.

Correlation of Antenatal Ultrasound Parameters with the Postnatal Outcome of Bilateral Fetal Hydronephrosis.

To determine the role of antenatal parameters in predicting the outcome of bilateral fetal hydronephrosis. Total 50 antenatal women with bilateral antenatal fetal hydronephrosis (ANH) were included. On ultrasound, amount of liquor, kidney size, pelvic anteroposterior diameter, degree of caliectasis, bladder size, and thickness were observed at 28 and 32weeks of gestation. For 3 months post-delivery, the babies were evaluated in terms of ultrasound renal parameters, serum creatinine levels, and need for surgery. The mean gestational age at delivery was 37.4 ± 1.7. All babies were alive at birth, 48 were alive after 3 months. Surgery was done in 10/50 cases; cystoscopic fulguration was the most common procedure. There was a resolution of bilateral ANH in 27/50 cases, in 5/50 cases there was pylectasis with normal serum creatinine, and in 18/50 cases there was adverse outcome. Most of the parameters had better sensitivity and specificity at 32weeks than at 28weeks. At 32-week gestation, the renal pylectasis between 10 and 15mm had the highest sensitivity (88.9%), and the presence of caliectasis had the highest specificity (90.6%) for adverse outcome. Resolution of hydronephrosis took place in the majority of cases, and there was an adverse outcome in only one-third of them. Renal caliectasis was the best marker for the prediction of adverse outcome.

A Study on the Effects of Material to Liquor Ratio on the Colorfastness of Synolon Yellow EXW Fluorescent Disperse Dye

This study highlighted the influence of change in material to liquor ratio on the colorfastness properties of Synolon Yellow EXW fluorescent disperse dye applied on knitted polyester fabric in exhaust dyeing method. Three different liquor ratios (1:6, 1:8 and 1:10) were used and dye shade percentages were 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. The results showed that an increment in liquor ratios increased the colorfastness to washing (color change) for the shade percentages of 0.5 and 1.5. Wash fastness (color staining) grading was not satisfactory when material to liquor ratio is 1:6. Increasing the amount of liquor resulted least color bleeding. No color fading has been observed in dry rubbing test for 1:10 material to liquor ratio. Increment in the material to liquor ratios resulted better dry and wet rubbing fastness for both color change and color staining. Variation in the liquor ratios showed no effects on the abrasion resistance property.

787 Risk of Death and Thromboembolism in Patients That Do Not Resume Anticoagulation After an Episode of Peptic Ulcer Bleeding

Background: The existing literature regarding smoking and alcohol consumption and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is sparse and conflicting. In an attempt to study modifiable risk factors of GIB, we assessed the risk of GIB associated with smoking and alcohol consumption in a large prospective cohort of men. Methods: We studied 51,529 men in the Health Professional follow-up Study (HPFS) who were aged 40-75 years at baseline in 1986. We identified men with GIB requiring hospitalization and/or blood transfusion based on their responses to biennial questionnaires from 2006-2012 and reviewed medical records to validate self-report. Information about smoking and alcohol consumption was updated every two and four years, respectively. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for age, study year, body mass index, physical activity, regular aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and alcohol/smoking. Results: We documented 311 episodes of GIB during a 26-year follow up period. After adjustments for other potential risk factors, individuals who consumed >15 g/day of alcohol had a multivariate RR of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.10-2.47; p for linear trend 0.004) when compared with men who did not consume alcohol. Intake of > 15 g/day of alcohol appeared to be primarily related to upper GIB (multivariable RR 1.74; 95% CI, 0.98-3.08; p for linear trend 0.007). Risk of GIB increased linearly with amount of liquor consumed (p for linear trend 15 g/day of alcohol was significantly associated with peptic ulcer disease (multivariable RR 1.85; 95% CI, 0.97-3.54; p for linear trend 0.02), but not esophagitis/gastritis/duodentitis, or diverticular bleeding. There were few cases of bleeding due to portal hypertension (n=4). Current and past smokers did not appear to have increased risk of GIB when compared to those who never smoked (multivariable RR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.45-1.76 and 1.12, 95% CI 0.88-1.41, respectively). We also did not find a significant association between pack years of smoking and risk of GIB (multivariable RR 1.01; 95% CI, 0.63-1.62 when comparing men with at least 45 pack-years of exposure to never smokers). Conclusions: In this large prospective study, alcohol consumption, but not smoking, was associated with an increased risk of GIB. Associations were most notable for upper GI bleeding associated with intake of liquor.

788 Clinical Differences and Outcomes of Non-Ulcer Bleeding Compared With Ulcer Bleeding in Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Multicenter Database Study

Background: The existing literature regarding smoking and alcohol consumption and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is sparse and conflicting. In an attempt to study modifiable risk factors of GIB, we assessed the risk of GIB associated with smoking and alcohol consumption in a large prospective cohort of men. Methods: We studied 51,529 men in the Health Professional follow-up Study (HPFS) who were aged 40-75 years at baseline in 1986. We identified men with GIB requiring hospitalization and/or blood transfusion based on their responses to biennial questionnaires from 2006-2012 and reviewed medical records to validate self-report. Information about smoking and alcohol consumption was updated every two and four years, respectively. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for age, study year, body mass index, physical activity, regular aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and alcohol/smoking. Results: We documented 311 episodes of GIB during a 26-year follow up period. After adjustments for other potential risk factors, individuals who consumed >15 g/day of alcohol had a multivariate RR of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.10-2.47; p for linear trend 0.004) when compared with men who did not consume alcohol. Intake of > 15 g/day of alcohol appeared to be primarily related to upper GIB (multivariable RR 1.74; 95% CI, 0.98-3.08; p for linear trend 0.007). Risk of GIB increased linearly with amount of liquor consumed (p for linear trend 15 g/day of alcohol was significantly associated with peptic ulcer disease (multivariable RR 1.85; 95% CI, 0.97-3.54; p for linear trend 0.02), but not esophagitis/gastritis/duodentitis, or diverticular bleeding. There were few cases of bleeding due to portal hypertension (n=4). Current and past smokers did not appear to have increased risk of GIB when compared to those who never smoked (multivariable RR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.45-1.76 and 1.12, 95% CI 0.88-1.41, respectively). We also did not find a significant association between pack years of smoking and risk of GIB (multivariable RR 1.01; 95% CI, 0.63-1.62 when comparing men with at least 45 pack-years of exposure to never smokers). Conclusions: In this large prospective study, alcohol consumption, but not smoking, was associated with an increased risk of GIB. Associations were most notable for upper GI bleeding associated with intake of liquor.

786 Alcohol Consumption Increases the Risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Men

Background: The existing literature regarding smoking and alcohol consumption and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is sparse and conflicting. In an attempt to study modifiable risk factors of GIB, we assessed the risk of GIB associated with smoking and alcohol consumption in a large prospective cohort of men. Methods: We studied 51,529 men in the Health Professional follow-up Study (HPFS) who were aged 40-75 years at baseline in 1986. We identified men with GIB requiring hospitalization and/or blood transfusion based on their responses to biennial questionnaires from 2006-2012 and reviewed medical records to validate self-report. Information about smoking and alcohol consumption was updated every two and four years, respectively. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for age, study year, body mass index, physical activity, regular aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and alcohol/smoking. Results: We documented 311 episodes of GIB during a 26-year follow up period. After adjustments for other potential risk factors, individuals who consumed >15 g/day of alcohol had a multivariate RR of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.10-2.47; p for linear trend 0.004) when compared with men who did not consume alcohol. Intake of > 15 g/day of alcohol appeared to be primarily related to upper GIB (multivariable RR 1.74; 95% CI, 0.98-3.08; p for linear trend 0.007). Risk of GIB increased linearly with amount of liquor consumed (p for linear trend 15 g/day of alcohol was significantly associated with peptic ulcer disease (multivariable RR 1.85; 95% CI, 0.97-3.54; p for linear trend 0.02), but not esophagitis/gastritis/duodentitis, or diverticular bleeding. There were few cases of bleeding due to portal hypertension (n=4). Current and past smokers did not appear to have increased risk of GIB when compared to those who never smoked (multivariable RR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.45-1.76 and 1.12, 95% CI 0.88-1.41, respectively). We also did not find a significant association between pack years of smoking and risk of GIB (multivariable RR 1.01; 95% CI, 0.63-1.62 when comparing men with at least 45 pack-years of exposure to never smokers). Conclusions: In this large prospective study, alcohol consumption, but not smoking, was associated with an increased risk of GIB. Associations were most notable for upper GI bleeding associated with intake of liquor.

Fetal diastematomyelia: MR imaging: A case report

MRI is increasingly being used in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies suspected on USG. The USG evaluation of fetal spinal anomalies is limited by acoustic shadowing, fetal position and the amount of liquor. Fetal MRI is able to show spinal anomalies well, as in our case of fetal diastematomyelia with a dorsal dermal sinus, suspected on USG at 28 weeks gestation.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BREECH DELIVERY AT TERM

Objectives: To assess the various factors associated with breech delivery at term. Design: Casecontrol study. Period: Apr 2004 to Sep 2004 Setting: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology unit-I, Bahawal VictoriaHospital Bahawalpur. Materials & Methods: This case control study was carried out in women with the age group 20-40 years. Various risk factors (Parity, multiple pregnancy, placenta Previa, amount of liquor and congenitalabnormalities) associated with breech (50 cases) at term (37-42 completed weeks) were compared with vertex (50controls) after matching. Results: Different factors associated with breech were oligohydramnios 44% vs controlgroup, placenta previa 34% vs control group, primiparity 46% vs control group, multiple pregnancy 14% vs controlgroup and congenital abnormalities 18% vs control group. Conclusion: Our study concluded that factors associatedwith breech delivery were oligohydramnios, placenta previa, multiparty, multiple pregnancy & congenital abnormalities.

College Students Lack Knowledge of Standard Drink Volumes: Implications for Definitions of Risky Drinking Based on Survey Data

College students tend to pour single servings of beer and liquor that are larger than commonly used standards. The reasons for this are unknown. Students might overpour because they lack knowledge of standard serving sizes. Alternatively, they might know how much alcohol to pour but simply have difficulty pouring the correct amounts. Misperceptions of standard serving sizes could lead to inaccuracies in self-reported consumption. If this is the case, then the validity of students' responses on alcohol surveys and the definitions of risky drinking that are based on them would be called into question. This study examined how college students define standard drinks, whether their definitions are similar to the definitions commonly used by alcohol researchers and government agencies, and whether their definitions of standard drinks are related to the sizes of the drinks that they pour. The study also examined whether feedback regarding the accuracy of their definitions of standard drinks leads students to alter their self-reported levels of consumption. Students (N = 133) completed an alcohol survey and performed tasks that required them to free-pour a single beer, glass of wine, shot of liquor, or the amount of liquor in a mixed drink. Roughly half of the students received feedback regarding their definitions of standard drinks. All students then were resurveyed about their recent levels of consumption. With the exception of beer, students incorrectly defined the volumes of standard servings of alcohol, overestimating the appropriate volumes. They also overestimated appropriate volumes when asked to free-pour drinks. Positive relationships existed between students' definitions of standard drinks and the sizes of the drinks that they free-poured. Feedback regarding misperceptions of standard drink volumes led to an increase in levels of self-reported consumption, suggesting that students' original estimates of their alcohol consumption were too low. Despite the recent focus on alcohol education and prevention at the college level, college students have not been taught how to define standard drinks accurately. They tend to overstate the appropriate volumes, leading them to overpour drinks and underreport levels of consumption. Self-reported consumption levels are altered by feedback regarding the accuracy of students' definitions of standard drinks. The findings raise important questions about the validity of students' responses on alcohol surveys and the definitions of risky drinking that are based them.

Do college students drink more than they think? Use of a free-pour paradigm to determine how college students define standard drinks.

Much of what is known about college drinking comes from self-report survey data. Such surveys typically ask students to indicate how many drinks they consume within a given period of time. It is currently unclear whether college students and researchers use similar operational definitions of a single drink. This information is critical given the widespread reliance on survey data for assessing the correlates and consequences of college drinking. This study investigated whether college students define standard drink volumes in a way that is consistent with the operational definitions commonly used by researchers. Students (n = 106) were administered an alcohol survey and then asked to perform three tasks. The tasks involved free-pouring fluid into empty cups of different sizes and estimating the volume of a single beer, a shot of liquor, or the amount of liquor in a mixed drink. The volumes poured by students then were compared with standards used in a well-known nationwide survey (i.e., 12 oz of beer and 1.25 oz of liquor in a shot or mixed drink). In every cup size of every task, students overestimated how much fluid they should pour to create a standard drink. In all three tasks, the magnitude of the discrepancy increased with cup size. Collapsed across cup sizes, students overpoured shots by 26%, mixed drinks by 80%, and beer by 25%. When a more liberal serving size of liquor (1.5 oz) was used as the standard, the results of the mixed drink task remained unchanged. However, the volumes poured by students during the shot free-pour task differed from the standard in only one cup size. The data suggest that college students drink more alcohol than indicated by their survey responses, raising questions about the validity of widely used alcohol surveys. Efforts to educate students about the alcohol content of standard drinks should be enhanced.

Privatization, price and cross-border liquor purchases.

Self-report survey data were used to investigate the effects of liquor sales privatization on cross-border liquor purchases. A state survey sample representing the Iowa age 18+ noninstitutionalized population was interviewed in April 1989, some 25 months after retail spirits sales were privatized. Despite a privatization induced 6.1% increase in retail liquor prices, there was little, if any, change in the self-reported amount of liquor purchased outside the state of Iowa.

Antenatal records: do they help us? A new record for watching fetal growth.

An antenatal record is described which uses a questionnaire to detect mothers and babies at risk, and a graph for charting fetal growth indirectly, by maternal weight, height of fundus, and girth, to give a clear picture. By working out scores for fetal growth and cervical ripeness, guidance is given on when to take action to save babies likely to be born too soon or too late. Our slogan, "Be a Fetal Growth Watcher", serves as a mnemonic for: "Fundus, Girth, Weight".

3 - The Small Fetus: Growth-retarded and Preterm

A low-birthweight baby is defined as an infant weighing 2500 gm or less, although this definition is not adequate for all groups, especially in developing countries. In Singapore, for example, it is more realistic to define a low-birthweight baby as 2270 gm or less. A preterm baby is one born before 37 weeks of gestation. A small-for-gestational-age baby is one that is below the tenth percentile as defined by birthweight and gestational age. A high incidence of low-birthweight babies creates a heavy public health burden in developing countries, both in terms of infant mortality and in terms of life-time care for those that survive but are physically or mentally handicapped. Low-birthweight babies fall into 2 categories: those with fetal growth retardation and those which are preterm. Fetal growth retardation may be due to placental insufficiency; loss of growth capability by the fetus; or infectious diseases, smoking or betel chewing. Diagnostic signs of fetal growth retardation can be inferred from the level of the fetal head, the amount of liquor, premature cervical ripening, and poor or absent maternal weight gain. Low values of urinary estrogen or plasma estriol may serve as indicators, as may low urinary levels of human placental lactogen. Decrease in fetal movement is a sign of fetal distress. Level of fetal growth may also be determined by ultrasonography and antepartum cardiotocography. Preterm birth accounts for 75% of perinatal deaths. 10%-30% of those that survive are handicapped, but over 2/3 of all deaths in the 1st week of life occur in perfectly formed babies that are simply born too soon. Preterm birth may be due to a low socioeconomic environment, elevated estrogens and decreased progesterone; obstetric complications, such as pre-eclampsia, abruptio placentae, polyhydramnios, or infection; increased prostaglandins and premature rupture of fetal membranes; cervical incompetence; developmental errors; or multiple pregnancy. In Singapore several groups of women at high risk for premature delivery were treated with beta-adrenergic drugs and steroids or with cervical cerclage. Improved socioeconomic conditions in Singapore have resulted in a decrease in the number of low-birthweight babies.

A Consideration of the Critical Add-On and the Uniformity of Crosslinking

In a low add on, easy-care finishing system, the critical add-on value (CAV) is defined as that amount of finishing liquor which must be applied to a given fabric in order to avoid a nonuniform distribution of crosslinking after drying and curing. , At least two different types of nonuniformity have to be recognized. Type-one nonuniformity occurs when the amount of liquor applied is significantly higher than the CAV, so that migration of chemicals to the fabric surface occurs. Type- two nonuniformity is produced when the amount applied is low er than the CAV, so that more-or less isolated small spots of untreated fabric occur. It has been found that the CAV depends upon the fabric construction and the pretreatment. Mercerizing enforces higher CAV, but liquid ammonia treatment usually allows a reduction. The concentration of crosslinking agents in the formulation also exerts an influence. A short (5 s) steaming step between impregnation and drying allows a significant reduction in CAV and apparently eliminates the influence of the pretreatment.

Sulphate Cooking of Red Pine

Fundamental experiments on cooking of red pine by the sulphate process are carried out to check the influence of various faction governing the cooking. It is confirmed that the best sulfidity is about 40-45% when the amount of chemicals (as NaOH) added to the chips, being 25-30% and F. S. Hanson's minimum effective alkali, proved to be 15-16%.The cooking temperature simply accelerates the cooking speed. Thus, the rise of 10°C in temperature accelerates the speed by 25 times, but it has no influence upon the analytical value of pulp of the same yield.The destruction of fiber seems not to be taken place up to the cooking stage of 5 and 4%lignin content, when the amount of chemicals is 25 and 30% respectively. If the cooking is carried on beyond this stage, the destruction of fiber is observed, resulting in rapid lowering of polymerization and viscosity and decrease of hydro-carbon. In case the amount of chemicals is 20%, the lignin content will not go down less than 7% and further cooking will only result in the injury of fibrous matter.In short, 20 %, chemicals is the least amount for the sulphate cooking of red pine, and 22-23 % will be the proper amount in actual practice, but. it is quite useless to, raise this amount as high as 30 %.The greater the amount of cooking liquor, the better the analytical value, but practically it is not worth taking into consideration.The relation between the amount of liquor, the consistency of liquor and the amount of chemicals is shown by a graph and their influences over reaction speed are made clear.The influences of Na2CO3, Na2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3 and the reuse of black liquor are studied, too.