Amount Of KOH Research Articles

Activating agent-driven hierarchical nano-porous structure in mustard oil-derived carbon soot for supercapacitive application.

In the present paper, activated nano-carbon soot is derived from atmospheric flame combustion of thymol-mustard oil followed by activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce micro- and mesoporous interiors. Different forms of activated nano-carbon soot are produced by using different weight percentage ratios 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5 of precursor carbon soot (CS) to KOH and named CS11, CS13, and CS15, respectively. An increase in specific surface area and average pore volume is observed with an increase in the amount of KOH with the hierarchical network having balanced micropores as well as mesopores in CS15. The electrochemical performance of prepared activated nano-carbon soot is further investigated by the fabrication of a symmetric electric double-layer solid-state supercapacitor (SC) device utilizing a 6M KOH electrolyte. The CS15-based device displays the highest specific capacitance (Csp) of 226.20 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g with energy density (Ed) 31.42 Wh/kg at a power density (Pd) of 250 W/kg. The Csp, Ed, and Pd are found to be higher than activated nano-carbon soot reported in the literature. Further, three-coin cells are fabricated using CS15 which are tested in series combination with yellow light emitting diode (LED) and are found to be able to glow LED for ~ 5min 25s.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Biocompatible, and Flexible Solid-Electrolyte for Zn-MnO2 Batteries

The new generation of flexible wearable electronics is becoming one of the most in-demand wearable tech in most parts of the world, be it for regular use or for medical reasons, which gives rise to the need for the development of safe and flexible rechargeable batteries. Some of the most basic requirements for such batteries constitute the ease of use, flexibility, mechanical strength, and environmental friendliness. This can be achieved by carefully designing the electrolyte for the battery such that it fulfills the mentioned properties without compromising the electrochemical performance of the battery. This study sheds light on the development of a safe, flexible, and environmentally friendly solid electrolyte film based on a biopolymer. The electrolyte film derived from Chitosan, which is a biocompatible biopolymer, offers various advantages over the conventional liquid electrolytes. When soaked in an alkaline liquid, KOH, this Chitosan-film can be used as an efficient electrolyte for Zn-MnO2 battery chemistry. According to optical imaging, the incorporation of freeze drying for the preparation of the solid electrolyte films provided a lamellar structure with a microporous morphology. Higher concentrations of Chitosan enabled the film to absorb and retain increased amount of KOH because of the hydrogen bonds present between the Chitosan molecules and KOH, which helped in enhancing the ionic conductivity (IC) of the freeze-dried electrolyte, i.e., 300-600 mS/cm, at a thickness of 150-170µm. Additionally, the obtained electrolyte demonstrated exceptional mechanical strength and flexibility which also makes it a promising solid electrolyte for Zinc metal batteries, as it has a potential to impede the progression of Zn dendrites during cycling, thereby improving the stability and lifespan of the battery.

Conversion of high moisture biomass to hierarchical porous carbon via molten base carbonisation and activation for electrochemical double layer capacitor

Biomass-derived carbon for supercapacitors faces the challenge of achieving hierarchical porous carbon with graphitic structure and specific heteroatoms through a single-stage thermal process that minimises resource input. Herein, molten base carbonisation and activation is proposed. The process utilises the inherent moisture of Moso bamboo shoots, coupled with a low amount of KOH, to form potassium organic salts before drying. The resultant potassium salts promote in-situ activation during single-stage heating process, yielding hierarchical porous, large specific surface area, and partially graphitised carbon with heteroatoms (N, O). As an electrode material, this carbon exhibits a specific capacitance of 327F g−1 in 6 M KOH and 182F g−1 in 1 M TEABF4/AN, demonstrating excellent cycling stability over 10,000 cycles at 2 A/g. Overall, this study presents a straightforward process that avoids pre-drying of biomass, minimises base consumption, and employs single-stage heating to fabricate electrode carbon suitable for supercapacitors.

Production of Bio-Diesel from Dairy Waste Scum

Abstract-Dairy factory waste scums are increasingly being considered a valuable resource. However, these wastes may also contain contaminants, natural or artificial, that may adversely affect the land or water to which they are discharged. The study investigates the potential of using dairy waste scum as a feed stock for bio-diesel production. Present study optimized the parameters involved in the alkali catalysed Trans esterification process of dairy waste scum oil. The effects of methanol to oil ratio, temperature and amount of KOH were investigated. A study was conducted to evaluate the capability of production of biodiesel from consortium of native microalgae culture in dairy farm treated waste water. Native algal strains were isolated from dairy farm waste waters collection tank (untreated wastewater) as well as from holding tank (treated wastewater). The consortium members were selected on the basis of fluorescence response after treating with Nile red reagent. Preliminary studies of two commercial and consortium often native strains of algae showed good growth in waste waters. A consortium of native strains was found capable to remove more than 98% nutrients from treated waste water. The biomass production and lipid content of consortium cultivated in treated waste water were 153.54t ha-1 year-1 and 16.89%, respectively. 72.70% of algal lipid obtained from consortium could be converted into biodiesel. The present study found that bio- diesel from dairy waste scum is quite suitable as an alternative to petroleum diesel with recommended fuel properties as per ASTM standards. By using dairy waste scum as a feed stock for bio diesel and the environmental impact related to the disposal of dairy scum Keywords: Environment,Bio-Diesel,Dairy Waste Scum, Extraction of Lipids

Carboxymethyl Cellulose – Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Rechargeable Zn-Air Batteries

The high ionic conductivity, lower interfacial contact resistance, enhanced safety, non-toxicity, and biodegradability bring the gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) as a prospective electrolyte for applications in high-energy density flexible Zn-air batteries (ZABs). The present study comprehensively optimizes the procedures to obtain carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite-based GPEs holding a maximum KOH amount in the polymer matrix. Optimization of the GPE has been performed and demonstrated by an in-house-developed rechargeable ZAB cells using MnO2-based air cathode and Zn anode. The optimization parameters include the ratio of PVA:CMC, concentration of PVA-CMC in DI water, and thickness of the gel polymer electrolyte. Results show that a 4mm thick GPE prepared from a polymer membrane synthesized using PVA:CMC ratio of 5:2 at a concentration of 0.063 g ml−1 in DI water displayed the highest 6M KOH uptake, least charge transfer resistance of the device, higher discharge plateau, and 5–6 times more cycling compared to GPE made of PVA only. The “as-synthesized GPE” demonstrates high stability of GPE over 100h for a Zn-air battery device. The findings of this work shall speed up the development of Zn air batteries for applications as energy storage systems.

Rapid Hydrolysis Precipitation of BiOBr Nanosheets for Boosting Photocatalytic N2 Fixation

AbstractIn this paper, BiOBr nanosheets were synthesized through a novel hydrolysis precipitation method, which significantly reduced energy consumption and time cost compared to traditional hydrothermal synthesis methods. The subjected hydrothermal and high‐temperature calcination process promote the generation of surface oxygen vacancies, which inhibited the recombination of photogenerated electron hole pairs and improve the photocatalytic performance of BiOBr. Additionally, by adjusting the addition amount of KOH in the synthesis process, BiOBr can grow towards more complex crystal structure, which also provides a new path for the fabrication of 2D materials.

Ultrafast dyeing wastewater purification by high-performance and reusable lignin-derived activated porous carbon filter

Achieving ultrafast purification during filtration while maintaining high adsorption capacity and low-cost filter production is a critical challenge that must be addressed immediately to promote large-scale water filter applications, particularly in remote areas without wastewater purification plants. Herein, low-cost, renewable lignin was used as a carbon source precursor to produce a high-performance, reusable activated porous carbon filter for ultrafast dye wastewater purification. Lignin-derived active porous carbon (LAPC) can achieve a high specific surface area (2276 m2/g) by using a lower amount of KOH (a mass ratio of 0.4 KOH to precursor) during the activation process, which not only meets the requirements of water transport and dye adsorption, but also reduces manufacturing costs. Owing to the pore-filling effect and electrostatic interaction, the LAPC particles displayed a high removal capacity of 1800 mg/g in the static adsorption, higher than most of the reported porous carbon. Furthermore, LAPC filters assembled from a flow of LAPC particles achieve significant dye removal (99.82 % in 30 s) during the dynamic adsorption process. Both anionic and cationic dyes can be removed and clean water can be produced simultaneously by simple dynamic filtration. Moreover, the LAPC filter could be reused for wastewater purification with a high removal efficiency (more than 95 % after 7 cycles of regeneration and use). This continuous operation, strong absorption versatility, and high efficiency of LAPC filter device for complex hybrid dyes system make it have a bright prospect in industrial dyeing wastewater treatment fields.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of Biodiesel Products from Vegetable Oils.

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel synthesis. This alkaline-catalyzed procedure harnesses ultrasound as a potent energy input, facilitating the rapid conversion of extra virgin olive oil into biodiesel. In this demonstration, the reaction is run in an ultrasonic bath under ambient conditions for 15 min, requiring a 1:6 molar ratio of extra virgin olive oil to methanol and a minimum amount of KOH as the catalyst. The physiochemical properties of biodiesel are also reported. Emphasizing the remarkable advantages of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification, this method demonstrates notable reductions in reaction and separation times, achieving near-perfect purity (~100%), high yields, and negligible waste generation. Importantly, these benefits are achieved within a framework that prioritizes safety and environmental sustainability. These compelling findings underscore the effectiveness of this approach in converting vegetable oil into biodiesel, positioning it as a viable option for both research and practical applications.

Synthesis and characterization of new nanocomposite PW11Ba@BaMnO2 as an efficient nanocatalyst for water oxidation process

In this study, a new nanocomposite was synthesized using the sol-gel method by immobilizing of mono-substituted Keggin-type polyoxometalate containing barium (PW11Ba) on the surface of barium manganese oxide (BaMnO2) nanoceramics. The corresponding nanocomposite, denoted as PW11Ba@BaMnO2, was utilized as an effective heterogeneous catalyst in the water splitting for O2 evolution reaction (OER). The characterization of the PW11Ba@BaMnO2 nanocatalyst was performed using various techniques, such as FT-IR, UV–vis, XRD, SEM, and EDX methods. After the successful preparation of the PW11Ba@BaMnO2, its catalytic performance in the OER process was evaluated at different pH values (pH = 7 and 9) using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an efficient oxidant. The as-prepared nanocomposite exhibited remarkable turnover frequency (TOF), turnover number (TON), and O2 evolution values of 0.702 mmolO2molCo.s, 971.68 mmolO2molCo, and 0.0014 mgO2L.S at pH = 9, respectively. Moreover, the influence of CAN concentration, pH value, and the amounts of KOH and BaCl2 on the OER process was assessed, and a plausible reaction mechanism was suggested. In this research, the PW11Ba@BaMnO2 nanocatalyst has provided valuable insights on the design of other catalysts for water oxidation reactions and beyond.

Exploring the Voltage Stability of Birnessitic Bi-MnO2 Cathodes Formed In Situ in NaOH and KOH-Based Electrolytes

MnO2, in its many phases, is abundant, non-flammable, non-toxic, reliable, made with abundant materials using simple manufacturing methods, and can have a high theoretical capacity for some phases (up to 617 mAh g−1). Here we have investigated the sensitivity of the performance ofbirnessite—produced in situ—to the presence of Bi2O3, depth-of-discharge, electrolyte salt type, and relative electrolyte volume. We prepared cathodes composed of 45 wt% MnO2, 22.5 wt% Bi2O3, and 22.5 wt% carbon additives, and compared cycling stability in two electrolytes—6.6 M KOH (27 wt%) and 6.6 M NaOH (21 wt%), and two types of 3-electrode test fixtures (flooded beaker or electrolyte-lean T-cell). Our results showed that birnessite can be synthesized electrochemically in NaOH, and cycling the cathode in NaOH improves its stability when compared to cycling in KOH. We tested the cathode in electrolyte-lean environments and found a drastic improvement in cycling stability in NaOH. The cathode exhibited higher initial capacity in lean amounts of KOH, but capacity retention plummeted after the first 20 cycles. In contrast, the cathode in NaOH delivered 65% of the theoretical capacity for over 400 cycles.

Analysis of a novel high-speed homogenizer technique for methyl ester production using waste cooking oil: Multi-objective optimization and energy analysis

While fossil fuels continue to be the predominant energy source, the use of renewable energy is consistently growing. Biodiesel, with its various advantages over traditional fossil fuels, stands out as a promising alternative fuel that is produced from a sustainable and abundant waste cooking oil (WCO) via a transesterification reaction (due to the low acid value of WCO) with alcohol (MeOH) and homogeneous catalyst (KOH) in a high-speed homogenizer. Biodiesel is produced in the industry using conventional mechanical stirring techniques, which are time-consuming and less efficient. It has been recently reported that high-speed homogenizers have the scale-up potential as per industrial requirements and can significantly reduce the transesterification/esterification reaction time. In the present investigation, the Taguchi technique has been applied for the design of experiments and multi-response process optimization using a composite desirability approach. The optimized values observed for yield, yield efficiency, and pour point were 99.18 ± 0.2%, 5.4 × 10–3 g/J, and − 14.9 ± 0.5 °C, respectively, at alcohol to oil molar proportion of 7:1, KOH amount of 0.5 wt%, rotor speed of 14000 rpm and 10 min of process time. The physicochemical properties of produced biodiesel were found within EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards limits.

Alloying Element Depletion and Phase Transition in Stainless Steel 304 Induced by PEO Treatment in KOH- and TaOH-Rich Electrolyte

Due to their lower cost and good mechanical and corrosion properties, ferrous materials such as stainless steel (SS) are commonly used as bio-materials, mainly as surgical instruments and implants. Surface treatments such as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) can be a valuable tool to increase corrosion resistance and enhance the bio-compatibility of metallic materials. In this scenario, the current study evaluated the effect of electrolyte composition on the surface of SS304 submitted to PEO treatment. The variation in the amount of KOH and Ta(OH)5 promoted significant changes in the surface characteristics, forming Fe-rich oxide plates, Ta-rich agglomerate particles, and an exposed substrate. The PEO-treated substrates were depleted of some alloying elements (Cr, Ni, and Mn), which, allied to the Ta-enrichment, affected the roughness, wettability, phase stability, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance. All the PEO treatments presented a phase composition of single γ-Fe instead of a dual α + γ phase from the untreated substrate, which was understood in terms of the Nieq-Creq diagram. The corrosion tests indicated that the PEO treatment significantly affected the corrosion parameters, having the presence of a non-uniform oxide layer. The findings show that it is possible to control the chemical and phase composition of SS304 material employing PEO treatment.

Valorization of wipe wastes for the synthesis of microporous carbons and their application in CO2 capture, gas separation and H2-storage

Wipe wastes have been used as a cellulosic source to synthesize biochars. Prior to the synthesis of the adsorbents by the pyrolysis of wipes wastes, this waste was treated to remove the pathogenic agents. Then, the wipe wastes were pyrolyzed between 500 and 900 °C to obtain biochars, whose microporosity increased proportionally to the pyrolysis temperature, achieving a maximum CO2-adsorption uptake of 2.53 mmol/g at a pressure of 760 mm of Hg and 25 °C for the biochar pyrolized at 900 °C. The synthesized biochars are also highly selective towards CO2-adsorption in CO2/N2 or CO2/H2 mixtures. Hence, these adsorbents have shown a great potential to be used in flue gas treatment and H2-purification processes. Biochar treatment with KOH further improves microporosity due to chemical activation although the addition of a large amount of KOH leads to excessive microporosity causing a collapse in the pore structure and decreasing CO2-adsorption capacity.

Biomass-Based Shape-Stabilized Composite Phase-Change Materials with High Solar-Thermal Conversion Efficiency for Thermal Energy Storage.

To alleviate the increasing energy crisis and achieve energy saving and consumption reduction in building materials, preparing shape-stabilized phase-change materials using bio-porous carbon materials from renewable organic waste to building envelope materials is an effective strategy. In this work, pine cone porous biomass carbon (PCC) was prepared via a chemical activation method using renewable biomaterial pine cone as a precursor and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activator. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and octadecane (OD) were loaded into PCC using the vacuum impregnation method to prepare polyethylene glycol/pine cone porous biomass carbon (PEG/PCC) and octadecane/pine cone porous biomass carbon (OD/PCC) shape-stabilized phase-change materials. PCCs with a high specific surface area and pore volume were obtained by adjusting the calcination temperature and amount of KOH, which was shown as a caterpillar-like and block morphology. The shape-stabilized PEG/PCC and OD/PCC composites showed high phase-change enthalpies of 144.3 J/g and 162.3 J/g, and the solar-thermal energy conversion efficiencies of the PEG/PCC and OD/PCC reached 79.9% and 84.8%, respectively. The effects of the contents of PEG/PCC and OD/PCC on the temperature-controlling capability of rigid polyurethane foam composites were further investigated. The results showed that the temperature-regulating and temperature-controlling capabilities of the energy-storing rigid polyurethane foam composites were gradually enhanced with an increase in the phase-change material content, and there was a significant thermostatic plateau in energy absorption at 25 °C and energy release at 10 °C, which decreased the energy consumption.

Sustainable preparation of hierarchical porous carbon from discarded shells of crustaceans for efficient CO2 capture

The improved CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity is the focus of research on the carbon-based CO2 adsorbent, while nitrogen-containing groups on the surface of adsorbent have an important effect on the CO2 adsorption. In this study, nitrogen self-doped hierarchical porous carbon was prepared from three kinds of crustacean shells, namely, hairy crab shell, crayfish shell and greasyback shrimp shell. It revealed that the pore structure of porous carbon can be regulated well with the varied activation temperature and the amount of KOH. With the favorable activation temperature of 800℃ and the mass ratio of activator to carbon (A/C) of 1:1, the obtained porous carbon with different carbon precursors exhibited relatively high specific surface area (1430.63–1734.64 m2/g), large pore volume (0.70–1.48 cm3/g) and developed pore-size distribution. Consequently, among the three kinds of hierarchical porous carbon tested, that prepared form greasyback shrimp displayed the excellent CO2 adsorption of 5.144 and 4.325 mmol/g at 1 bar, 273 K and 298 K and the highest CO2/N2 selectivity was observed of 32.32, attributed to the volume of mesopore and micropore and the type of nitrogen-containing groups. The effects of nitrogen-containing groups in porous carbon on the CO2 adsorption and CO2/N2 selectivity were analyzed, and it revealed that the CO2/N2 selectivity of porous carbon was positively correlated with pyrrolic N. In conclusion, the porous structures and nitrogen-containing groups of porous carbons both contribute to the CO2 adsorption and selectivity. The porous carbon with well recycling performance in this study presented a practical application prospect.

Production of demineralised high quality hierarchical activated carbon from lignite and determination of adsorption performance using methylene blue and p-nitrophenol: The role of surface functionality, accessible pore size and surface area

In the adsorption process, the surface area, pore and particle size distribution and the chemical structure of the solid and the type of adsorbent are of vital importance. Activated carbon (AC) is a very good adsorbent material and its cost is highly dependent on the starting material and production method. The pore size and functional structure of the surface depend on the amount of activation chemical used. Hierarchical ACs were produced from lignite by loading two different amounts of KOH. The impregnation ratio (KOH/lignite) was chosen as 1/1 and 3/1 and the produced ACs were labelled as AC1 and AC3. The surface areas of AC1 and AC3 were determined as 1321.3 and 2421.3 m2/g, and the total pore volumes were 1.079 and 1.425 cm3/g. Methylene blue (MB) and p-nitrophenol (p-NP) were used to determine the adsorption performance of the produced ACs. The adsorption data were evaluated in terms of the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The amounts of MB and p-NP adsorbed on the surface were calculated in mg/g, total and accessible surface area in mg/m2. It was determined that the MB and p-NP adsorbed to the AC1 sample were higher than the AC3 sample per m2 of population. Molecular orientation is possible depending on the solid surface functionality and chemical structure of the molecule to be adsorbed. It was concluded that in addition to the large surface area, the pore width that can be entered and the functional structure of the surface are very significant factors in the adsorption processes.

Size optimization of mesoporous β-Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic frameworks as Bio-MOFs

In this study synthesis and size optimization of the β-cyclodextrin-metal–organic framework (β-CD-MOF) with potassium as the metal node through the vapor diffusion method was carried out. The effect of different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile), temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C), time (6, 12, and 24 h), the molar ratio of β-CD to KOH (1:4, 1:8 and 1:16) and different amount of CTAB (0, 56 and 112 mg) was investigated. One factor at a time approach was implemented and the optimum condition obtained from each parameter was used to synthesize a final crystal structure. Increasing time, temperature, and CTAB concentration reduced the size of the crystals. Methanol produced uniform morphology and smaller crystal size, and the optimum molar ratio of β-CD to KOH was obtained to be 1:8. The optimized particle had an average size of 301 ± 13 nm and surface area of 1123 m2/g, with mean pore diameter 2.2 nm.

Activated Carbon‐Based Supercapacitors with High Gravimetric and Volumetric Capacitance at Commercial‐Level Mass Loading

Activated carbons (ACs) are derived from cornhusk via a simple technique consisting of hydrothermal carbonization and following KOH activation, with porous structures and morphology of the ACs controlled by adjusting the amount of KOH for the activation. As the main active materials of the electrode for supercapacitors (SCs), both the porosity and morphology exhibit significant influence in the compaction density of the electrode. The ACs activated with a KOH/biochar ratio of 3:1 not only provide a high surface area of 3024 m2 g−1 but also guarantee a high compaction density of 11.6 mg cm−2 for a 200 μm‐thick electrode, leading to high performances for both gravimetric and volumetric capacitance. Moreover, the morphology of a thin sheet‐like interconnected network benefits the densely compact nature of the ACs in the electrode. Concerning the practical application, the effect of electrode thickness on the electrochemical performance is examined to optimize the electrode with commercial‐level mass loading with organic electrolyte, which is of ≈344 F g−1 in gravimetric capacitance and 210 F cm−3 in volumetric capacitance as well as excellent capacitance retention over 90% after 5000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles. In addition, good electrochemical performances of the optimized electrode with commercial‐level mass loading are over a broad range of work temperature.

Synthesis and characterization of new nanocomposite based on di-substituted Keggin-type phosphotungstate@ceramic as a new and high-performance nanocatalyst for O2 evolution from water oxidation reaction

In this research, a new nanocomposite was synthesized via the sol-gel method by covalent immobilizing of di-substituted Keggin-type heteropolyanion containing cobalt (PW10Co2) on the surface of manganese oxide (MnO2) ceramic. The desired nanocomposite (PW10Co2@MnO2) was used as an effective heterogeneous catalyst in the water oxidation reaction for oxygen evolution. The PW10Co2@MnO2 nanocatalyst was identified through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods in detail. After confirming the preparation of the PW10Co2@MnO2, its catalytic activity in the water splitting reaction was assessed in the presence of cerium (Ⅳ) ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an efficient oxidant at different pH (pH = 7 and 9). The PW10Co2@MnO2 nanocatalyst demonstrated turnover number (TON), turnover frequency (TOF), and O2 evolution of 520.12 mmolO2molCo.s, 178 mmolO2molCo, and 0.003 mgO2L.S, respectively, which are the highest values at pH = 9 in the water oxidation process. Moreover, the effect of CAN concentration, pH, and the amount of KOH was assessed on the catalytic activity, and a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed. In the present study, the PW10Co2@MnO2 nanocatalyst provides valuable insights into the design of other catalysts for the water oxidation reaction and beyond.

Biodiesel synthesis from mixed non-edible oil feedstock using K2CO3 in NH4OH Catalyst mixture

ABSTRACT In the present study, a new approach has tried to synthesize and optimize biodiesel production from mixed oils (Pongamia and Mahua) using an in-situ generated KOH from K2CO3 in an NH4OH catalyst mixture using response surface methodology (RSM). A maximum biodiesel yield of 96.5 v/v% was obtained at a catalyst concentration (CC) of 1.5 g K2CO3 in 0.75 g of NH4OH, oil to methanol molar ratio (M:O) of 7:1 at a reaction temperature (RT) of 55°C in 75 min reaction time (Rt). The obtained biodiesel yield is compared and found to be maximum (96.5 v/v%) for K2CO3 in NH4OH catalyst mixture than K2CO3 in H2O, direct K2CO3 and Conventional KOH methods. Furthermore, the presence of carbonate and ammonium ions in the reaction medium resulted in an increased biodiesel yield due to the less possibility for free water molecules formation and with a minimal amount of KOH to drive the reaction toward the right-hand side. The GC-MS, 1HNMR and FTIR techniques were used to confirm the conversion of esters.