Amount Of Iodine Research Articles

Iodine from brown algae in human nutrition, with an emphasis on bioaccessibility, bioavailability, chemistry, and effects of processing: A systematic review.

Brown algae are becoming increasingly popular as a food source and dietary supplement in Europe and other Western countries. As they are highly rich in iodine, they represent a potential new dietary iodine source. Iodine deficiency has been re-emerging in Europe, and it is important to ensure adequate intake through one's diet. However, macroalgae, and especially brown algae, may contain very high amounts of iodine, and both iodine deficiency and excessive iodine may increase the risk of negative health effects. The iodine content of algae or foods containing algae is currently not regulated in the European Union. The aim of this paper is to review the literature to determine the chemical species of iodine in brown algae, the loss of iodine during processing, and the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of iodine. A systematic search of the literature was performed in April 2021, via the databases Web of Science and PubMed. The review includes studies of iodine in brown macroalgae in relation to bioavailability, bioaccessibility, processing and speciation. A meta-analysis was conducted in relation to the following topics: (i) the correlation between total iodine and iodide (I- ) content in brown algae; (ii) the correlation between the loss of iodine during processing and the I- content; and (iii) the correlation between bioavailability and the I- content. The bioavailability of iodine from brown algae was generally high, with in vivo bioavailability ranging from 31% to 90%. The in vitro bioavailability of iodine (2%-28%) was systematically lower than in vivo bioavailability (31%-90%), indicating an inadequate in vitro methodology. Processing may reduce the iodine content of brown algae, and a higher I- content was positively correlated with increased iodine loss during processing. Although processing strategies may reduce the iodine content of brown algae significantly, the iodine content may still be high after processing. These findings may be used in food safety evaluations of brown algae as well as in the development of macroalgae-containing foods with iodine contents suitable for human consumption. Further research on processing techniques to reduce the iodine content in brown macroalgae are warranted.

BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS IN CENTRAL INDIA

Background: Iodine (I) is a trace element that is required by both humans and animals. It can be found in a variety of chemical forms, including iodine, iodide (I), and iodate (IO3). It is widely distributed across the earth's ecology, with a concentration in the oceans. Iodine entered the natural cycle from the ocean, the atmosphere, and rainfall, as well as from rainfall into streams and rivers. Iodine is absorbed as iodide in human nutrition. Iodine is a necessary micronutrient and a component of thyroid hormones. Fish and seafood have a high iodine level. The amount of iodine in soil and drinking water varies depending on where it comes from. Iodine shortage produces a variety of negative health consequences, which are referred to as iodine deficiency illnesses (IDD). These conditions are caused by a lack of iodine, which causes insufficient thyroid hormone production.
 Aim: The aim of this study is to characterize the iodine deficiency disorder by biochemical and clinical assessment and to correlate the iodine status with thyroid disorder(s) in adults.
 Material and Method: The samples for this investigation were taken from patients at the Department of Endocrine Surgery. This study comprised a total of 100 hundred goiter patients, who had their urinary iodine excretion and thyroid hormone levels examined. For all goiter patients, the grading of goitre was established using the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD approved criteria. TSH, Free T4, Free T3 by using ELISA Method using commercial kits. Anti-microsomal antibody (AMA) or Thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) by using ELISA Method using commercial kits. Anti-thyroglobulin antibody (ATG) estimated by using ELISA Method using commercial kits.
 Results: The data for each group were presented as Median and inter quarter range (IQR) The median and IQR of Urinary iodine excretion of the hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and Euthyroid goiter subjects were respectively and there was significant difference in the median urinary iodine excretion. The median and IQR of Urinary iodine excretion of the thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, cancer of thyroid and benign goiter respectively and there was significant difference in the median urinary iodine excretion.
 Conclusion: For ages, endemic goitre and cretinism have been recognised as public health issues, and iodine deficiency is thought to be the leading cause of preventable mental retardation. Most countries now include iodine deficiency control as part of their national nutrition policies. To eliminate iodine deficiency, several therapies with high efficacy have been employed, including iodized oil capsules (IOC) and universal salt iodisation (USI). Although some progress has been made, efforts to eliminate this devastating health problem must be hastened. Not only should iodine deficiency be monitored, but so should excessive iodine intake, as this is a problem in various areas, including the camps.
 Keywords: IDD, Goitre, TSH, IOC, USI, ATG, AMA, T4, T3.

Formulation and assessment of nutrient contents of complementary foods from fermented, sprouted, and toasted maize-soybean blend

Background: Provision of quality complementary foods is one of the fundamental ways of fostering the all-around development of a child and preventing long-term nutritional problems.
 Objective: The study assessed the nutrient contents of formulated complementary foods from fermented, sprouted and toasted maize-soybean blend
 Methods: Maize and Soybean were purchased from Kings Market in Owo Local Government while a commercial complementary food was purchased from Ceci supermarket, Akure Ondo state. The two grains were subjected to sprouting, toasting and fermentation, and the grains were ground into flours and then formulated into nine (9) different blends using the ratio 70:30 for maize and soybean flour respectively. Samples were analysed for proximate and mineral contents while sensory evaluation was carried out using a 9-point hedonic scale. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. The difference is considered statistically significant at P<0.05.
 Results: The results showed that the protein, fat, and energy contents of sprouted, toasted, and fermented products ranged (15.67% to 20.39%), (9.79-15.18g), and (435.96kcal/g to 469.69kcal/g) respectively. These values were higher than the protein and energy content of the control sample of 15%, 9%, and 398kcal/g respectively. The protein value of any of the blends was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the WHO recommendations of 9.1-13g/day but lower in mineral content. Likewise, iron and iodine were significantly (P˂0.05) higher in the blends than the commercial food
 Conclusion: The results showed that maize-soy blends contained a high amount of protein, fat, carbohydrate, iron, iodine, and potassium irrespective of the processed method adopted and can provide better nutrition for infants during complementary feeding.

Iodine-Catalysed Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Ethanol.

Gold is a scarce element in the Earth's crust but indispensable in modern electronic devices. New, sustainable methods of gold recycling are essential to meet the growing eco‐social demand of gold. Here, we describe a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally benign dissolution of gold under mild conditions. Gold dissolves quantitatively in ethanol using 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole as a ligand in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine. Mechanistically, the dissolution of gold begins when I2 oxidizes Au0 and forms a [AuII2]− species, which undergoes subsequent ligand‐exchange reactions and forms a stable bis‐ligand AuI complex. H2O2 oxidizes free iodide and regenerated I2 returns back to the catalytic cycle. Addition of a reductant to the reaction mixture precipitates gold quantitatively and partially regenerates the ligand. We anticipate our work will open a new pathway to more sustainable metal recycling with the utilization of just catalytic amounts of reagents and green solvents.

Iodine‐Catalysed Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Ethanol

AbstractGold is a scarce element in the Earth's crust but indispensable in modern electronic devices. New, sustainable methods of gold recycling are essential to meet the growing eco‐social demand of gold. Here, we describe a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally benign dissolution of gold under mild conditions. Gold dissolves quantitatively in ethanol using 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole as a ligand in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine. Mechanistically, the dissolution of gold begins when I2 oxidizes Au0 and forms a [AuII2]− species, which undergoes subsequent ligand‐exchange reactions and forms a stable bis‐ligand AuI complex. H2O2 oxidizes free iodide and regenerated I2 returns back to the catalytic cycle. Addition of a reductant to the reaction mixture precipitates gold quantitatively and partially regenerates the ligand. We anticipate our work will open a new pathway to more sustainable metal recycling with the utilization of just catalytic amounts of reagents and green solvents.

EFFECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 5-IODOMETHYL-2-PHENYLIMINOTHIAZOLIDINE

Thioamides and thioureas are interesting building blocks for the synthesis of azaheterocycles with valuable biological properties. The electrophilic cyclization of N-alkenylthioamides and N-alkenylthioureas is one of the methods of their synthesis. It is known that halogen-induced cyclization of N-alkenylthioamides and thioureas leads to the annealing of 5- or 6-membered cycles. In particular, the cyclization of allylthioamides in the presence of halogen gives halomomethylthiazolines. N-allyl-N-arylthioureas react with halogens, arylselenyl chloride or aryl tert-trichloride to form thiazolidine rings.
 The three-component reaction between unsaturated amine, isocyanate or isothiocyanate and halogen is the one of the methods for the synthesis of halogenated oxazolines or thiazolines. This reaction considered the using of propargyl amine, isocyanate and halogen, which leads to the formation of halomomethylidenoxazolidine or halomomethylidenethiazolidine. The formed vinyl halides are universal building blocks in organic synthesis due to their ability to modify. The aim of this work is to study the course of the three-component reaction between allylmethylamine, phenylisothiocyanate and iodine. The use of allylamine will allow to introduce a halogenomethyl group into the azaheterocycle, which will greatly facilitate its functionalization.
 The reaction of equimolar amounts of phenylisothiocyanate, allylmethylamine and iodine was performed in acetonitrile. This led to an increase in the yield of the target reaction product. Increasing the reaction temperature from room to 50 ° C also increased the yield. The 5-iodomethyl-3-methyl-2-phenylimino-1,3-thiazolidine was isolated as a light brown oil after treatment of the reaction mixture with potassium carbonate. Obviously, the process of iodocyclization is preceded by the formation of N-allyl thiourea, which effectively enters into the electrophilic heterocyclization reaction with the participation of an additional nucleophilic center - a sulfur atom.
 Thus, the resulting three-component reaction of phenylisothiocyanate, allylmethylamine and iodine is an effective method for the synthesis of bioperspective iodomethylthiazolidine, submitted for further functionalization.
 Keywords: electrophilic cyclization; allylmethylamine, three-component reaction; iodomethylthiazolidine.

Mechanistic studies of oxidation and iodization of PbSe thin film sensitization for mid-infrared detection

With the resurgence of uncooled PbSe-based photodetectors and the demand for mid-wave infrared (MWIR) imaging systems, a need exists for a better understanding of the sensitization process used for photoconductive detection. A mechanistic study of the oxidation and iodization process is carried out to improve the understanding of the sensitization process with experimental measurement of film composition, morphology, and crystal structure. Comprehensive material characterization is performed for PbSe thin films processed under different sensitization conditions, and results are combined to construct a physical model of the sensitization process. The relative elemental concentration distribution found in cross-sectional energy-dispersive spectroscopy line-scans is correlated with the crystallographic data collected with x-ray diffraction and Raman measurements, respectively, to build a spatially accurate model. The different sensitization conditions are then correlated to the MWIR photoresponse. This study shows that a targeted PbSeO3 layer thickness of 400 nm formed during the oxidation process is necessary to (1) restrict the top PbI2 layer thickness to less than 200 nm, (2) regulate the iodization process, allowing trace amounts of iodine to diffuse along grain boundaries to recrystallize the PbSe base-layer, and (3) preserve the stoichiometric balance of the underlying PbSe layer. An optimum oxidation process window is identified whereby too thick, as well as too thin, of a PbSeO3 layer, both result in a thick PbI2 top layer and a thin PbSe base-layer. This work also shows that PbSeO3 iodizes to form PbI2 at a rate of ∼100 nm/min at 325 °C while pure PbSe and Se-poor PbSe iodizes nearly 5× faster than PbSeO3. Overall, the oxidation step is necessary for oxygen diffusion into PbSe thin film grain boundaries and to control the iodine diffusion rate. The iodization step is necessary to form a PbI2 surface passivation layer, formation of a newly identified compound within sensitized PbSe (Pb3Se2O6I2), and incorporation of iodine into PbSe thin film grain boundaries. We identify and explain the narrow oxidation process window and iodization conditions necessary to achieve high photoconductivity.

Мучные гарниры с повышенным содержанием йода

The paper presents the results of the study to determine the optimal amount of dry kelp powder introduced into the homemade noodle formulation, which was from 2 to 6% instead of prime grade wheat flour. Organoleptic, physico-chemical quality indicators and microbiological safety indicators were determined, the amount of iodine in the experimental samples was established, which ranged from 16,8 to 64,1 μg. The following methods were used to carry out the study: organoleptic (GOST 31986–2012 «Catering services. Method of organoleptic assessment of the quality of catering products»); determination of dry substances mass fraction (GOST R 54607.4–2015 «Catering services. Methods of laboratory control of catering products. P. 4. Methods for determining moisture and dry substances»); determination of fat content (GOST R 54607.5–2015 «Catering services. Methods of laboratory control of catering products. P. 5. Methods for determining fat»); determination of protein content (GOST R 54607.7–2016 «Catering services. Methods of laboratory control of catering products. P. 7. Determination of protein by the Kjeldahl method»); determination of iodine by titrimetric method; determination of sugars (GOST R 54607.6–2015 «Catering services. Methods of laboratory control of catering products. P. 6. Methods for determining sugar»); microbiological methods (GOST R 54607.9–2016 «Catering services. Methods of laboratory control of catering products. P. 9. Microbiological trials»); determination of dietary fiber content was carried out by calculation. It is proved that the developed flour garnish can be attributed to a functional food product, since the iodine content in it is more than 15% of the average daily consumption rate.

Rapid colorimetric determination of ascorbic acid by solid phase extraction of iodine into a polymethacrylate matrix

The proposed iodometric solid-phase spectrophotometry method is based on interaction of ascorbic acid with molecular iodine in a solution with further extraction of the unreacted iodine into a polymethacrylate matrix followed by its spectrophotometric measurement in the solid phase. The amount of iodine extracted by the matrix is in inverse linear dependence on the concentration of ascorbic acid in the solution. The method can be employed for the range of ascorbic acid concentrations 1.0–9.0 mg dm–3, while its detection limit is 0.8 mg dm–3.

Extracting 3D Angiography Data from Simulated Computed Tomography Angiography Scans Using Low Iodine Contrast Agent

The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of using low contrast agent concentration with X-ray computed tomography in visualizing and diagnosing the human vascular system while minimizing the risk of toxicity to the patient. This research investigated the effect of several iodine contrast agent concentrations on the ability to extract and visualize human vessels using simulated computed tomography scans. Monte Carlo simulation was used to perform these computed tomography acquisitions. The simulated patient was based on actual computed tomography angiography data, where a technique was developed to simulate brain vessels with contrast agents ranging from 0 mg to 20 mg of iodine. The simulation used segmented patient data along with basic image processing techniques to model the various levels of iodine concentrations. Cone beam computed tomography projections of a patient injected with and without iodine were acquired in the simulations. Subtraction of the corresponding projections was performed to generate images caused by the contrast agent. Then, histogram analysis of these differences was used to assess the validity of extracting and visualizing the human vessels. The smallest amount of iodine, 0.5 mg, helped better visualize the brain vessels and 2 mg of iodine was high enough to show almost 90% of the vessels. Additionally, the vessels were clearly visible in all the subtracted images. This research showed very promising outcomes in using low concentrations of iodine. Thus, this study proposes for the pharmaceutical companies and others interested to clinically investigate and evaluate the efficacy of using low concentrations of iodine and the associated side effects.

Iodine Biofortificationin Tomato with a Strategy to Prevent Iodine Deficiency

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of iodine biofortification in tomato fruits by fertilizing potassium iodate in soil, foliar form and chitosan complex forms. While foliar spray alone increases iodine content in leaves (95%), chitosan iodate complex alone and soil application alone increased iodine contentin roots (11% and 16%) and stems (19% and 27%). However, higher iodine accumulation (3%) in tomato fruits was achieved through the combination of foliar and iodine chitosan forms, as electrostatic interaction between chitosan and iodate prevents volatilization and gradually increases the bioavailability of iodine from soil to fruits. The transfer factor was higher for iodate and chitosan complex from soil to plant. Further, the average and relative distribution of iodine in plants revealed that the chitosan iodate complex and foliar spray combination is proven to be the most effective, as it keeps adequate amounts of iodine in roots, stems, and leaves while also increasing iodine content in final fruit. Biofortifying iodine through iodate chitosan complex increases iodine content in tomato fruit and introducing it in our daily diet may help to reduce iodine deficiency.

Iodine intake and neonatal thyroid function: A never-ending story

Iodine deficiency in pregnant women can lead to abortion, dysgravidy, intrauterine growth restriction, premature birth, low birth weight, which places the pregnant woman in a group with increased vulnerability to the lack of adequate amounts of iodine. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy can lead to increased perinatal and infant mortality and the prevalence of congenital anomalies. All these aspects shed new light on the many side effects of iodine deficiency during pregnancy. The present paper aligns with the general trend of assessing the maternal-fetal thyroid hormone status and establishing the most accurate indicators for its quantification and taking into account the degree of iodine deficiency and prematurity.

Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH)-aided radioiodine treatment for non-toxic multinodular goitre.

Multinodular goitre is common in women. Treatments for non-toxic multinodular goitre include surgery, levothyroxine suppressive therapy, and radioiodine. Radioiodine therapy is the only non-surgical alternative for non-toxic multinodular goitre. However, a high amount of radioiodine is needed to enable the thyroid nodules to adequately take up the radioiodine, because the multinodular goitre takes up a low amount of iodine. Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) has been used to increase radioiodine uptake and reduce thyroid volume of the multinodular goitre. Whether the improved reduction of the goitre resulting from rhTSH-stimulated radioiodine therapy is beneficial to the person remains controversial. To assess the effects of recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioiodine treatment for non-toxic multinodular goitre. We searched the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Scopus as well as ICTRP Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. The date of the last search of all databases was 18 December 2020. We included randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of rhTSH-aided radioiodine treatment compared with radioiodine alone for non-toxic multinodular goitre, with at least 12 months of follow-up. Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance. Screening for inclusion, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were carried out by one review author and checked by a second. Our main outcomes were health-related quality of life (QoL), hypothyroidism, adverse events, thyroid volume, all-cause mortality, and costs. We used a random-effects model to perform meta-analyses, and calculated risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes, using 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for effect estimates. We evaluated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We included six RCTs. A total of 197 participants were allocated torhTSh-aided radioiodine therapy, and 124 participants were allocated to radioiodine. A single dose of radioiodine was administered 24 hours after the intramuscular injection of a single dose of rhTSH. The duration of follow-up ranged between 12 and 36 months. Low-certainty evidence from one study, with 85 participants, showed uncertain effects for QoL for either intervention. RhTSH-aided radioiodine increased hypothyroidism compared with radioiodine alone (64/197 participants (32.5%) in the rhTSH-aided radioiodine group versus 15/124 participants (12.1%) in the radioiodine alone group; RR 2.53, 95% CI 1.52 to 4.20; 6 studies, 321 participants; moderate-certainty evidence in favour of radioiodine alone). A total of 118/197 participants (59.9%) in the rhTSH-aided radioiodine group compared with 60/124 participants (48.4%) in the radioiodine alone group experienced adverse events (random-effects RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.63; 6 studies, 321 participants; fixed-effect RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.49 in favour of radioiodine only; low-certainty evidence). RhTSH-aided radioiodine reduced thyroid volume with a MD of 11.9% (95% CI 4.4to 19.4; 6 studies,268participants; moderate-certainty evidence). One study with 28 participants reported one death in the radioiodine alone group (very-low certainty evidence). No study reported on costs. RhTSH-aided radioiodine treatment for non-toxic multinodular goitre, compared to radioiodine alone, probably increased the risk of hypothyroidism but probably led to a greater reduction in thyroid volume. Data on QoL and costs were sparse or missing.

Polymeric Membranes Containing Iodine-Loaded UiO-66 Nanoparticles as Water-Responsive Antibacterial and Antiviral Surfaces

The fight against pathogenic bacteria and viruses represents a challenging task requiring the development of innovative materials. The design of water-responsive disinfecting surfaces constitutes a pertinent endeavor to limit the spread of infectious pathogens that strive in wet environments and are often carried by the droplets or aerosols of biological fluids. In this context, we designed a polymeric nanostructured membrane which, when in contact with water, was able to release elemental iodine, a potent antimicrobial agent. The membrane was based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) electrospun nanofibers containing nanoparticles of an archetypal metal–organic framework (MOF), UiO-66. The gas adsorption capacity of the MOF container was preserved upon incorporation into the polymeric nanofibers, which also exerted a protective effect against the fast structural collapse of UiO-66 in phosphate-buffered saline, a model for biological fluids. The membrane loaded high amounts of iodine via gas diffusion and its release was (mostly) triggered by contact with the aqueous medium. The antibacterial activity of the membrane was tested against the Escherichia coli strain DH5α and revealed prompt and robust disinfecting properties. The membrane also efficiently inhibited the infectivity of viral model vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein pseudotyped HIV-1 particles in HEK-293 cells in a short time. The observed synergistic effects between the MOF container and the polymeric support material constitute attractive features for the development of MOF-based materials for biological applications.

Current Iodine Status in Japan: A Cross-sectional Nationwide Survey of Schoolchildren, 2014-2019.

Japan has been regarded as a long-standing iodine-sufficient country without iodine fortification; however, data on nationwide iodine status are lacking. This study aimed to characterize the iodine status in Japan. From 2014 through 2019, a nationwide school-based survey was conducted across all districts in Japan. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine (Cr) concentration, and anthropometry were assessed in healthy school-aged children (SAC) aged 6 to 12 years. Their iodine status is regarded as generally representative of the nation's iodine status. A total of 32 025 children participated. The overall median UIC was 269 μg/L, which was within the World Health Organization's adequacy range. There was a regional difference in UIC values within 14 regions, and the lowest and highest median UICs were found in Tanegashima Island (209 μg/L) and Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido (1071 μg/L), respectively. The median UIC ≥ 300 μg/L was observed in 12 of 46 regions. By using estimated 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (UIE), the prevalence of SAC exceeding the upper tolerable limit of iodine for Japanese children was from 5.2% to 13.7%. The UIC values did not change with age, body surface area and body mass index percentile, whereas the Cr concentration simultaneously increased suggesting the effect of urinary creatinine on UI/Cr and estimated 24-hour UIE values. The iodine intake of Japanese people is adequate, but in some areas it is excessive. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders associated with iodine intake should be obtained, especially in the areas where high amounts of iodine are consumed.

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from deashing coal slime with ZnCl2 activation

Activated carbon (AC) was successfully synthesized through flotation deashing combined with ZnCl2 activation using coal slime (CS) as the raw material. The results showed that flotation can effectively decrease the ash content of CS and increase the amount of micropores, and further enhance the adsorption amounts of methylene blue (MB) and iodine onto prepared AC. Single factor experiments and response surface methodology were employed to obtain the optimal preparation conditions: impregnation ratio of 1.2, impregnation time of 18 h, activation temperature of 485 ℃, activation time of 90 min, nitrogen flow of 100 mL·min−1 and heating rate of 5 ℃·min−1. The deashing coal slime activated carbon obtained under optimal conditions (DCSACop) shows high SBET of 918.15 m2·g−1 and VT of 0.511 cm3·g−1, and exhibits excellent adsorption performance (125 mg·g−1 for MB and 869 mg·g−1 for iodine). Besides, oxygen-containing functional groups such as C-O, CO and -COOH were detected on the surface of DCSACop. This approach supplied a potential and effective material for AC preparation, which is very promising in terms of technical, economic, and environmental feasibilities.

Assessment of Iodine and Selenium Nutritional Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Latvia.

Background and Objectives: Adequate dietary intake of iodine and selenium is essential during pregnancy. While iodine is vital for maternal thyroid function and fetal development, selenium contributes to the regulation of thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity. This study aimed to assess the consumption of iodine- and selenium-containing products by women of reproductive age and the iodine and selenium nutritional status of pregnant women in Latvia. Materials and Methods: Population health survey (2010–2018) data were used to characterize dietary habits in women of reproductive age. Additionally, 129 pregnant women in the first trimester were recruited; they completed a questionnaire and were tested for thyroid function, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and serum selenium and selenoprotein P levels. Results: The use of some dietary sources of iodine (e.g., milk and dairy products) and selenium (e.g., bread) has decreased in recent years. Less than 10% of respondents reported the use of iodized salt. The use of supplements has become more common (reported by almost 50% of respondents in 2018). Dietary habits were similar in pregnant women, but the use of supplements was even higher (almost 70%). Nevertheless, most supplements used in pregnancy had insufficient contents of iodine and selenium. Thyroid function was euthyreotic in all women, but 13.9% of participants had a thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-ab) level above 60 IU/mL. The median UIC (IQR) was 147.2 (90.0–248.1) μg/gCr, and 52.8% of pregnant women had a UIC below 150 μg/gCr. The mean selenium (SD) level was 101.5 (35.6) μg/L; 30.1% of women had a selenium level below 80 μg/L. The median selenoprotein P level was 6.9 (3.1–9.0) mg/L. Conclusions: Iodine nutrition in Latvian population of pregnant women was near the lower limit of adequate and a third of the population had a selenium deficiency. Supplements were frequently used, but most did not contain the recommended amounts of iodine and selenium.

High Ingestion Rate of Iodine from Povidone-Iodine Mouthwash

Iodine-based mouthwash and throat sprays contain povidone iodine (PVP-I) for disinfection. PVP-I mouthwash has been commonly used for decades in Japan and other countries and frequent and/or prolonged use of PVP-I mouthwash can induce transient hypothyroidism. To assess the amount of iodine ingested from an oral rinse, 22 healthy adult volunteers (mean age: 48.1, 29–70 years) were recruited for the study. The subjects were instructed to rinse for 15 s three times with 20 mL of commercially available PVP-I mouthwash diluted into 0.23% or pure water. This method is a standardized method of gargling recommended by the manufacturers. The total iodine in the PVP-I mouthwash was measured with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Although the 7% PVP-I mouthwash contains 7 mg of effective iodine/mL, 24.3 mg/mL of iodine was detected in the solution. The median value and ratio of the total iodine ingested were 5.0 mg (range: 2.6–10.8 mg) and 20.5% (range: 10.6–44.5%), respectively. The iodine species released from the PVP-I mouthwash are effective iodine (PVP・nHI3, I3−, and I2) and I−; however, the amount and types of iodine actually absorbed into the bloodstream are unknown. PVP-I mouthwash should be used carefully since around 5 mg of iodine could theoretically enter the body with one gargle which exceeds the tolerable upper intake level of iodine for adults. This study was prospectively registered to University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) on March 29, 2021, with the study ID of UMIN000043770.

Blue emission and twin structure of p-type copper iodide thin films

Copper iodide is an attractive p-type transparent material suitable for optoelectronic applications. This work reports on the synthesis of copper iodide (CuI) by iodination of sputtered Cu films previously deposited on glass and silicon substrates. The crystalline phase and surface morphology were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The prepared CuI films crystallize in the zinc blende structure (γ-phase) at different amounts of iodine and exhibit preferential orientation along the <111> direction. Moreover, detailed investigation of the microstructure via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed the presence and details of alternating twin crystallographic domains between adjacent grains. The electrical properties of the CuI films were characterized by Hall effect measurements and revealed a p-type carrier behavior for all films. The electrical behavior was discussed and attributed to the change in intrinsic point defects. In addition, the electronic bandgap and luminescence properties were investigated using optical transmission and photoluminescence (PL). The CuI films showed a wide band gap (about 3.05 eV) with an average transmittance of about (66 %) in the visible region. Moreover, the PL showed a blue emission ranging from 400 to 440 nm originating from the excitonic recombination and radiative point defects.

A Facile Synthesis of 2-Aminobenzoxazines Based on Iodine­Catalyzed Desulfurative Cyclization

AbstractA facile and environmentally benign access to N-aryl/alkyl-4H-benzoxazin-2-amines is achieved from 1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl/alkyl]-3-phenylthioureas under transition-metal-free conditions. The conversions occur smoothly in the presence of a catalytic amount of molecular iodine and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature to afford moderate to good yields (28–90%) of the desired products within 2 hours. This method reports the first examples of the catalytic transformations of 1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl/alkyl]-3-phenylthioureas into N-aryl/alkyl-4H-benzoxazin-2-amines based on desulfurative cyclization.