Amount Of Involvement Research Articles

Teachers’ Research Engagement And Challenges: Bases For Mentoring Program

This study examines the difficulties teachers have when engaging in research and provides a foundation for creating a mentorship program at the Department of Education in the Schools Division of Capiz, specifically in the Districts of Tapaz East and West. The study looks at the respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics, amount of involvement in the study, and difficulties experienced in both qualitative and quantitative research. Data were gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire and a descriptive study approach. One hundred permanently hired teachers from the Tapaz East and Tapaz West Districts of the Capiz Schools Division were among the respondents; they were chosen by purposive sampling. The results show that many instructors showed a high degree of research involvement, demonstrating their dedication to professional growth. However, students also had to deal with a number of difficulties, including an increased workload, a loss of free time, writing anxiety, and a lack of resources and help from the school. A mentorship program that focuses on efficient task management, time allocation for research, writing support, school support, research training, cooperation and networking, as well as assessment and feedback, is advised to solve these issues. The quality of education may be improved by the Department of Education by adopting this mentorship program and encouraging a research culture among teachers. The study’s conclusions and suggestions add to the body of information on instructors who engage in research and give other educational institutions advice on how to set up successful mentorship programs.

Attentional Prioritization of Infant Faces in Parents: The Influence of Parents’ Experiences of Care

Infant faces are prioritized by the attentional system in parents, resulting in a greater cognitive engagement in terms of response time. However, many biological, contextual and environmental factors relating to this cognitive mechanism have been left unexplored. To fill this gap, this study aims to (i) confirm that infant faces engage more attention compared to adult faces; (ii) investigate whether the attention to infant faces is affected early care experiences of parents; (iii) explore the effect of parents' sex by taking the amount of involvement with early childcare into consideration. 51 mothers and 46 fathers completed a modified Go/no-Go task, a brief sociodemographic questionnaire, the short version of the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection scale, and an ad-hoc question relating to the amount of parental involvement with early childcare. Parents' response times were slowed in the presence of infant versus adult faces. Parents whose mother was perceived as more sensitively accepting were more engaged by infant cues. By considering the amount of early parental involvement, the sex of parents did not significantly interact with the type of face. These findings provide new insights on the attention process in response to infant cues in parents and suggest that the investigation of experience-based factors may shed further light on this topic.

Portable UWB RADAR Sensing System for Transforming Subtle Chest Movement Into Actionable Micro-Doppler Signatures to Extract Respiratory Rate Exploiting ResNet Algorithm

Contactless or non-invasive technology for the monitoring of anomalies in an inconspicuous and distant environment has immense significance in health-related applications, in particular COVID-19 symptoms detection, diagnosis, and monitoring. Contactless methods are crucial specifically during the COVID-19 epidemic as they require the least amount of involvement from infected individuals as well as healthcare personnel. According to recent medical research studies regarding coronavirus, individuals infected with novel COVID-19-Delta variant undergo elevated respiratory rates due to extensive infection in the lungs. This appalling situation demands constant real-time monitoring of respiratory patterns, which can help in avoiding any pernicious circumstances. In this paper, an Ultra-Wideband RADAR sensor enquote XeThru X4M200 is exploited to capture vital respiratory patterns. In the low and high frequency band, X4M200 operates within the 6.0-8.5 GHz and 7.25-10.20 GHz band, respectively. The experimentation is conducted on six distinct individuals to replicate a realistic scenario of irregular respiratory rates. The data is obtained in the form of spectrograms by carrying out normal (eupnea) and abnormal (tachypnea) respiratory. The collected spectrogram data is trained, validated, and tested using a cutting-edge deep learning technique called Residual Neural Network or ResNet. The trained ResNet model’s performance is assessed using the confusion matrix, precision, recall, F1-score, and classification accuracy. The unordinary skip connection process of the deep ResNet algorithm significantly reduces the underfitting and overfitting problem, resulting in a classification accuracy rate of up to 90%.

Surgical strategies for placenta percreta invading the bladder and review of literature

BackgroundMajor obstetric hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. In rare cases, life-threatening hematuria in pregnant women may result from invasion of the bladder by the placenta. We present our experience with 18 cases of placenta percreta with suspected bladder invasion.MethodsIt is a retrospective single-center study conducted over a period of 3 years. Total 18 patients of radiologically diagnosed placenta percreta were included in the study. All patients who are at risk for placenta percreta underwent prenatal sonograms. Patients of Placenta Accreta Spectrum presenting electively also underwent MRI pelvis. Elective patients who were high risk of placenta percreta underwent bilateral placement of the balloon catheter in internal iliac artery. In case of doubt regarding bladder invasion, patient underwent anterior cystotomy and posterior wall of the bladder was examined and proximity of the ureteric orifice to the placenta and amount of involvement of bladder wall was assessed. Ureteric catheter placement was used as adjuncts depending on the proximity of placental invasion with ureteric orifice. Postoperative outcomes in the form of maternal morbidity, maternal mortality, fetal mortality, postoperative bleeding, bladder status, vesicovaginal fistula, bladder capacity were all evaluated.ResultsIn our series, 17 cases all cases were diagnosed preoperatively by antenatal ultrasound and MRI. Only one patient presented with hematuria. Only in one patient, we attempted separation of placenta from bladder wall, and it resulted in profuse bleeding, and in rest, we excised the involved bladder. Partial cystectomy was done in 33.4% patients, 27% patients required bilateral placement of ureteric catheter due to proximity to the ureteric orifice. 33.4% patient underwent bilateral internal iliac artery ligation or balloon placement. Clot evaluation was needed in one patient. Intraoperatively—39% patients had uterus adhered to the bladder but no placental invasion into the bladder. One patient was managed with obstetric hysterectomy and methotrexate followed by clot evacuation and bilateral internal iliac artery ligation at a later date. One (5.6%) patient developed vesicovaginal fistula in postoperative period. There was one (5.6%) maternal mortality with no fetal mortality. On follow-up, patient had good bladder capacity, 3 weeks after the surgery.ConclusionMRI done preoperatively can help us guide regarding the extent or severity of placental invasion. Intraoperatively, anterior cystostomy should be done in suspected placenta percreta. Grade I or II accrete/percreta patients can be managed conservatively. Partial cystectomy with placement of bilateral ureteric catheter is safer and less morbid approach in tackling placenta percreta invading the bladder with mucosal involvement.

The Path to Supplier Relationship Management

Supplier management involves tweaking the supplier product to suit to the needs of buyer and in turn enhancing the quality of the product manufactured by the buyer. Supplier development is a challenging role and is determined by the amount of involvement shown by the buyer company in the operation process of buyer company and the willingness of the buyer company to commit resources for the operations concerning supply to that particular company. From the study it was inferred that supplier identification, supplier evaluation and legal/social compliance has a direct influence on supplier relationship management and also has an indirect effect on supplier relationship management through supplier development and supplier choice. Supplier development and choice of supplier are mediating variables for the effect of supplier identification, supplier evaluation and legal/social compliance on supplier relationship management. The study is based on auto companies in and around Chennai and further studies can be carried by involving executives of other geographical areas and also paying a larger focus on areas such as social accountability of supplier companies.

Do participant reporting practices in youth sport research adequately represent the diversity of sport contexts?

ObjectiveThere is extensive support for the developmental benefits associated with sport participation, yet research highlights the need to consider how outcomes of sport involvement differ depending on sport types, settings, and amount of involvement. The purposes of the two interrelated studies were to explore the natural diversity of youth sport contexts (Study 1) and to appraise reporting practices in relation to how sport psychology researchers describe youth sport samples (Study 2). MethodThrough online searches of program websites, Study 1 involved a scan of a mid-sized Canadian city to demonstrate the diversity of youth sport contexts. Study 2 involved a review of youth sport peer-reviewed articles published from the year 2000 onwards with a focus on how the authors presented participant- and context-related information. ResultsStudy 1 demonstrated substantial variation in sport type, opportunities based on gender, and levels of competition within the example city. Despite the diversity across sport contexts, Study 2 demonstrated that sample reporting was typically restricted to gender, age, and sport type. Meanwhile, articles commonly omitted descriptions regarding the general context (e.g., time/cost requirements, group composition) that are expected to influence developmental experiences in sport. ConclusionThe diversity of sport opportunities afforded to youth suggests that experiences are likely to differ, yet reporting practices do not adequately describe the participants or contexts under investigation. Accordingly, practical examples of reporting items for youth sport researchers at both athlete and context levels are advanced.

The 2 × 2 model of perfectionism and youth sport participation: A mixed-methods approach

ObjectivesResearch demonstrates that four subtypes of perfectionism from the 2 × 2 model are associated with different youth sport experiences. This study provided the first exploration of the experiences of youth sport participants exhibiting different subtypes of perfectionism using mixed-methods. DesignA two-stage, mixed-methods, approach was adopted (quantitative identification then qualitative data collection). MethodIn stage one (quantitative identification), 192 females enrolled in school- or community-based sport groups (M age = 13.91; SD = .90; range 12–16 years) completed a domain-specific perfectionism instrument (Sport-MPS-2) to identify participants prototypical of the four subtypes of perfectionism. In stage two (qualitative data collection), 19 prototypical participants (M age = 13.74; SD = .65; range 13–15 years) described their experiences of their youth sport involvement. One focus group (n = 4 to 5 per group) and one follow-up individual, semi-structured, interview (n = 4 in total) per subtype were conducted. ResultsThematic analysis revealed that the meaning youth sport participants gave to their sport involvement (i.e., goals, values, and purposes) and the features of the social-environment they perceived to be important differed between the four subtypes of perfectionism. For the “pure PSP” and “mixed perfectionism” subtypes, sport was a time to shine and experience success. For the “non-perfectionism” and “pure ECP” subtypes, sport was a place to make friends and belong. Participants from all four subtypes described the importance of the coach and peers, with some groups identifying different preferred roles for the coach in terms of type and amount of involvement. ConclusionsYouth sport participants exhibiting different subtypes of perfectionism vary in their experiences of youth sport. Practitioners working with young people in sport should consider these differences so to better understand and improve youth sport experiences.

An Evaluation of the Attitudes and Perception of the Local Communities in Mysore Towards the Impacts of Tourism Development

This article describes how the attitudes and perception of residents can directly affect ecotourism development by changing the ability to generate income, employment and by improving the quality of life. This article identifies and assesses the impacts of ecotourism in the communities in Mysore, India. Ecotourism impact was measured by a 26 item scale measuring local residents' perceptions and attitudes. Data was collected using the questionnaire method with 221 randomly distributed questionnaires collected. This article reveals there was significant support to further tourism development since the residents perceived that there was increased investment in infrastructures and a higher quality of life, increased employment opportunities – especially for a population with deep roots in agriculture. Now, there was an increased chance for residents to explore other jobs in the tourism industry and improved pride in their cultures and traditions in the community. Furthermore, to ensure the success of tourism development, an increased amount of involvement and participation from local residents is pertinent.

Gender-related Emotionality in EFL Students’ Classroom: An Experience Sampling Analysis

This study addresses one of the neglected issues in second language acquisition (SLA) research namely emotionality in EFL students. Based on domain specificity dimension of social-cognitive model of emotions, this study aims to capture students’ ongoing and spontaneous emotions through experience sampling method. That is, it analyzed 96 forms which students completed at random times and upon receiving random signals in the EFL class. The forms were then analyzed based on the difference between females and males in the following areas: 1) EFL-related activities vs. non-EFL-related activities; 2) the frequency of different emotions; 3) the antecedents of students’ emotional states; 4) students’ use of emotion regulation strategies and the valence of emotions. The overall results indicated that females and males differed in significant ways in diverse facets of emotional experience. First, females outperformed in the amount of involvement in EFL-related tasks and thinking. Second, they reported experiencing the class emotionally different. Particularly, they experienced greater amount of anxiety and hope comparing to males. Third, they differed in the degree to which they attributed their emotions to teachers meaning that teachers have a more crucial role in emotional dispositions of female students. The implications were then discussed in the light of teachers’ responsibility in facilitating communication of emotion and creating positive emotional climate.

Is All Parental “Noninvolvement” Equal? Barriers to Involvement and Their Relationship to Latino Academic Achievement

High parental involvement has consistently been shown to enhance academic achievement among Latino youth. Still, some youth continue to thrive academically despite low parental involvement. The Theory of Rationality suggests that the impact of even potentially negative behaviors depends on how the behavior is interpreted. To test the application of this theory to parental “noninvolvement” among Latinos, we assessed how adolescent rationales about their parents’ noninvolvement in their schooling affected grade point average (GPA). Results showed that parental lack of transportation and feeling unwelcomed at school as reasons for noninvolvement were significantly and negatively related to GPA, and conflict with work schedule was significantly and positively related to GPA. Other reasons for noninvolvement were not significantly associated with GPA. Findings indicate that the meaning adolescents attribute to parental behavior may be a stronger predictor of academic achievement than the amount of involvement alone.

What Potential Donors in Research Biobanking Want to Know: A Large Population Study of the Italian Twin Registry.

Donation of human tissues for research and ELSI (ethical, legal, and social issues) of biobanking are increasingly debated issues. While several studies have highlighted patients' concerns, little is known about opinions and preferences of healthy potential donors. Further investigations in this respect may allow communication procedures tailored to participants' needs. Based on the Italian Twin Registry, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among twins who had not yet donated biological samples for research. The objective was to assess the importance these potential donors attributed to specific procedures and pieces of communication related to research biobanking. A self-administered questionnaire was constructed and validated. Items were as follows: potential agreement on use of biological samples for research; knowledge of biobanks; and importance given to privacy protection and to communication of general and individual tests results, study objectives, type and amount of participant involvement, location and duration of sample storage, and benefits and potential risks. Multivariate analysis was performed to estimate the association of these items with sociodemographic factors as well as with perceived health status and chronic or long-term diseases. The questionnaire was mailed to 4894 twins aged 18-65 (response rate 34%). One-third of subjects already knew about biobanks, 52% had some knowledge, and 20% were uninformed. A majority expressed unconditional agreement to sample use for research. Only 6% of respondents considered privacy protection not important in research biobanking. Knowledge of biobanks predicted attention to most of the issues. Higher education was associated with more frequent concern about type and amount of involvement, but less frequent concern about place and time of storage, and presence of benefits. Women were more attentive to research biobanking. This study supports the need of procedures tailored on different donors' concerns and highlights the social value of population biobanks. Furthermore, the results call for greater efforts in the promotion of research biobanking.

Being in care situations with young children presents ambiguous challenges

The importance of consulting children in health care situations is acknowledged but not always put into action. Health care professionals have difficulties with facilitating children’s participation and children are not pleased with their amount of involvement. The aim of this study was to explore health care professionals’ reflections on being in care situations with children. A qualitative design with workshops and content analysis was used. The participants ( n = 29) represented various health care professions. The findings show that health care professionals understand being in care situations with children as an ambiguous challenge since each situation depends on the participants involved: the child, the parents and the professionals. The findings can be used for integrating theory and practice to broaden professionals’ awareness of the child’s perspective in care situations. This will encourage professionals to question procedures which are taken for granted and facilitate children’s participation.

"He's probably more Mr. sport than me"--a qualitative exploration of mothers' perceptions of fathers' role in their children's physical activity.

BackgroundMany children do not meet the recommended levels of physical activity. Parents can influence their children’s physical activity in a number of ways but little research has focused on the impact of fathers. The current study aimed to explore how mothers perceived fathers to influence children’s physical activity.MethodsTelephone interviews with mothers (n = 50) who took part in a large cross sectional physical activity study were conducted. A strategic sampling method was applied to ensure varying deprivation levels and child physical activity. Interviews were based on children’s physical activity and screen viewing behaviours and patterns. A total of 37 interviews included information on fathers and were used for the current study. Deductive content analysis was used to analyse the interviews.ResultsMothers suggested that fathers are directly involved in their child’s physical activity though co-participation, whilst additionally playing an important role in encouraging and facilitating physical activity. The results suggest some variation in how mothers and fathers are involved in children’s physical activity behaviours. Father availability seems to play a key role in the amount of physical activity involvement.ConclusionsFathers play a key role in children’s physical activity choices and behaviours and can influence children in a variety of ways. Parents tend to share in the physical activity related tasks of their children but father availability seems to be a factor in their amount of involvement. Health professionals aiming to improve child physical activity may benefit from developing interventions that target both children and fathers.

Efficacy of Task-Induced Involvement in Incidental Lexical Development of Iranian Senior EFL Students

One of the most significant current discussions in L2 classroom research has been related to the necessity of vocabulary in language learning.Undoubtedly, EFL learners with high levels of lexical knowledge perform better in writing and oral tasks. Accordingly, the present study sought to investigate the efficacy of Task-induced Involvement in Incidental Lexical Development of Iranian Senior EFL Students. For this purpose, based on the scores obtained from an Oxford Placement Test (OPT) administered to the population of senior EFL students at Khorasgan University, six samples, twenty five each, were selected and assigned to work with a list of English words by utilizing six different tasks. Each task was gauged by applying a different involvement load. Subsequently, a receptive and a productive vocabulary tests were administered as post-tests to specify the degree of learners acquisition of target words, through the role of incidental Task-induced involvement load. The results revealed that the group doing the task with the highest degree of involvement load obtained the best results on the vocabulary tests. Afterwards, the retention of unfamiliar words was claimed to be conditional upon the amount of involvement while processing these words.

A Survey of Healthcare Industry Representatives’ Participation in Surgery: Some New Ethical Concerns

To provide preliminary evidence of the types and amount of involvement by healthcare industry representatives (HCIRs) in surgery, as well as the ethical concerns of those representatives. A link to an anonymous, web-based survey was posted on several medical device boards of the website http://www. cafepharma.com. Additionally, members of two different medical device groups on LinkedIn were asked to participate. Respondents were self-identified HCIRs in the fields of orthopedics, cardiology, endoscopic devices, lasers, general surgery, ophthalmic surgery, oral surgery, anesthesia products, and urologic surgery. A total of 43 HCIRs replied to the survey over a period of one year: 35 men and eight women. Respondents reported attending an average of 184 surgeries in the prior year and had an average of 17 years as an HCIR and six years with their current employer. Of the respondents, 21 percent (nine of 43) had direct physical contact with a surgical team or patient during a surgery, and 88 percent (38 of 43) provided verbal instruction to a surgical team during a surgery. Additionally, 37 percent (16 of 43) had participated in a surgery in which they felt that their involvement was excessive, and 40 percent (17 of 43) had attended a surgery in which they questioned the competence of the surgeon. HCIRs play a significant role in surgery. Involvement that exceeds their defined role, however, can raise serious ethical and legal questions for surgeons and surgical teams. Surgical teams may at times be substituting the knowledge of the HCIR for their own competence with a medical device or instrument. In some cases, contact with the surgical team or patient may violate the guidelines not only of hospitals and medical device companies, but the law as well. Further study is required to determine if the patients involved have any knowledge or understanding of the role that an HCIR played in their surgery.

Evolution of isotopic composition and deuterium excess of brines in the Sichuan Basin, China

The isotopic composition and parameters for deuterium excess of brines, which were sampled in the Sichuan Basin, show obvious regularities of distribution. The brine isotopic composition shows distinct two systems of marine and terrestrial deposits, with the Middle Triassic strata as the boundary. Brine hydrogen isotopic composition of marine deposits is lower while oxygen isotopic composition is higher than that of the SMOW, respectively, indicating that the brines were derived from seawater with different evaporating degrees at different times. From the Sinian strata, up to the Cambrian, Permian Maokou Formation and the Triassic Jialingjiang Formation, the δD values of brines tend to become relatively positive with the strata becoming younger. Brines of terrestrial deposits are considered to have been derived from precipitation and their isotopic composition is close to the globe meteoric water line (GMWL). Brines of transitional deposits between marine and terrestrial ones (the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation) have δD and δ18O values falling between the two end members of marine deposit brines and precipitation, indicating that the brines are a mixture of precipitation and vaporing seawater. Water samples from the brine-bearing strata of different ages show various deuterium excesses (d) with an evident decreasing trend as the age of strata gets older and older. Brine-bearing strata of the Triassic Leikoupo-Jialingjiang Formation, the Permian Maokou Formation, the Cambrian and Sinian strata are all carbonate rocks which have experienced intensive water/rock reaction and the deuterium excess essentially changes with time. All brine-bearing-strata surrounding the basin or faults, as well as those brine wells exploited for resources, have been obviously influenced by the precipitation supply. Therefore, the deuterium excesses of their brines have increased to different extents, depending on the amount of involvement of meteoric water. The variation and distribution of d values of the brines from different Triassic strata are related to the embedded depth of the strata. The deuterium excesses of brines become lower with increasing burial depth of the strata.

Paternal involvement in pediatric Type 1 diabetes: Fathers' and mothers' psychological functioning and disease management.

Psychological functioning in fathers of children with Type 1 diabetes has received relatively little attention compared to mothers. This study examined fathers' perceived involvement in their children's diabetes care as it related to mothers' and fathers' pediatric parenting stress, depression, anxiety, marital satisfaction, and sleep, and to their children's diabetes regimen adherence and glycemic control. Eighty-two mothers and 43 fathers completed questionnaires. Multivariate linear regressions were conducted separately for mothers and fathers to determine the relationships between the perceived amount and the perceived helpfulness of father involvement in child diabetes care on parental psychosocial functioning and child diabetes control. Maternal perceptions of father helpfulness and amount of involvement in illness care were related to improved marital satisfaction and fewer depressive symptoms in mothers. In fathers, perception of their own amount of involvement was related to increased pediatric parenting stress and anxiety. Better child regimen adherence was associated with maternal perceptions of father helpfulness but not the amount of their involvement, while paternal perceptions of their own helpfulness were related to poorer glycemic control. These findings suggest that fathers and mothers may react differently to their roles in childhood illness and that perceptions of their involvement may be differently associated with children's glycemic control and regimen adherence.

Self-concept and psychopathology in deaf adolescents: preliminary support for moderating effects of deafness-related characteristics and peer problems

High rates of psychopathology were found amongst deaf adolescents, but little is known about the psychosocial risk factors. This study investigated whether (1) less severe deafness and/or acquired or otherwise complicated deafness, and (2) having mainly contacts with hearing people, each represent chronic stressful conditions that moderate the associations between self-esteem and emotional problems. In addition, the moderating effect of observed peer rejection on the association between social acceptance and behavioural problems was explored. Deaf adolescents of normal intelligence (N = 68) completed the Self Perception Profile for Adolescents. Psychopathology was assessed using a semi-structured interview with adolescents and reports by parents, teachers and expert ratings. Data on moderator variables were collected from school records, parental and teachers' reports. Emotional mental health problems were negatively associated with self-esteem and positively with peer rejection. The association between self-esteem and emotional problems was moderated by the deafness variable less severe deafness or acquired or otherwise complicated deafness. Behavioural mental health problems were positively associated with social acceptance and peer rejection but negatively with the amount of involvement with hearing people. Peer rejection moderated the association between social acceptance and behavioural problems. The findings emphasise the importance of considering self-concept dimensions, peer problems and deafness- and context-related characteristics when assessing and treating deaf adolescents.

If You Provide It, Will They Read It? Response Time Effects in a Choice Experiment

Substantial effort is expended in the design of surveys, including the amount and type of information they contain. However, we often do not know how involved respondents are in reading and processing the informational content of a survey and making choices, and whether different levels of involvement result in systematic differences in estimated models. To address this issue, we recorded response times for each respondent of an internet‐based choice experiment for stream restoration. Response times per survey section and for the entire survey were used as proxies for the amount of involvement in reading information provided or answering choice questions. Response times per survey section fell rapidly, possibly signaling learning, use of heuristics, or attempts to quickly dispel with the survey. Response times were found to be independent of demographics and attitudes. Log‐likelihood ratio tests failed to reject the null hypotheses of equal coefficients and scale parameters across response time‐partitioned data. However, there exists an association between response times and the increasing learning curve or difficult choice trade‐offs, suggesting a heuristic response. Additional research on response time effects and survey design is needed, especially with the rise in electronic surveying media. D'énormes efforts sont investis dans la conception de sondages, notamment pour déterminer la quantité et le type d'information présentée. Toutefois, nous ne savons pas combien de temps les répondants consacrent à la lecture et au traitement de cette information et au choix des réponses, ni si les divers degrés de participation entraînent ou non des différences systématiques dans les modèles estimés. Pour s'attaquer à cette question, nous avons chronométré les personnes qui ont répondu à un sondage en ligne sur la restauration des cours d'eau. Nous avons utilisé le temps de réponse pour chaque section et pour le sondage au complet comme mesure approximative de l'effort des participants pour lire l'information et répondre aux questions. Pour chaque section, le temps de réponse diminuait rapidement, soit en raison des connaissances heuristiques des répondants, soit en raison de leur désir d'effectuer le sondage le plus rapidement possible. Le temps de réponse s'est révélé indépendant des caractéristiques démographiques et des attitudes des répondants. Des tests du rapport de vraisemblance n'ont pas rejeté les hypothèses nulles de coefficients égaux et de paramètres d'échelle de l'ensemble des données cloisonnées. Toutefois, il existe un lien entre le temps de réponse et la courbe d'apprentissage croissante ou la difficulté des choix, ce qui laisse supposer une réponse heuristique. Il faudrait effectuer davantage de recherche sur les effets du temps consacré pour répondre à un sondage et pour le concevoir, en raison du nombre croissant de sondages en ligne.

Who Benefits From Volunteering? Variations in Perceived Benefits

The purpose of this study was to document the benefits of volunteering perceived by older adults and to explain variation in these self-perceived benefits. This is a quantitative study of 13 volunteer programs and 401 older adults serving in those programs. Program directors completed telephone interviews, and older volunteers completed mailed surveys. Volunteer-level and program-level data were merged. Older volunteers reported a wide variety of benefits to the people they served, themselves, their families, and communities. More than 30% reported that they were "a great deal better off" because of volunteering, and almost 60% identified a benefit to their families. When considering only individual characteristics, lower-income and lower-educated volunteers reported more benefit. Yet, aspects of the volunteer experience, like amount of involvement, adequacy of training and ongoing support, and stipends, were more important in understanding who benefits from volunteering. These findings suggest that characteristics of volunteer programs can be strengthened to maximize the benefits of volunteering to older adults. These characteristics are more mutable by public policies and organizational procedures than individual characteristics. Focusing on the recruitment of lower socioeconomic status older adults may result in an increase in benefits from the growth of volunteering.