Amount Of Heat Release Research Articles

Poplar Sawdust Stack Self-Heating Properties and Variations of Internal Microbial Communities.

The heat accumulation generated by microbial metabolic activities during the storage of the sawdust may lead to spontaneous combustion accidents. This paper studied the Critical Ambient Temperature (CAT) variation of poplar sawdust at different stack dimensions and investigated the physicochemical properties as well as microbial community dynamics during the self-heating process of poplar sawdust stacks. From the self-heating substances test experiments and Frank-Kamenetskii (FK) theory, it was found that the CAT of poplar sawdust stacks would decrease from 158.27 °C to 102.46 °C with the increase of stack size from 0.1 m to 3.2 m. From the sawdust stack self-heating experiments, microbial metabolic activities were enhanced with the increasing moisture content (by watering) and oxygen (by turning over), which led to a remarkable increase of the sawdust stack temperature and the rapid decomposition of biochemical components (especially cellulose and hemicellulose). From the microbiological community analysis, at the thermophilic stage (around 60 °C, large amounts of heat release in compost bin), the existence of thermostable bacteria (such as Brevibacillus thermoruber, Bacillus thermoamylovorans and Paenibacillus barengoltzii belonging to Firmicutes) played an important role in degrading organic substances. The heat generated by the microbial metabolic activities might lead to spontaneous combustion eventually if sawdust stack is large enough. Therefore, the sawdust should be stacked in a cool and dry area while avoiding large amounts of storage in high humidity environments.

Effect of current polarity on double-electrode gas metal arc welding with current-carrying filler wire

The possibilities for controlling of the surfacing process and the features of the formation of beads when changing the current polarity of the main arc current from reverse to direct polarity are studied. It is established that a change in polarity significantly changes the currents of the main and additional arcs. With direct polarity, melting the electrode wire at a given rate requires lower values of the arc current, but the amount of heat release on the base metal is insufficient to obtain a normally formed bead of the needed width.

Machine Learning-based Classification of Combustion Events in an RCCI Engine Using Heat Release Rate Shapes

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode offers high thermal efficiency and low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions. However, high cyclic variability at low engine load and high pressure rise rates at high loads limit RCCI operation. Therefore, it is important to control the combustion event in an RCCI engines to prevent abnormal engine combustion. To this end, combustion in RCCI mode was studied by analyzing the heat release rates calculated from the in-cylinder pressure data at 798 different operating conditions. Five distinct heat release shapes are identified. These different heat release traces were characterized based on start of combustion, burn duration, combustion phasing, maximum pressure rise rate, maximum amount of heat release, maximum in-cylinder gas temperature and pressure. Both supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches are used to classify different types of heat release rates. K-means clustering, an unsupervised algorithm, could not cluster the heat release traces distinctly. Convolution neural network (CNN) and decision trees, supervised classification algorithms, were designed to classify the heat release rates. The CNN algorithm showed 70% accuracy in predicting the shapes of heat release rates while decision tree resulted in 74.5% accuracy in predicting different heat release rate traces.

РАСЧЁТНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ТРЕБУЕМОГО ТЕПЛОВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ В ОПЫТНЫХ ТВЭЛАХ ДЛЯ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ СВЕРХКРИТИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ТЕПЛОНОСИТЕЛЯ ПРИ ИХ ОБЛУЧЕНИИ В ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКОМ ЯДЕРНОМ РЕАКТОРЕ

The paper considers the possibility of achieving the required neutron-physical parameters during irradiation of experimental fuel elements circumfluent with a SCW parameters coolant in the RR IR-8 in order to study the behavior of fuel element cladding under the influence of reactor radiation and coolant with SCW parameters under conditions closest to real operation in nuclear power plant. The possibility of carrying out such experiments in the RR IR-8 will make it possible to contribute to the development of new generation IV nuclear power plants, one of the areas of which is a reactor with super-critical parameters coolant. This direction is promising, as the use of the SCW coolant technology will increase the efficiency of the reactors by 10-12 %. Irradiation experiments in RR IR-8 are carried out using experimental ampoule rigs. During developing the design of an ampoule rig with experimental fuel elements, it is required to provide the necessary heat transfer from the fuel element to the water of the reactor pool, and to maintain the pressure of the SCW coolant by the structure of the ampoule rig vessel. The calculations of heat release in the experimental fuel elements and the accumulation of fluence in the cladding were carried out using the MCU-PTR code with the MDBPT-50 database, which implements the Monte Carlo method. The assessment of heat release in fuel elements during irradiation of an ampoule rig in the cells of the IR-8 core and reflector was carried out. The calculation results of heat release in experimental fuel elements and fast neutron fluxes in the cladding during irradiation in the central channels of fuel assemblies and special blocks made of aluminum, stainless steel, as well as water are presented. An assessment of the contribution of heat release from gamma heating of the ampoule rig structure elements was carried out, which showed that the amount of heat release can be comparable with the energy release due to the fuel fission reaction in an experimental fuel element, which must be taken into account when calculating the temperature irradiation regimes of experimental fuel elements. Obtained results showed the principle possibility of achievement the parameters of the SCW coolant in the ampoule rig on the outer surface of the experimental fuel elements cladding in the RR IR 8.

Hydrogen-air premixed combustion in a novel micro disc-burner with an annular step

A novel micro disc-burner with an annular step using the hydrogen/air premixed mixture is developed in this work, which can act as a heater or heat source with a high stability for the miniature power generators. The combustion and thermal performance of this combustor is studied by the means of numerical simulation. The results show that the excess enthalpy combustion appears at a small equivalence ratio. The thermal output power of the combustor increases with the increased Reynolds number. It is interesting to find that the upper and lower limits of thermal output power and its ratio in the total heat release amount change approximately linearly with the Reynolds number. It is found that the thermal output power and its ratio in the total heat release amount under any conditions are smaller than 102.8 W and 31.41%, respectively. The effects of the thermal conductivity and surface emissivity of solid wall on the combustion characteristics are studied. Both thermal output power and its ratio in the total heat release amount decrease with the increased thermal conductivity. Additionally, the thermal output power remarkably decreases with the decreased surface emissivity. The current work not only provides the guideline for applying this combustor but also helps us to gain insight into the heat transfer characteristic in the radial micro-channel.

Wood Dust Flammability Analysis by Microscale Combustion Calorimetry.

To study the practicability of a micro combustion calorimeter to analyze the calorimetry kinetics of wood, a micro combustion calorimeter with 13 heating rates from 0.1 to 5.5 K/s was used to perform the analysis of 10 kinds of common hardwood and softwood samples. As a microscale combustion measurement method, MCC (microscale combustion calorimetry) can be used to judge the flammability of materials. However, there are two methods for measuring MCC: Method A and Method B. However, there is no uniform standard for the application of combustible MCC methods. In this study, the two MCC standard measurement Methods A and B were employed to check their practicability. With Method A, the maximum specific heat release rate, heat release temperature, and specific heat release of the samples were obtained at different heating rates, while for Method B, the maximum specific combustion rate, combustion temperature and net calorific values of the samples were obtained at different heating rates. The ignition capacity and heat release capacity were then derived and evaluated for all the common hardwood and softwood samples. The results obtained by the two methods have significant differences in the shape of the specific heat release rate curves and the amplitude of the characteristic parameters, which lead to the differences of the derived parameters. A comparison of the specific heat release and the net calorific heat of combustion with the gross caloric values and heating values obtained by bomb calorimetry was also made. The results show that Method B has the potentiality to evaluate the amount of combustion heat release of materials.

Fire behaviour of a Carbon/Nomex honeycomb sandwich composite used in aircraft interior

Fire behaviour of a carbon/Nomex honeycomb composite, used as ceiling panel in aircraft interiors, was investigated in Cone Calorimeter at different incident heat fluxes, ranging from 20 to 70 kW/m2. The material exhibited good fire performance with relatively low amount of heat release and long ignition times. Combustion of the material at 40 kW/m2 proceeded in one stage, while at higher heat fluxes two stages were observed. The burning mechanisms and char formation during thermal decomposition at different heat fluxes was also examined. The long tail after flame-out in heat release curves and the significant increase of CO production and mass loss were analysed with respect to char residue.

Experimental research on the characteristics of the secondary oxidation heat of different unloaded coals

The oxidation heat characteristics of coal are key factors affecting the spontaneous combustion of coal. To study the thermal characteristics of the secondary oxidation of unloaded coal, a C600 microcalorimeter was used to test the unloaded coal under different stress conditions (0 MPa, 3 MPa, 6 MPa, 9 MPa, 12 MPa, 15 MPa) at 30–300 °C. The initial heat release temperature, heat release, and activation energy of coal were analyzed. The results shows that the initial heat release temperature of unloaded coal shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing stress, and as the degree of oxidation increases, the maximum value of the initial heat release temperature point moves to a lower value. As the stress increases, the amount of heat release shows a fluctuation that first decreases and then increases, and as the degree of oxidation increases, the minimum heat release moves forward from 12 MPa for primary oxidation to 6 MPa for secondary oxidation. Similarly, the activation energy first increases and then decreases with increasing stress, and the maximum activation energy increases with increasing degree of oxidation, which is consistent with the trends of heat release. As the degree of oxidation increases, the overall performance of unloaded coal with increasing stress shows that the preoxidized coal sample is more susceptible to oxidation when it is reoxidized.

Influence of organosilicon admixtures on the hydration of Portland cement

AbstractThe impact of three different organosilicon compounds: poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), potassium methylsiliconate (MESI) and triethoxyoctylsilane (OTES), used as integral admixtures, on Portland cement hydration has been investigated by isothermal calorimetry and DTA-TG analysis. The silicon-based compounds are widely used as internal hydrophobic agents added into batch water; therefore, their effectiveness was investigated by means of capillary water absorption test. The isothermal calorimetry was used to measure the rate and amount of heat released during ordinary Portland cement hydration with integral organosilicon admixtures at 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C. It allowed to determine the activation energy as well. The results indicate that used admixtures (except MESI admixture) decrease in the rate and amount of heat release during cement hydration. In addition, it is noticeable that the addition of MESI admixture significantly prolongs the induction period and delays hydration. In contrast to MESI and OTES admixtures, PDMS-based admixture does not affect significant on the activation energy. DTA-TG analysis had shown differences between reference sample and samples containing organosilicon admixtures during thermal decomposition, in terms of the amount of moisture and bound water, as well as Ca(OH)2or carbonates. The results presented in this paper enable a better understanding of the interactions between the organosilicon integral admixtures and the cement matrix. The study shows the effect of integral admixtures on cement hydration and thus the potential effect on the final properties of the cement-based material.

Investigation into ethanol effects on combustion and particle number emissions in a spark-ignition to compression-ignition (SICI) engine

Spark assistance along with oxygenated components addition is a promising method to achieve stable compression ignition, high thermal efficiency and low particle emission. To this end, ethanol blended with non-oxygenated gasoline was fueled to an engine working with spark-ignition to compression-ignition (SICI) mode under air dilution and exhaust-diluted conditions. The effects of ethanol addition on engine performance including combustion characteristics, fuel economy, particle number (PN) emissions, were studied in two categories: changing research octane number (RON) by varying ethanol content and maintaining RON by changing fuel type. The results showed that ethanol addition by splash blending suppressed knock tendency, and the knock intensity could be lowered by up to 65–75% with increasing ethanol content. However, when maintaining the same RON, the ethanol-gasoline blend exhibited higher knock intensity than pure gasoline due to synergistic effects between ethanol and aromatics on auto-ignition. Compared to pure spark ignition with high-RON gasolines, using ethanol-gasoline blends under SICI could reduce the minimum fuel consumption rate by up to 25 g/(kW·h). To characterize the high-efficiency cycles under SICI, two dimensionless parameters were proposed by considering the ratios of heat release amount and duration between the flame propagation stage and auto-ignition stage. The two parameters showed good exponential correlation. As for emissions, blending ethanol could basically reduce PN emissions under SICI mode except for the cases with significant increase in nucleation particles, such as those with high knock intensity under stoichiometric condition and poor combustion quality under heavily exhaust-diluted conditions. The total PN reduction by blending ethanol is mainly due to the decrease of accumulation mode particles, during the stage of flame propagation rather than auto-ignition. Blending ethanol into non-oxygenated gasoline will directly increase unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides due to the low auto-ignition propensity of ethanol under stoichiometric or moderately lean conditions according to the temperature-pressure trajectory. Therefore, a dedicated combustion system with higher compression ratio and lean-boosted mixture is required to enhance ethanol's reactivity and achieve better fuel economy along with low PN emission for diluted SICI combustion.

Noise Performance and Long-Term Stability of Near- and Mid-IR Gas-Filled Fiber Raman Lasers

In this letter, the characteristics of noise and long-term stability of near- and mid-infrared (near-IR and mid-IR) gas-filled fiber Raman lasers have been investigated for the first time. The results reveal that an increase in Raman pulse energy is associated with a decrease in noise, and that the relative pulse peak intensity noise (RIN) is always lower than the relative pulse energy noise (REN). We also demonstrate that long-term drift of the pulse energy and peak power are directly linked with the high amount of heat release during the Raman Stokes generation. The demonstrated noise and long-term stability performance provide necessary references for potential spectroscopic applications as well as further improvements of the emerging mid-IR gas-filled hollow-core fiber (HCF) Raman laser technology.

Effect of Urban Heat Island and Global Warming Countermeasures on Heat Release and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Detached House

Urban air temperature rises induced by the urban heat island (UHIE) effect or by global warming (GW) can be beneficial in winter but detrimental in summer. The SCIENCE-Outdoor model was used to simulate changes to sensible heat release and CO2 emissions from buildings yielded by four UHIE countermeasures and five GW countermeasures. This model can evaluate the thermal condition of building envelope surfaces, both inside and outside. The results showed that water-consuming UHIE countermeasures such as evaporative space cooling and roof water showering provided positive effects (decreasing sensible heat release and CO2 emissions related to space conditioning) in summer. Additionally, they had no negative (unwanted cooling) effects in winter since they can be turned off in the heating season. Roof greening can provide the greatest space- conditioning CO2 emissions reductions among four UHIE countermeasures, and it reduces the amount of heat release slightly in the heating season. Since the effect on reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by UHIE countermeasures is not very significant, it is desirable to introduce GW countermeasures in order to reduce CO2 emissions. The significance of this study is that it constructed the new simulation model SCIENCE-Outdoor and applied it to show the influence of countermeasures upon both heat release and CO2 emissions.

Effect of CuO on the thermal kinetics and combustion properties of Al/MoO3 thermite prepared by ball milling

To explore the influence of CuO additive on the thermal kinetics and combustion performance of thermite, Al/MoO3 thermite composites with different mass fractions of CuO were prepared by ball milling. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to test the samples. From the DSC results, Al/MoO3 thermite and Al/CuO thermite released 1066 J/g and 849 J/g heat, respectively. The peak temperature of the exothermic reaction was 560.22 °C and 609.43 °C. Interestingly, the Al/MoO3 thermite with 5% CuO released higher heat, about 1747 J/g. The temperature of the exothermic peak was also greatly advanced to 526 °C. Thermodynamic analysis results showed that the activation energy (Ea) of Al/MoO3/5% CuO thermite was merely 184.75 kJ mol−1, which was a decrease of 18.3% and 20.8% of the Al/MoO3 and Al/CuO thermite. The reaction mechanism function of Al/MoO3 thermite, Al/MoO3/5% CuO and Al/CuO thermite can be set as f(α)=1−α. The fast electric heating wire ignition experiment showed that the flame brightness of the Al/MoO3/5% CuO thermite was the brightest and the burning time was the longest. Surprisingly, when the mass fraction of CuO additives in Al/MoO3 thermite reached 10% and 20%, the thermal kinetics and combustion performance of the thermite were completely changed. There was a violent and sharp exothermic peak accompanied by a large amount of heat release of 2042 J/g and 2252 J/g, respectively. The reaction mechanism of Al/MoO3 thermite with 10% and 20% CuO addition can be set as f(α)=3/2∗(1−α)[−ln(1−α)]1/3. The burning speed became faster and the flame was bright with sparks. This work lays the foundation for the further study of the thermite mechanism.

Impact of Numerical Methods in Thermal Modeling of Li‐Ion Batteries on Temperature Distribution and Computation Time

Thermal battery modeling is important for further battery development and optimization. The temperature strongly influences the performance and aging behavior. In the cell stack, electrochemical processes take place resulting in a large amount of heat release, which, in turn, affects the temperature distribution. Therefore, the main focus is on the cell stack, the most complex structure inside the cell. In particular, the discontinuous and anisotropic material properties represent a major challenge for simulations due to the layering. This work proposes self‐developed methods, based on the Finite Volume Method and the Finite Element Method, taking on these challenges. First, for both methods the functionality is verified and numerical convergence is validated. These, and also classical methods, are compared based on test problems with a known analytical solution in view of numerical errors as well as computing time. It if found that their accuracy and efficiency depends strongly on the specific problem, which makes their numerical investigation necessary and inevitable. Second, the methods are evaluated on a specific battery problem. Their results are plausible and correspond to the physical phenomena.

Utilization of Recycled Concrete Powder in Cement Composite: Strength, Microstructure and Hydration Characteristics

Recycled concrete powder (RCP) is used more and more in cement-based materials, but its influence on the hydration process is still unclear. Therefore, this paper studied the influence of recycled concrete powder (RCP) on the hydration process of cement and provides a theoretical basis for the hydration mechanism of cement composite materials. The hydration heat method was used to systematically analyze the thermal evolution process of cement paste with or without RCP. Hydration products were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis (TG–DSC). The pore structure change of cement pastes was analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) method. The mechanical properties of mortar were also evaluated. Four recycled concrete powder (RCP) dosages, such as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% are considered. The results indicate that with the increase of RCP content, the hydration heat release rate and total heat release amount of paste decreased, but the second heat release peak of hydration reaction advanced; the proportion of harmful pores and more harmful pores increases, the total porosity and the most probable pore size also increase; the fluidity and mechanical strength of mortar decrease, but the crystal type of hydration products does not change. When the content of RCP is less than 20%, it has little effect on the mechanical strength of mortar. When fly ash and silica fume are mixed, the fluidity difference of mortar decreases, and when the content of fly ash is the highest, the fluidity of mortar is the highest, which is 15mm higher than that of the control group. When RCP content is 15%, fly ash and silica fume content is 15% (FA:SF = 3:2), the hydration heat of the clean pulp is the highest among all the compounding ratios, and the hydration reaction is the most complete; the proportion of harmless pores increased by 9.672%, the proportion of harmful pores and more harmful pores decreased, and the compactness of material structure increased; the compressive strength and flexural strength of mortar reached 50.6 MPa and 9 MPa respectively, both exceeding those of control mortar.

Potential of Steam Recovery from Excess Steam in Sterilizer at Palm Oil Mill

Energy saving is something that being focus deeply either larger or smaller industry in this current era especially steam and electricity. In a crude palm oil mill, tons of fibers and woods are used for burning process as a boiler fuel to generate steam. As steam is good heat transfer medium, it is use for the regular process of heating the product or materials by direct and batch heating to raise the temperature in order to change the characteristic. In typical palm oil mill, every 1000kg of fresh fruits bunches (FFB) required 250kg of steam energy for the sterilization process. It is not surprising that the exhaust lost that release to the atmosphere from the total steam usage is about 70%, which can conclude as energy waste. By referring to this issue, the cost of replace consumable boiler fuel increase tremendously. Besides that, the huge amount of heat release caused the thermal pollution that may have significant effects in the ecological balance and lead to changes in the aquatic fauna and flora. This paper reviews and critically discusses the waste of steam energy and the morphology involved in excess steam from sterilizer. The system that combined with few steps of steam recovery were developed to recovery the low-pressure steam to form the mid-pressure steam that can able to reuse at the process plant. The steam ejector technology is use in this research to recover and reuse the excess steam leading to lower energy consumption and fuel costs. The overall idea is about combining the low-pressure excess steam with high-pressure steam that directly supply from back pressure receiver to form the mid-pressure steam. The Ansys software used as to identify the change of parameter of excess steam and through the software, the percentage of motive steam needed to combine with excess steam finalized. Via recovery and reuse the excess steam from sterilizer, the total energy consumption will be minimized at least 20% which can able to reduce the massive expenses for boiler fuel that benefit the palm oil mill owners.

Preparation and Heat Transfer Performance of Steel Ball Phase Change Concrete

Accompanied by a large amount of heat absorption and release during the phase change process, phase change concrete has the advantages of high energy storage density, low volume expansion ratio and approximate isotherm in the heat exchange. It is widely used in the building field. For this, using steel balls as the carrier material and butyl stearate as the phase change material (PCM), the authors combined the phase change energy storage material with the energy pile to prepare a new type of concrete energy pile enhanced with the PCMs. Then, the tests and numerical simulations were conducted to study the optimal mix ratio and thermal conductivity of the phase change concrete. The results show that adding steel balls (10% of the coarse aggregate volume), and slag and fly ash (5% of the cementitious material mass) to the ordinary concrete C30 can greatly improve the heat transfer efficiency of the energy pile. The research findings provide a guidance for engineering practice.

Temperature-tuned dimensional transition of graphitic nanoparticles and its effect on the fire safety of epoxy nanocomposites

The one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) carbon-based nanomaterials are extensively studied as flame retardants in the last decade, widely believed with better performances than other counterparts. However, the research for the systematic comparison between the two with similar elemental composition is rare. Meanwhile, the considered factors which influence the performances are mainly restricted to aspect ratio and specific surface area of the carbon-based nanomaterials, regardless of the crystallinity, nanostructure and others. Hence, we compared the flame retardant efficiency of graphitic nanotubes and nanosheets in the epoxy nanocomposites. The products with different dimensions were prepared by tuning the pyrolysis temperature. Interestingly, the nanosheets imparted lower peak of heat release rate to the nanocomposites, while the nanotubes endowed lower total heat release and smoke production amount. The high aspect ratio of the nanosheets provided strong physical barrier effect, while the broad inner cavities of the nanotubes facilitated the formation of graphitic char layers. This work is expected to uncover the flame retardant effects of 1D and 2D graphitic nanomaterials on polymer nanocomposites.

Solution-combusted nanosized Ni–Al2O3 catalyst for slurry CO methanation: effects of alkali/alkaline earth metal chlorides

Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) possesses many advantages for preparation of nanosized materials. In the process of SCS, a large amount of heat release results in the agglomeration of particles. Thus, the controllable synthesis of solution combustion is necessary. In this study, Ni–Al2O3 nanoparticles with various metal chlorides, i.e., LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2, were prepared by SCS method and performed for CO methanation reaction in a slurry-bed reactor. All of the introduced metal chlorides could absorb reaction heat during the combustion process, among which the addition of NaCl minimizes the combustion temperature for its high heat capacity. Moreover, the molten NaCl exerts a steric hindrance effect that restrains the agglomeration of NiO particles, leading to the highest Ni dispersion and smallest Ni particles. MgCl2-added sample exhibits the lowest reducibility and Ni dispersion and the worst methanation activity. The performance shows that, under a harsh condition of 310 °C and 9200 mL (gcat h)−1, NaCl-added Ni–Al2O3 catalyst exhibits the optimal CO conversion, which keeps stable at ca. 87% in a 100-h test. This study offers a new strategy for nanosized catalyst preparation via SCS by introducing metal chlorides.

Solidification of PCM within a tank with longitudinal-Y shape fins and CuO nanoparticle

In present article, benefits of fins and dispersing nanomaterial were employed to achieve quickest solidification. Heat release process has been examined in various cases and RT35 has been utilized as PCM. With employ of gravity term, three main cases were scrutinized. The first case has no fins while two other cases have fins with different arrangement. Two finned tank have same volume of PCM and buoyancy force is the only factor which leads to different the performance of these cases. Copper oxide has been added in to paraffin to enhance the discharging rate because of greater conduction mode. Single phase mode for estimating nanomaterial effect helps to decline the computational price. Due to low concentration of CuO, the slip velocity between particles and PCM has been ignored. Verification with previous article made us confidence about the accuracy of modeling. With inclusion of nanomaterial in second case, the needed time changes from 19.16 min to 5.83 min. Also, augmenting φ from 0 to 0.05 for third case leads to change in discharging time from 19.45 min to 16.65 min. The solidification time for 2nd and 3rd cases with NEPCM reduces about 70.06% and 69.2% in comparison to first case, respectively. With augment of Ste. from 0.15 to 0.27 and 0.21 for second case with pure RT35, the time need for full discharging reduces about 44.4% and 28.9%, respectively. With progress of time, the mass of liquid phase reduces and subsequently lower amount of heat release will be achieved. Inclusion of nanomaterial results in lower amount of energy. Also, the second case has greater amount of energy than third case.