Amount Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Impact of Emerging Transport Technologies on Freight Economic and Environmental Performance: A System Dynamics View.

Road freight transport promotes economic development while impeding the future of green development due to excessive fossil fuel use. Road freight enterprises need to adapt to stricter environmental regulations while maintaining a reasonable level of profit. However, this is not easy in a growing economy such as China's, whose domestic freight demand is increasing rapidly with economic growth. The development of emerging transport technologies (ETTs) creates great potential for reducing the negative environmental impact of road freight transport. This study considers five candidate ETTs: eco-driving, fleet platooning, vehicle utilization, optimized vehicle design, and renewable energy trucks. A system dynamics analytical framework is established to explore the long-term impact of ETTs on road profit and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under the uncertainty of macroeconomic development. Road freight enterprises affiliated with the Qingdao port in China are taken as a case study. The economic and environmental impact of their adoption of ETTs is projected from 2020 to 2035. The results show that the economic growth in the port hinterland leads to an increase in road freight volume and profit, but it also yields a greater amount of GHG emissions from road transport. All of the candidate ETTs exhibit a positive effect on reducing GHG emissions from road transport, but they also cause profit losses due to a high application cost, even though they reduce transport operating costs by fuel savings. The results of the Sobol sensitivity analysis show that GHG reductions are sensitive to the adoption of ETTs. Thus, a carbon-based compensation mechanism is introduced. With this mechanism, road freight enterprises should prioritize vehicle utilization, optimized vehicle design, and eco-driving in their adoption of ETTs for more sustainable development. The results provide systems-based insights into ETT deployment decisions for road freight companies.

A Playful Approach to Household Sustainability: Results From a Pilot Study on Resource Consumption

Background. U.S. households produce a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions, indicating a potential to reduce their carbon footprints from changing food, energy, and water (FEW) consumption patterns. Behavioral change to FEW consumption is needed, but difficult to achieve. Interactive and engaging approaches like serious games could be a way to increase awareness of possible measures, leading to more sustainable behavior at a household level. This study looks into the experiences and effects of a digital game for homeowners with the potential to reduce FEW resource consumption impacts. Intervention. In this study, we developed and implemented a digital game to explore its potential to raise awareness of the consumption and conservation of FEW resources and the efficacy of conservation messages. This study aims to measure learning outcomes from game participation and to assess the suitability of the game for informing resource conservation actions. Methods. We tested a proof-of-concept of a digital four-player game, called HomeRUN, with 28 homeowners. The data collected include homeowners’ values and preferences with regard to FEW resources. The patterns of game actions are analyzed with an emphasis on the effectiveness of conservation messaging in informing household consumption behavior. Results. About 65% of the respondents agree that they gained a better understanding of the greenhouse gas emission impacts of FEW resource consumption after playing the game. Over 57% of the respondents agree that the game experience would influence their future consumption behavior, while a quarter of the respondents are unsure. Overall, we demonstrate the HomeRUN game has potential as a tool for informing conservation efforts at a household level.

Overview of Natural Gas Boiler Optimization Technologies and Potential Applications on Gas Load Balancing Services

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been widely used for various purposes, including residential and industrial applications. The combustion of natural gas, despite being more environmentally friendly than other fossil fuels such as petroleum, yields significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the optimization of natural gas consumption is a vital process in order to ensure that emission targets are met worldwide. Regarding residential consumption, advancements in terms of boiler technology, such as the usage of condensing boilers, have played a significant role in moving towards this direction. On top of that, the emergence of technologies such as smart homes, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence provides opportunities for the development of automated optimization solutions, which can utilize data acquired from the boiler and various sensors in real-time, implement consumption forecasting methodologies, and accordingly provide control instructions in order to ensure optimal boiler functionality. Apart from energy consumption minimization, manual and automated optimization solutions can be utilized for balancing purposes, including natural gas demand response, which has not been sufficiently covered in the existing literature, despite its potential for the gas balancing market. Despite the existence of few research works and solutions regarding pure gas DR, the concept of an integrated demand response has been more widely researched, with the existing literature displaying promising results from the co-optimization of natural gas along with other energy sources, such as electricity and heat.

Conflicts of Interest and Emissions from Land Conversions: State of New Jersey as a Case Study

Conflicts of interest (COI) are an integral part of human society, including their influence on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change. Individuals or entities often have multiple interests ranging from financial benefits to reducing climate change-related risks, where choosing one interest may negatively impact other interests and societal welfare. These types of COI require specific management strategies. This study examines COI from land-use decisions as an intersection of different perspectives on land use (e.g., land conservation versus land development), which can have various consequences regarding GHG emissions. This study uses the state of New Jersey (NJ) in the United States of America (USA) as a case study to demonstrate COI related to soil-based GHG emissions from land conversions between 2001 and 2016 which caused $722.2M (where M = million = 106) worth of “realized” social costs of carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) emissions. These emissions are currently not accounted for in NJ’s total carbon footprint (CF), which can negatively impact the state’s ability to reach its carbon reduction goals. The state of NJ Statutes Annotated 26:2C-37 (2007): Global Warming Response Act (GWRA) (updated in 2019) set a statewide goal of reducing GHG emissions to 80 percent below 2006 levels by 2050. Remote sensing and soil data analysis allow temporal and quantitative assessment of the contribution of land cover conversions to NJ’s CF by soil carbon type, soil type, land cover type, and administrative units (state, counties), which helps document past, and estimate future related GHG emissions using a land cover change scenario to calculate the amount of GHG emissions if an area of land was to be developed. Decisions related to future land conversions involve potential COI within and outside state administrative structures, which could be managed by a conflict-of-interest policy. The site and time-specific disclosures of GHG emissions from land conversions can help governments manage these COI to mitigate climate change impacts and costs by assigning financial responsibility for specific CF contributions. Projected sea-level rise will impact 16 out of 21 NJ’s counties and it will likely reach coastal areas with densely populated urban areas throughout NJ. Low proportion of available public land limits opportunities for relocation. Increased climate-change-related damages in NJ and elsewhere will increase the number of climate litigation cases to alleviate costs associated with climate change. This litigation will further highlight the importance and intensity of different COI.

Beyond Human Nutrition of Edible Insects: Health Benefits and Safety Aspects.

Nowadays, edible insects are considered an outstanding source of nutrients, primarily because they contain high-quality protein, amino acids, and vitamins. Insects are considered a promising alternative protein source towards alleviating future global food shortage problems due to their production considered as being more sustainable by using less agricultural land and water, as well as releasing a smaller amount of greenhouse gas emissions. However, other important aspects to consider about the consumption of edible insects include their health benefits and some safety aspects, which has been relatively overlooked. In this sense, edible insects contain bioactive compounds that can provide diverse bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory with a positive impact on human health. On the other hand, edible insects are a nutrient-rich food that can provide a perfect growth medium for diverse microorganisms, as well as possess some anti-nutritive factors. These two main aspects could represent food safety concerns for consumers. In this context, recent scientific evidence indicates that preservation methods, mainly thermal treatments, utilized in the cooking or processing of edible insects decreased the microbial levels and anti-nutritive factors, which suggests that edible insects do not represent a critical biological risk to humans. Besides, edible insects could have a positive effect on gut microbiota, either by their pre-biotic effect or their antimicrobial activity towards pathogens. Thus, this review is focused on studies related to the health benefits of edible insects and their isolated components, as well as discussion about potential issues related to their microbial content and anti-nutritive factors; this review will provide a synopsis on whether edible insects may be considered safe for human consumption.

Operation of Power-to-X-Related Processes Based on Advanced Data-Driven Methods: A Comprehensive Review

This study is a systematic analysis of selected research articles about power-to-X (P2X)-related processes. The relevance of this resides in the fact that most of the world’s energy is produced using fossil fuels, which has led to a huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are the source of global warming. One of the most supported actions against such a phenomenon is to employ renewable energy resources, some of which are intermittent, such as solar and wind. This brings the need for large-scale, longer-period energy storage solutions. In this sense, the P2X process chain could play this role: renewable energy can be converted into storable hydrogen, chemicals, and fuels via electrolysis and subsequent synthesis with CO2. The main contribution of this study is to provide a systematic articulation of advanced data-driven methods and latest technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and machine learning for the efficient operation of P2X-related processes. We summarize our findings into different working architectures and illustrate them with a numerical result that employs a machine learning model using historic data to define operational parameters for a given P2X process.

Environmental impacts of eco-nutrition swine feeding programs in spatially explicit geographic regions of the United States.

This study was conducted to determine greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, land use, as well as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C) balance of five diet formulation strategies and feeding programs for growing-finishing pigs (25-130 kg body weight) in the three spatially explicit geographic regions where the majority of U.S. pork production occurs. Feeding programs evaluated consisted of 1) standard corn-soybean meal (CSBM) diets, 2) CSBM containing 15% corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), 3) CSBM with 8.6% thermally processed supermarket food waste (FW), 4) low crude protein CSBM diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids (SAA), and 5) CSBM with phytase enzyme (PHY) added at 600 FTU (phytase units)/kg of diet. An attributional Life Cycle Assessment approach using a highly specialized, spatially explicit Food System Supply-Chain Sustainability (FoodS3) model was used to quantify GHG emissions, water consumption, and land use of corn, soybean meal, and DDGS based on county level sourcing. The DDGS, FW, and SAA feeding programs had less estimated N and P intake and excretion than CSBM, and the PHY feeding program provided the greatest reduction in P excretion. The FW feeding program had the least overall GHG emissions (319.9 vs. 324.6 to 354.1 kg CO2 equiv./market hog), land use (331.5 vs. 346.5 to 385.2 m2/market hog), and water consumption (7.64 vs. 7.70 to 8.30 m3/market hog) among the alternatives. The DDGS feeding program had the greatest GHG emissions (354.1 kg CO2 equiv./market hog) among all programs but had less impacts on water consumption (7.70 m3) and land use (346.5 m2) per market hog than CSBM and PHY. The SAA feeding program provided a 6.5-7.4% reduction in land use impacts compared with CSBM and PHY, respectively. Regardless of feeding program, the Midwest had the least contributions to GHG emissions and land use attributed to feed and manure among regions. Water consumption per market hog associated with feeding programs was much greater in the Southwest (59.66-63.58 m3) than in the Midwest (4.45-4.88 m3) and Mid-Atlantic (1.85-2.14 m3) regions. Results show that diet composition and U.S. geographic region significantly affect GHG emissions, water consumption, and land use of pork production systems, and the potential use of thermally processed supermarket food waste at relatively low diet inclusion rates (<10%) can reduce environmental impacts compared with other common feeding strategies.

Validating Confined Flame Noise Simulation Using External Sensor.

Advancements in lean premixed combustion have increased the efficiency and reduced the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, but they have led to increased noise emissions due to higher turbulence and mixing fluctuations. This study used an external sensor (microphone) to validate the simulation of the combustion noise of a confined space. An experimental facility with a laboratory-scale furnace was used to carry out the measurement, and the simulation of the confined flame noise was conducted in OpenFOAM. The simulation utilized the Partially Stirred Reactor (PaSR) and a hybrid computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach using the large eddy simulation (LES)/the Ffwocs Williams–Hawkings (FWH) method. Additionally, unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS)/the FWH method was tested for a comparison with the LES prediction. A sensor which was placed outside the enclosure for ease of access was then used to validate the results of the numerical model. The sensor data agreed with the LES/FWH results including the amplitude and frequency of the primary combustion peak and the overall sound pressure level (OASPL). This suggested that a sensor which was placed outside the enclosure could serve as a validation tool for the simulation of the confined flames despite the sound reflections from the walls.

Recovery of sparse urban greenhouse gas emissions

Abstract. To localize and quantify greenhouse gas emissions from cities, gas concentrations are typically measured at a small number of sites and then linked to emission fluxes using atmospheric transport models. Solving this inverse problem is challenging because the system of equations often has no unique solution and the solution can be sensitive to noise. A common top–down approach for solving this problem is Bayesian inversion with the assumption of a multivariate Gaussian distribution as the prior emission field. However, such an assumption has drawbacks when the assumed spatial emissions are incorrect or not Gaussian distributed. In our work, we investigate sparse reconstruction (SR), an alternative reconstruction method that can achieve reasonable estimations without using a prior emission field by making the assumption that the emission field is sparse. We show that this assumption is generally true for the cities we investigated and that the use of the discrete wavelet transform helps to make the urban emission field even more sparse. To evaluate the performance of SR, we created concentration data by applying an atmospheric forward transport model to CO2 emission inventories of several major European cities. We used SR to locate and quantify the emission sources by applying compressed sensing theory and compared the results to regularized least squares (LSs) methods. Our results show that SR requires fewer measurements than LS methods and that SR is better at localizing and quantifying unknown emitters.

REDD+: The Opportunity for Sustainable Management in Zagros Forests

ABSTRACT The Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) projects aim to prevent deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions as a policy to combat climate changes. This article evaluates changes to the Zagros’ Forest cover in 20 years and predicts the implications of implementing the REDD+ project in the next two decades. Using Landsat Forest cover maps and a logistic regression model the potential for forest cover transfer to non-forest regions was modeled to identify regions at risk of deforestation. A Markov chain was implemented to predict the changes. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) was employed for validation, and the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS) was utilized to model the REDD+ project baseline to predict the forest cover changes. The findings indicate, 37,809 hectares of forest cover were lost in the past 20 years and with this trend, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions will increase. However, implementing the REDD+ project can prevent the release of 1,714,534.13 tCO2e. Therefore, this deteriorating forest possesses the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by preventing deforestation, identifying deforestation-prone areas and implementing the REDD+ project utilizing the methodology presented. Climate change mitigation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity protection are just a few of the benefits of REDD+ projects that can aid sustainable forest management

Characterization of Greenhouse Gases Emissions by Economic Sectors Using Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis (EEIOA)

Objectives : As climate change deepened, the concept of 2050 carbon neutrality was introduced. The COP 26 Glasgow Agreement strengthened the national greenhouse gases (GHGs) target of 2030. However, there are controversies over the feasibility of these GHGs reduction goals, considering the economic sectors energy policy and the attributes of GHGs emissions. Taking this into consideration, this study aimed to formulate the 2017 Environmentally Expanded Input-output Table to analyze the characteristics of GHGs emissions in Korea's economic sectors.Methods : The carbon dioxide emission was calculated by multiplying carbon dioxide emission factors to fuel consumption in the 2017 energy balance table, while other GHGs emissions are taken from the national GHGs inventory. All the GHGs emissions calculated and taken were allocated to 381 basic sectors of the Input-Output Table to represent each sector's characteristics of GHGs emissions. Then 381 sectors are combined into a large category of 35 sectors to formulate the 2017 Republic of Korea Environmentally Extended Input-Output Table (ROKEEIOT). Using this ROKEEIOT, the emission of Scope 1. 2, and 3 by economic sectors were estimated, and the GHGs emissions and GHGs intensity by economic sectors.Results and Discussion : The carbon dioxide emissions calculated by the 2017 ROKEEIOT prepared in this study showed a difference of 2% from the 2017 national GHGs emission statistics, confirming that the 2017 ROKEEIOT is very effective. The three economic sectors with the highest direct GHGs emissions were electricity, steam, chilled or hot water, air conditioning supply (262,280 kt CO2eq.), primary metal products (117.098 kt CO2eq.), and transportation equipment (58,332 kt CO2eq.). However, the total GHGs emissions were different in the order of construction (151,476 kt CO2eq.), transportation equipment (112,168 kt CO2eq.), computer, and electronic and optical instruments (107,868 kt CO2eq.). As a result of classifying the scope of GHGs emissions, 6 industries exceeded 50% in Scope 1, and 29 sectors exceeded 50% in Scope 3, indicating that GHGs reduction measures were necessary for the supply chain in consideration of the GHGs emissions characteristics by economic sectors. In particular, 41.68% of GHGs emissions induced by final demand were generated by exports confirming, confirming the urgent need to strengthen the carbon competitiveness of export industry in preparation for the introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism.Conclusion : The economic contribution, direct GHGs emissions of industries, and the amount of GHGs emissions induced by supply chains and value chains show very different patterns by economic sectors. Therefore, it was confirmed that scientific policies to reduce GHGs emissions, such as net-zero and climate change measures, should reflect the characteristics of Scope 1, which is direct emission by industry, Scope 2 emissions caused by electricity and steam consumption and scope 3 emissions generated along the supply chain or value chain.

Inclusive and Sustainable Public Transportation in Nairobi

Public transport is a service rendered by the government to its citizens for moving people and goods from one point to another. Sustainable transport refers to systems of transport whose impacts are environmentally and socially acceptable. Sustainable transport is ideally a system that is beneficial to the community environmentally - low- and zero-emission, economically - affordable modes of transport and socially – accessible to everyone. Firstly, a sustainable public transport system is environmentally just when the system endeavours to reduce the amount of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) emissions being emitted into the atmosphere. It is reported that globally transportation systems account for approximately 25% of carbon dioxide emissions and world energy consumption. Secondly, it is socially just when it is readily available and is able to cater for the need of the vulnerable in society such as the elderly, Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), children, and even women. Thirdly, it is economically just when the system does not lead to the government losing huge chunks of money due to time lost in traffic congestion, being affordable to commuters, and saving them time. Therefore, Public transport is ideally a public good and should be a public service to the citizens of a country just like education and health. The Kenyan Road-based public transport system is not really a public transport but rather a profit-making private transportation business that serves the transportation needs of the society.

Environmental and economic issues for renewable production of bio-jet fuel: A global prospective

Given how quickly the aviation sector is growing, it is crucial to find sustainable ways to supply the demand. Modern technological developments and the creation of alternative jet fuels are crucial elements that could help eliminate greenhouse gases (GHGs) like CO2 emissions. Traditional jet fuel produces a sizable amount of GHG emissions, which has raised concern on a global scale. Compared to conventional jet fuel, biofuel is thought to be more renewable and less polluting. Biojet fuels might work as an effective substitute. The varieties of bio jet fuel, manufacturing procedures (including alcohol-to-jet, oil-to-jet, syngas-to-jet, and sugar-to-jet ways), existing regulations, and the effects of bio jet fuels on the environment and the economy are all covered in length in this overview. These are the techniques that are most frequently used to create bio-jet fuel from both edible and inedible feedstock. The main conclusions of this review indicate that the most popular method for producing biofuel is hydrogenated esters and fatty acids (HEFA). The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) approaches cost more to install even though they produce fewer GHGs. Environmentally beneficial and technologically advanced, second-generation biofuels are a great choice. It has been revealed that jatropha is a crop that produces a lot of energy. The price of feedstock and the lack of bio-jet fuel are the two biggest obstacles to substituting conventional fuel. To increase the power and quality of energy, further in-depth research on optimal feedstocks is necessary. In order to address the needs of both commercial and military aircraft, biomass jet fuel has a lot of potential to replace conventional jet fuel. High yield should be one of the properties of the feedstock without affecting food production.

Research on the Optimization Strategy of the Low-Carbon Economic Development Model based on the BP Neural Network Model

Low-carbon economy has become a topic of great concern to the international community. Sea level rise caused by climate change, flood disasters, biodiversity reduction, global famine, and other issues have begun to threaten the normal survival of human beings, and the climate problem needs to be solved urgently. While ensuring rapid economic development, in order to better control the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions, this paper, based on the theory of low-carbon economy, takes control of total carbon emissions for low-carbon economic development, as a perspective, and selects the optimization for the development of low-carbon economy. From the aspects of structural emission reduction technology and emission reduction, a carbon emission control optimization index system for low-carbon economic development based on total carbon emission control is constructed. Under the framework of the index system, construct an optimization model for the total amount of carbon emissions in a low-carbon economy and use the BP neural network model to seek the balance point between economic development, energy consumption, and carbon emissions so as to promote the rational and scientific development of the low-carbon economy. Planning and development. First of all, on the premise of maintaining the same economic growth rate, the optimization plan will reduce carbon emissions. Secondly, on the premise of keeping the cost of energy consumption unchanged, it is more reasonable to adjust the energy consumption structure. Taking the optimization plan as the suggestion for the development direction of the low-carbon economy, it provides scientific and feasible technical support for achieving the emission reduction target of reducing the unit greenhouse gas emission to 40%.

Estimation of greenhouse gas emission flux from agricultural lands of Khuzestan province in Iran.

Greenhouse gas emissions and their effects on global warming are one of the serious challenges of developed and developing countries. Investigating the amount of greenhouse gas emissions of different countries makes it possible to determine the share of countries in the production of greenhouse gases. The purpose of this study is to use DAYCENT and DNDC models to estimate the emission rate of methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide greenhouse gases as well as to estimate the global warming potential in Khuzestan agricultural lands in Iran. For this purpose, the gas sampling was done in rice, wheat, and sugarcane fields using a static chamber, and then the concentration of methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide was determined by using gas chromatography. In the following, DAYCENT and DNDC models were used to estimate gas emissions and the global warming potential of these gases was estimated. Finally, TOPSIS method was used to prioritize gas emissions. In order to evaluate the modeling accuracy, the statistical indicators of maximum error, root mean square error, determination coefficient, model efficiency, and residual mass coefficient were used. According to the results, the highest measured gas flux was obtained for rice fields at Baghmalek and the lowest for sugarcane in Abadan. The results of DAYCENT model estimation showed that the highest emissions were obtained for methane gas and rice cultivation, and lowest gas emissions were obtained for sugarcane cultivation. The results of DNDC model estimation also showed that the highest flux was determined for nitrous oxide gas in rice cultivation. The results of the estimation of global warming potential also showed that it was the highest in sugarcane cultivation (Shushtar station) and the DAYCENT model, and the lowest was also in wheat cultivation and the DNDC model. The statistical results of the estimation of DAYCENT and DNDC models showed that the DAYCENT model in sugarcane cultivation (Shushtar station) was the most accurate in estimating carbon dioxide gas, and the lowest accuracy was related to the DNDC model and sugarcane cultivation (Shushtar station) in estimating nitrous oxide gas. According to the results of agricultural activities in Khuzestan province, they have made a major contribution to the production of greenhouse gases, which, or the lack of attention to this issue, will have an effect on the future climate of this region.

A Comparative Review on Energy Storage Systems and Their Application in Deregulated Systems

Electrical energy is critical to the advancement of both social and economic growth. Because of its importance, the electricity industry has historically been controlled and operated by governmental entities. The power market is being deregulated, and it has been modified throughout time. Both regulated and deregulated electricity markets have benefits and pitfalls in terms of energy costs, efficiency, and environmental repercussions. In regulated markets, policy-based strategies are often used to deal with the costs of fossil fuel resources and increase the feasibility of renewable energy sources. Renewables may be incorporated into deregulated markets by a mix of regulatory and market-based approaches, as described in this paper, to increase the systems economic stability. As the demand for energy has increased substantially in recent decades, particularly in developing nations, the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions has increased fast, as have fuel prices, which are the primary motivators for programmers to use renewable energy sources more effectively. Despite its obvious benefits, renewable energy has considerable drawbacks, such as irregularity in generation, because most renewable energy supplies are climate-dependent, demanding complex design, planning, and control optimization approaches. Several optimization solutions have been used in the renewable-integrated deregulated power system. Energy storage technology has risen in relevance as the usage of renewable energy has expanded, since these devices may absorb electricity generated by renewables during off-peak demand hours and feed it back into the grid during peak demand hours. Using renewable energy and storing it for future use instead of expanding fossil fuel power can assist in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. There is a desire to maximize the societal benefit of a deregulated system by better using existing power system capacity through the implementation of an energy storage system (ESS). As a result, good ESS device placement offers innovative control capabilities in steady-state power flow regulation as well as dynamic stability management. This paper examines numerous elements of renewable integrated deregulated power systems and gives a comprehensive overview of the most current research breakthroughs in this field. The main objectives of the reviews are the maximization of system profit, maximization of social welfare and minimization of system generation cost and loss by optimal placement of energy storage devices and renewable energy systems. This study will be very helpful for the power production companies who want to build new renewable-based power plant by sighted the present status of renewable energy sources along with the details of several EES systems. The incorporation of storage devices in the renewable-incorporated deregulated system will provide maximum social benefit by supplying additional power to the thermal power plant with minimum cost.

A Comparative Study on System Profit Maximization of a Renewable Combined Deregulated Power System

Electrical energy plays a key role in the development of the social as well as the economic front. The power sector has historically been owned and operated by state agencies due to its tremendous importance. It has been restructured over time, and the power market is being deregulated. In terms of consumer prices, efficiency, and environmental implications, both regulated and deregulated electricity markets offer advantages and disadvantages. Policy-based techniques are typically used in regulated markets to address the costs of fossil-fuel resources and boost the viability of renewable energy sources. Renewables can be integrated into deregulated markets through a combination of regulatory and market-based measures to extend the system’s economic stability which has been deployed in this paper. As the need for energy has expanded dramatically over the last few decades, particularly in developing countries, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions has climbed rapidly, as have fuel prices, which are the key driving forces behind initiatives to use renewable energy sources more effectively. Despite the apparent benefits of renewable energy, it has significant downsides, such as generation of optimization methods applied to renewable consistency, because most renewable energy supplies are climate-dependent, necessitating complicated design, planning, and control optimization methods. There have been numerous optimization strategies applied to the renewable integrated deregulated electricity system. With the increased use of renewable energy, energy storage technology has grown in importance, as these devices can capture electricity generated by renewables during off-peak demand hours and put it back into the grid during peak demand periods. Using stored renewable energy instead of adding generation based on fossil fuel can help to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. There is an interest in better utilizing available power system capacity by implementing FACTS to maximize the social benefit in a deregulated system. As a result, effective FACTS device placement provides novel control capabilities in both steady-state power flow regulation and dynamic stability control. This study reviews several aspects of renewable integrated deregulated power systems and provides a clear picture of the most recent research developments on this subject. The main objectives of the reviews are the maximization of system profit, maximization of social welfare, and minimization of system generation cost and loss by optimal placement of energy storage devices and FACTS controllers.

Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide Concentrations and the Influencing Factors in Small Aquaculture Pond

As an important source of greenhouse gases, the changes in greenhouse gas concentrations of aquaculture ponds are not only the basis for accurate quantification of greenhouse gases emissions but are also important for identifying their influencing factors. The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of CH4, CO2, and N2O concentrations and the influencing factors in a typical small aquaculture pond in the Yangtze River Delta were analyzed based on the headspace equilibrium-gas chromatograph method. Except in spring, the concentrations of CH4, and N2O appeared high at noon or afternoon and were influenced by water temperature. Impacted by water temperature and aquatic plant photosynthesis, the concentrations of CO2 were high in the morning when photosynthesis was weak. The concentrations of CH4 and CO2 were the highest in autumn and the lowest in winter. The mean concentrations of CH4 in autumn and winter were 176.34 nmol·L-1 and 32.75 nmol·L-1, respectively, which were mainly affected by air temperature, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen. The average CO2 concentrations in autumn and winter were 134.37 μmol·L-1 and 23.10 μmol·L-1, respectively, and were mainly affected by aquatic vegetation photosynthesis and pH. N2O concentration was the highest in summer and the lowest in winter, with mean values of 97.05 nmol·L-1 and 19.41 nmol·L-1, respectively, which were mainly affected by air temperature and water temperature. In terms of the vertical spatial variations of the three greenhouse gases, the concentration of CH4decreased with water depth in summer, and the concentration differences between the surface layer and the bottom and middle layers were 71.28 nmol·L-1 and 42.80 nmol·L-1, respectively. The concentration of CH4 increased with water depth in autumn, and the concentration difference between the bottom layer and surface layer was 163.94 nmol·L-1. The CO2 concentration increased with water depth in summer and autumn. The concentration differences between the bottom and surface concentrations were 18.69 μmol·L-1 and 29.90 μmol·L-1, respectively. N2O concentration showed no obvious change in the vertical direction. For the horizontal variations, the concentrations of CH4, CO2, and N2O in the feeding area in summer and in chicken manure in spring were approximately 1.34-1.98 times and 1.95-2.42 times those in other areas, respectively, and the concentrations of N2O and CO2 in spring and summer were approximately 1.13-1.26 times and 1.39-1.74 times those in other areas.

Decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock industrial development: Evidence from China Agricultural Green Development Modern Zone

China Agricultural Green Development Modern Zone (CAGDMZ) constitute a demonstration area for achieving green and sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. It plays a role in demonstrating high-quality agricultural development and environmental protection. As a result, a coordinated interaction among livestock greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and rapid industrial livestock evolution in the CAGDMZ is of great concern to China’s government. In this paper, we were the first to research the decoupling relationship between livestock GHG emissions and industrial development by using data from 165 CAGDMZ of China from 2010 to 2019 at different regional scales and long time series. On this basis, we further explored the factors affecting livestock GHG emissions by using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method (LMDI). Our analysis revealed that the amount of GHG emissions from livestock in the CAGDMZ showed a rising and then declining trend. Pigs, nondairy cattle and sheep were the main targets of livestock GHG emission reductions. There were obvious spatial differences in livestock GHG emissions. 17 provinces’CAGDMZ achieved emissions reductions, but 14 provinces’ CAGDMZ increased livestock GHG emissions. The Northeast CAGDMZ had the highest livestock GHG emissions and the Eastern CAGDMZ had the largest livestock GHG deceleration. Furthermore, the decoupling status in the CAGDMZ were unstable. Most provinces or regions of the CAGDMZ maintained the economic growth of livestock while curbing the excessive growth of GHG emissions. Only a few of them achieved a win-win situation of livestock output value increase while GHG emission reduction. Moreover, the comprehensive effect showed an inverted “U” trend. Production efficiency was the most major contributor to livestock GHG emissions reductions. Economic development factor and labor scale factor were the main driving factors for increasing GHG emissions. Industrial structure factor shifted from promotion to suppression of livestock GHG emissions. Therefore, some policies to accomplish the CAGDMZ’s long-term development were proposed.

Annual carbon sequestration and loss rates under altered hydrology and fire regimes in southeastern USA pocosin peatlands.

Peatlands drained for agriculture or forestry are susceptible to the rapid release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) through enhanced microbial decomposition and increased frequency of deep peat fires. We present evidence that rewetting drained subtropical wooded peatlands (STWPs) along the southeastern USA coast, primarily pocosin bogs, could prevent significant carbon (C) losses. To quantify GHG emissions and storage from drained and rewetted pocosin we used eddy covariance techniques, the first such estimates that have been applied to this major bog type, on a private drained (PD) site supplemented by static chamber measurements at PD and Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. Net ecosystem exchange measurements showed that the loss was 21.2Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 (1Mg=106 g) in the drained pocosin. Under a rewetted scenario, where the annual mean water table depth (WTD) decreased from 60 to 30 cm, the C loss was projected to fall to 2Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 , a 94% reduction. If the WTD was 20 cm, the peatlands became a net carbon sink (-3.3Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 ). Hence, net C reductions could reach 24.5Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 , and when scaled up to the 4000 ha PD site nearly 100,000 Mg CO2 year-1 of creditable C could be amassed. We conservatively estimate among the 0.75million ha of southeastern STWPs, between 450 and 770 km2 could be rewet, reducing annual GHG emissions by 0.96-1.6Tg (1Tg=1012 g) of CO2 , through suppressed microbial decomposition and 1.7-2.8Tg via fire prevention, respectively. Despite covering <0.01% of US land area, rewetting drained pocosin can potentially provide 2.4% of the annual CO2 nationwide reduction target of 0.18 Pg (1Pg=1015 g). Suggesting pocosin restoration can contribute disproportionately to the US goal of achieving net-zero emission by 2050.