Amount Of Grains Research Articles

A study on dietary habits, nutrient intakes and dietary quality in adults of a health screening and promotion center according to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habits, food intakes, nutrient intakes, and diet quality of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a health screening and promotion center. Methods: The total number of study subjects was 10,111 adults, where 3087 subjects (30.5%) were diagnosed as NAFLD. The dietary intakes were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. They were then compared with the dietary reference intakes could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines s (KDRIs). Results: Mean age of subjects in the normal group was 52.9±10.3 yrs and body mass index (BMI) was 22.4 ± 2.6 kg/m², and those of the NAFLD group were 55.1 ± 9.2 yrs and 25.4 ± 2.9 kg/m². BMI, blood pressure of the NAFLD group were significantly higher than those of the normal group. The rates of skipping breakfast, overeating, and eating out were significantly could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines er in the NAFLD group (p < 0.05, p < 0.000, p < 0.000 respectively). The speed of eating was fast in the NAFLD group (p < 0.000). The NAFLD group consumed significantly higher amounts of grains, meats, fish, seaweeds, kimchies, sugars, sweets, coffee, teas, and oils compared to the normal group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, intakes of starch products, fruits, milk, and milk products were significantly lower in the NAFLD group compared with those of the normal group (p < 0.05). Riboflavin, calcium, and dietary fiber nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of the NAFLD group were significantly lower than those of the normal group. The Koreans dietary diversity score (KDDS) of the NAFLD group was lower than that of the normal group. Conclusion: In conclusion, we suggest that diet guidelines, such as increasing the intake of calcium and dietary fiber, reducing the intake of energy, fat, and simple carbohydrates, are necessary to improvement of NAFLD. The results could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines for NAFLD.

The Geography of the Great Leap Famine

This article presents a detailed map of the impact of the Great Leap famine, based on a comparison of the age cohorts recorded in the 2000 population census. The map is interpreted with reference to three historical features of the economic geography of early Communist China: the national grain procurement and distribution system, established to support the industrialization drive of the First Five-Year Plan; the logic of administrative macroregions, which led to the emergence of designated “grain surplus” and “grain deficit” areas; and the efforts of logistics experts to maximize the amount of grain transported along China’s limited modern transport infrastructure. It is suggested that the radicalization of local party leaders, often considered to be a key cause of spatial variation in famine severity, was strongly conditioned by factors of economic geography.

Effect of number of grains and boundary conditions on digital material representation deformation under plane strain

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the digital material representation of a single-phase polycrystalline unit cell. Particular attention is put on the amount of grains in the microstructure, which can be considered as the representative volume element of a sample subjected to plastic deformation conditions. Additionally, the influences of the periodic and non-periodic boundary conditions on deformation behavior of the unit cells are evaluated. Possibility of the application of periodic boundary conditions on the non-periodic unit cells using a buffer zone approach is also discussed. Obtained results of equivalent strains and reaction force on case studies are presented.

The Study of Manufacturing and Ingot Characterization of U-Zr Alloys

Manufacturing and characterization of U-Zr alloys for PWR fuel types have been conducted. At first U-Zr alloy ingot was made by melting U and Zr metal in the electric arc furnace that is equipped with a water cooler and in an atmosphere of argon gas. Ingot manufacturing of U-Zr alloy was done at Zr concentration 35%, 45%, 55% and 65% weight respectively. U-Zr ingot result was cut for testing, such as: density, hardness, microstructure and phases. Density testing was done by using Autopicnometer, hardness by using microhardness, microstructure by using optical microscope, and phase by XRD. The density test results showed that the increase of Zr will decrease the density, while the hardness tends to increase. At Zr concentration amount 35 % (U-35Zr) the U-35Zr density is 11.2409 g/cc and at concentration amount of 65% (U-65Zr) the U-65 Zr density to be 8.4673 g/cc, while the hardness at 35% of Zr (U-35Zr) the hardness is 374 HV and will be 400 HV at concentration of Zr amount 65%. The microstructure observation result showed that increasing of Zr will increase the amount of grain and δ1 phases, while the result of phases testing showed that the U-Zr alloy tested had been dominated by the δ1 phases. From this experiment can be concluded that adding of Zr will influence the physical properties, mechanical, and microstructure formed. Keywords: Manufacturing, characterization, U-Zr , fuel, PWR.

Texture in NiTi-Based Shape Memory Alloys Produced by Twin Roll Casting

Two shape memory alloys with nominal chemical composition: Ni50Ti50 and Ni47Ti50Co3 were produced using twin roll casting technique (TRC). Relatively high cooling rate realized during solidification causes directional heat flow. In result of that, high textured strips were produced. However, the total amount of the preferentially oriented grains differs between surface and cross-section of the strip. At surface, where the crystallization of the grains is the most intensive amount of the grains can reach about 77%. At the cross-section of both strips, where the solidification rate decreased, the total amount of the textured grains was not higher than 57%.

Yield and Bread‐Making Potential of Spring Wheat Under Mineral and Organic Fertilization

ABSTRACTThe food industry is increasingly interested in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) produced under low‐input farming. However, the influence of soil management practices and N source type on wheat is unclear. Spring wheat (‘AC Brio’) was grown in 2009 and 2010 near Quebec City, QC, Canada, on a silty clay (SC) and a sandy loam (SL) soil under cool and wet climatic conditions. Nitrogen treatments comprised a control (mineral fertilizer containing P and K only [PK]), a complete mineral fertilizer (NPK), and three organic N sources (liquid swine manure [LSM], liquid dairy cattle manure [LCM], and solid poultry manure [SPM]) applied in the spring to moldboard plowed and minimum till plots. Even though some differences were found in crop N uptake between soil types and production years, the average amount of grains produced at harvest per unit of N applied was greater with NPK (8.5 kg grain kg−1 N applied) than with animal manures but was similar among LSM (6.4), SPM (5.8), and LCM (5.0). The use of LSM and SPM resulted in grain yields similar to those obtained with NPK. The grain protein and gluten content were generally greater with NPK (150 g protein kg−1 and 105 g gluten kg−1) than with the organic N sources (142 to 144 g protein kg−1 and 94 to 100 g gluten kg−1). However, these disparities had no effect on bread loaf volumes (average of 790 mL). The use of animal manures appears as an interesting alternative to mineral N fertilizers to produce good quality bread‐making wheat.

Post-harvest damage to stored grain by rodents in village environments in Laos

Rodents can cause significant damage to grain stores in developing countries, affecting food security and income of small-holder farmers. This study assessed a method to measure the losses caused by rodents to grain stores in rural upland areas of Laos, where black rats, Rattus rattus, are the main rodent pest species. Known amounts of grain were put into metal bowls, placed inside farmer grain stores, and monitored every 2 wk after harvest for a dry and wet season rice crop. There were 2.5–3.0 droppings and 1.4–2.2 hairs per 100-g sample. There was a positive relationship between the number of fecal droppings and hairs from within the bowls and from samples from the grain stores. Weight loss was 10.3% in the dry season and 7.4% in the wet season. There was a weak but positive relationship between fecal droppings and weight loss. It was not possible to ascribe rodent damage to environmental or hygiene conditions. Loss by rodents was calculated at 117 kg, which could feed a Lao household for 1.5 months. Improvements in the methodology are needed to control for interference with the bowls. An experimental approach is suggested to examine potential factors that might influence rodent damage.

Feeding barley grain-rich diets altered electrophysiological properties and permeability of the ruminal wall in a goat model

High-producing ruminants are commonly fed large amounts of concentrate to meet their high energy demands for rapid growth or high milk production. However, this feeding strategy can severely impair rumen functioning, leading to subacute ruminal acidosis. Subacute ruminal acidosis might have consequences for electrophysiological properties by changing the net ion transfer and permeability of ruminal epithelia, which may increase the uptake of toxic compounds generated in the rumen into the systemic circulation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of excessive barley feeding on the electrophysiological and barrier functions of the ruminal epithelium and serum inflammation and ketogenesis markers after a long-term feeding challenge, using growing goats as a ruminant model. A feeding trial was carried out with growing goats allocated to 1 of the 3 groups (n=5–6 animals/group), with diets consisting exclusively of hay (control diet) or hay with 30 or 60% barley grain. Samples of the ventral ruminal epithelium were taken after euthanasia and instantly subjected to Ussing chamber experiments, where electrophysiological properties of the epithelium were measured in parallel with the permeability of marker molecules of different sizes [fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate and horseradish peroxidase] from luminal to apical side. Additionally, ruminal fluid and blood samples were taken at the beginning of the experiment as well as shortly before euthanasia. Ruminal fluid samples were analyzed for volatile fatty acids and pH, whereas blood samples were analyzed for lipopolysaccharide, serum amyloid A, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Electrophysiological data indicated that barley feeding increased the epithelial short-circuit current compared with the control. Tissue conductance also increased with dietary barley inclusion. As shown with both marker molecules, permeability of ruminal epithelia increased with barley inclusion in the diet. Despite a lowered ruminal pH associated with increased volatile fatty acids (such as propionate and butyrate) concentrations as well as altered epithelial properties in response to high-grain feeding, no signs of inflammation became apparent, as blood serum amyloid A concentrations remained unaffected by diet. However, greater amounts of grain in the diet were associated with a quadratic increase in lipopolysaccharide concentration in the serum. Also, increasing the amounts of barley grain in the diet resulted in a tendency to quadratically augment serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and, hence, the alimentary ketogenesis. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of barley inclusion in the development of subacute ruminal acidosis in relation to ruminal epithelial damage and the translocation of toxic compounds in vivo.

Shape Memory Effect in NiTiCo Strip Produced by Twin Roll Casting Technique

The ternary Ni47Ti50Co3 alloy was produced using twin roll technique and traditional casting. The bulk alloy was hot rolled and thermally treated. Both alloys showed presence of the reversible martensitic transformation, in which the parent phase transformed to the B19’monoclinic martensite via the R-phase. However, they significantly differed in grains orientation. Thermally treated alloy showed weak fibre texture (35% of total amount), whereas the strip revealed fibre and {100} sheet texture components. In the strip more than 70% of total amount of grains were preferentially oriented. Presence of the texture affected the shape memory effect. In the strip, the two-way shape memory effect was induced after 30 training cycles. In thermally treated bulk, 52% of shape recovery was reached after 100 training cycles.

Control of stored product pests by ionizing radiation

Food irradiation for prevention of food-borne illness and disinfestation of commodities of pests is increasing in a number of countries. The goal of this review is to analyze the literature and current use of irradiation to control stored product pests and suggest research to optimize its potential. Doses to prevent reproduction of stored product pests range from 0.05 kGy for Tenebrio molitor L. to 0.45 kGy for Sitotroga cereallela (Olivier). Small but increasing amounts of grains and pulses are being irradiated in the world today especially in Asia. At least 33 countries permit irradiation of some stored products with 14 countries permitting it for all stored products. Ways in which stored product irradiation research and application may influence other uses of irradiation technology are also discussed. Deactivation of weed seeds might be an area of stored product phytosanitation where irradiation would have an advantage over other measures.

On a Horse

Labor was an analytic category in the long english eighteenth century, but was work equally so? Is there any point in discovering a difference between the two? Lawyers and high-court judges, philosophers, physiologists, and prelates worked hard at the business of defining labor, over many years. Their formulations provided the legal and conceptual underpinnings of a new form of society born of the era of revolutions (political, philosophical, industrial; American, Atlantic, French). Here was a template for social knowledge in an emerging class society. Society was divided into propertied and propertyless; the propertyless were compelled by material need to put their labor at the disposal of the propertied. The labor of the poor was a country's natural resource, like its soil and seas and mines; it fell to the propertied to deploy this resource for the national benefit. British philosophers and physicists analyzed labor as a form of energy, often drawing an analogy between it and another great resource of the nation, its horses. Working men and women and horses were bound together in the deep structure of political thinking about labor and the social order. For eighteenth-century theorists, legislators, and farmers, the horse was the immanent measure of labor power and labor time. A horse was a measure of labor itself. There were perhaps a million horses in England and Wales in the late eighteenth century, about half of them workhorses in farming. The contribution of their dung to cereal-crop yield is attested to by economic and agricultural historians (Wrigley,Continuity35–46; Gerhold; Turner). Horses were one reason the nation was, by and large, able to feed an increased population out of its own natural resources and sources of labor power, unlike other European countries in the period 1660–1820 (Wrigley,Poverty44–67). The importance of the horse to agricultural productivity seems assured, though some contemporary economists, in the face of harvest failures in the 1790s and ongoing crises of dearth, complained of too many horses and of the vast amount of grain and labor spent in foddering and caring for them (Crafts; Brooke 1–34).

Qualitative characteristics of meat from confined crossbred heifers fed with lipid sources

Lipids have been used in ruminant feed to replace high amounts of grain for increasing the diet energy density, performance and meat quality. This study evaluated the qualitative characteristics of meat from feedlot heifers fed with sources of lipid supplements. Twenty-one crossbred heifers (1/4Nelore × 1/4Santa Gertrudis × 1/2Braunvieh) were used. Each heifer received 60 % forage with a base of corn silage and 40 % concentrate, resulting in 5.8 % lipid content in the total diet. The following sources of lipids were used: soybeans, protected fat and soybean oil. There were no differences on physical characteristics of meat samples from heifers fed with the lipid sources. Soybeans increased the concentration of linoleic acid, content of polyunsaturated fatty acid and activity of the Δ9-desaturase C16 enzyme in the Longissimus muscle. The use of soybean oil in the diet increased the oleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, total cis- and trans-fatty acids (C18:0) and the activity of the Δ9-desaturase C16 enzyme in the subcutaneous fat. Diets with soybean grain had greater deposition of linoleic and linolenic acids than diets with fat protected and greater presence of these essential fatty acids are associated to a better composition and meat quality.

The role of whole grains in body weight regulation.

Whole grain (WG)-rich diets are purported to have a variety of health benefits, including a favorable role in body weight regulation. Current dietary recommendations advocate substituting WG for refined grains (RG), because many of the beneficial bioactive components intrinsic to WG are lost during the refining process. Epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate that higher intakes of WG, but not RG, are associated with lower BMI and/or reduced risk of obesity. However, recent clinical trials have failed to support a role for WG in promoting weight loss or maintenance. Though the biochemical and structural characteristics of WG have been shown to modulate appetite, nutrient availability, and energy utilization, the capacity of WG foods to elicit these effects varies with the type and amount of grain consumed as well as the nature of its consumption. As such, WG foods differentially affect physiologic factors influencing body weight with the common practice of processing and reconstituting WG ingredients during food production likely mitigating the capacity for WG to benefit body weight regulation.

Les campagnes limousines au XVIIIe siecle: une specialisation bovine en pays de petite culture

This impressive study of eighteenth-century Limousin shows that the peasants diversified agriculture to spread harvests over several months and reduce the risks of dearth. Diversification helped farmers cope with the vagaries of the weather and the unpredictability of harvests. It also permitted autonomy at a time when transport costs and poor roads made it difficult to procure provisions from far away. The peasantry, Jean Pierre Delhoume shows, possessed 82 percent of the properties but only 30.8 percent of the land in 28 parishes around 1750. Peasant households had an average of 4.9 hectares. Five percent of the land was owned communally. The rest belonged to members of the clergy, nobility and bourgeoisie, whose landholdings had an average size of 30.7, 110.2, and 47.5 hectares respectively. These non-peasants played little role in agriculture beyond taking rents from its surpluses. Based on an examination of 684 leases from 1730 to 1790, Delhoume shows that they usually specified the farm animals, seeds, tax burdens, carting services, and other labour obligations. Tenants entered into leases with the winter crops already in the fields and had to agree to leave the farm with the same quantity of grains whose weight was carefully recorded. Leases stipulated, in addition to their monetary cost, various dues to be paid in kind by the tenant. Delhoume leaves the impression that the tenants had little leeway to innovate and improve production.

A systematic approach to the recovery and identification of starches from carbonised deposits on ceramic vessels

Starch granules are being successfully recovered from an increasing range of artefacts. Here we present the recovery of starches from carbonised ceramic ‘foodcrusts’ from late Mesolithic–early Neolithic residues at the site of Neustadt in northern Germany. A method for investigating background loading of residues with contaminant starches is proposed by comparing interior ‘foodcrusts’ versus exterior ‘sooting’, for the purposes of eliminating samples with insignificant quantities of grains from subsequent identification procedures. The classification of starches to plant taxon is traditionally achieved by manual observations and measurement of nominal and ratio morphological variables. Here, we present a method for the automated classification of granules, using software developed in-house. The results show that when multiple granules are considered, the species selected as modern reference examples can be classified to high levels of specificity. When applied to the archaeological samples we show that wild plant resources persist in importance across the transition to agriculture, with high proportions of granule forms consistent with acorn (Quercus sp.) occurring in all samples. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) types are less well-represented suggesting it was not an important food in the context of pottery, and may have been over-represented in the repertoire of hunter–gatherer resources. Cereals are not represented in any of the samples, supporting the notion that their adoption may have been a slow process, occurring more gradually than for other domesticated foods, or that they were not initially processed in ceramic vessels.

A SCAR-Based Method for Rapid Identification of Four Major Lepidopterous Stored-Product Pests

Since Taiwan became a World Trade Organization member in 2002, large quantities of grain have been imported from different countries, and insect pests are frequently intercepted from these imported commodities in quarantine inspection. Because most insects are intercepted as immature forms, morphological identification is problematic; therefore, we developed a DNA identification method based on a sequence-characterized amplified region- polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR). Three sets of multiplex SCAR-PCR mixtures, namely SCAR-I, -II, and -III, were developed with each set composed of four species-specific primer pairs derived from the genomic DNA of four major lepidopterous stored-product pests: Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), Cadra cautella (Walker), Sitotroga cerealella Oliver, and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). The SCAR-I amplicons of C. cephalonica, C. cautella, S. cerealella, and P. interpunctella were 205, 550, 324, 382 bp, respectively, while those of SCAR-II were 341, 565, 261, and 170 bp, and those of SCAR-III were 514, 555, 445, and 299 bp. These multiplex PCR mixtures could sensitively and unambiguously detect and identify in approximately 5 h individuals among the four lepidopterous pests intercepted in imported stored-products. In summary, the SCAR-PCR method we developed represents a rapid, sensitive and accurate technique for identifying insect species of stored products in plant quarantine operation.

An increase in dietary non-structural carbohydrates alters the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs

Steele, M. A., Greenwood, S. L., Croom, J. and McBride, B. W. 2012. An increase in dietary non-structural carbohydrates alters the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 123–130. This study investigated the effect of a grain challenge on the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. In a randomized design, lambs (n = 8) received either a control diet [30% dry matter (DM) grain], or a diet of increasing amounts of grain to a maximum inclusion of 79% of DM for 12 d prior to slaughter. Rumen papillae were collected from the ventral sac on day 13 and prepared for histological and gene expression analyses. All lambs fed the high-grain diet were diagnosed with ruminal parakeratosis as the thickness of the corneum was higher (P&lt;0.01) compared with control lambs (51.0±2.3 vs. 17.3±2.5 µm). Plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations increased linearly (P&lt;0.05) with increased grain consumption compared with the control. However, the relative mRNA expression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA-synthase (HMGCS2) in rumen papillae was not different between treatments. The expression of cholesterolgenic enzyme HMGCS1 was down-regulated by 0.70±0.06 (P&lt;0.05) fold in lambs fed the high-grain diet compared with the control. These results suggest that a short-term grain challenge in lambs is associated with altered rumen epithelium metabolism and structural changes indicative of ruminal parakeratosis.

Interferometric mapping of the 3.3-mm continuum emission of comet 17P/Holmes after its 2007 outburst

Comet 17P/Holmes underwent a dramatic outburst in October 2007, caused by the sudden fragmentation of its nucleus and the production of a large quantity of grains scattering sunlight. We report on 90 GHz continuum observations carried out with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer on 27.1 and 28.2 October 2007 UT, i.e., 4-5 days after the outburst. These observations probed the thermal radiation of large dust particles, and therefore provide the best constraints on the mass in the ejecta debris. The thermal emission of the debris was modelled and coupled to a time-dependent description of their expansion after the outburst. The analysis was performed in the Fourier plane. Visibilities were computed for the two observing dates and compared to the data to measure their velocity and mass. Optical data and 250-GHz continuum measurements published in the literature were used to further constrain the dust kinematics and size distribution. Two distinct dust components in terms of kinematic properties are identified in the data. The large-velocity component, with typical velocities V0 of 50-100 m/s for 1 mm particles, displays a steep size distribution with a size index estimated to q = -3.7 (\pm0.1), assuming a minimum grain size of 0.1 \mum. It corresponds to the fast expanding shell observed in optical images. The slowly-moving "core" component (V0 = 7-9 m/s) detected near the nucleus has a size index |q| < 3.4 and contains a higher proportion of large particles than the shell. The dust mass in the core is in the range 0.1-1 that of the shell. Using optical constants pertaining to porous grains (50% porosity) made of astronomical silicates mixed with water ice (48% in mass), the total dust mass Mdust injected by the outburst is estimated to 4-14 x 10**11 kg, corresponding to 3-9% the nucleus mass.

Effects of Etching on Zircon Grains and its Implications for the Fission Track Method

Studies of zircon grains using optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been carried out to characterize the surface of natural zircon as a function of etching time. According to the surface characteristics observed using an optical microscope after etching, the zircon grains were classified as: (i) homogeneous; (ii) anomalous, and (iii) hybrid. Micro-Raman results showed that, as etching time increases, the crystal lattice is slightly altered for homogeneous grains, it is completely damaged for anomalous grains, and it is altered in some areas for hybrid grains. The SEM (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, EDS) results indicated that, independent of the grain types, where the crystallinity remains after etching, the chemical composition of zircon is approximately 33% SiO(2):65% ZrO(2) (standard natural zircon), and for areas where the grain does not have a crystalline structure, there are variations of ZrO(2) and, mainly, SiO(2). In addition, it is possible to observe a uniform surface density of fission tracks in grain areas where the determined crystal lattice and chemical composition are those of zircon. Regarding hybrid grains, we discuss whether the areas slightly altered by the chemical etching can be analyzed by the fission track method (FTM) or not. Results of zircon fission track and U-Pb dating show that hybrid and homogeneous grains can be used for dating, and not only homogeneous grains. More than 50 sedimentary samples from the Bauru Basin (southeast Brazil) were analyzed and show that only a small amount of grains are homogeneous (10%), questioning the validity of the rest of the grains for thermo-chronological evolution studies using zircon FTM dating.

Effects of Rice Consumption on Selected Indicators of Nutritional Status

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans continue to recommend increased consumption of grains, particularly whole grains. The specific types of whole grains are rarely specified. The present study was aimed as evaluating whether rice consumption, both white and brown, had any association with nutrient intake, diet quality or body mass index. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2008, combined with the Food Commodity Intake Database (FCID), were used. Study participants were categorized into three levels: high rice consumers, medium rice consumers, and zero rice consumers. Rice consumers had a significantly higher intake of calcium, thiamin and folate but not other nutrients. Rice consumers, both medium and high, were more likely to have a body mass index less than 25.0 (p&lt;0.05), despite the fact that the high rice consuming group had significantly higher energy intakes. Diet quality as measured by the USDA Healthy Eating Index was higher for rice consumers. These results suggest that the type of grain, as well as amount of grain, consumed may be an important influence on nutritional status.