Amount Of Foreign Aid Research Articles

Distribution Nature of Foreign Exchange (FOREX) Rates in Nepal

The economy of Nepal is based on the inflow of remittances sent by the Nepalese who have gone abroad for foreign employment. The trend started after the start of the Maoist insurgency and has been going on due to a lack of employment opportunities within the nation. Other than remittance, tourism and a certain amount of foreign aid have been the sources of foreign exchange earnings for Nepal. These sources of FOREX have been able to maintain the balance of payments in Nepal. One unique feature of FOREX rates in Nepal is that the Nepalese rupee (NPR) is pegged with the Indian rupee (INR), the currency of the neighboring nation, India. The central bank of Nepal, Nepal Rastra Bank, publishes FOREX rates for 21 different countries on a daily basis, though exchange rates for 16 currencies have been publishing buying and selling rates for the past decade. Hence, the paper analyzed the distribution nature of 16 countries FOREX buying and selling rates and found that INR FOREX rates have no randomness as they are pegged. The most concerned currencies, like USD, SAR, QAR, and AED, were fitted with beta distribution capabilities to reflect the future trend of the exchange rate. At the same time, the GBP buying rate, JPY, and KRW buying and selling rates were best-fitted in general extreme value (GEV), reflecting the risky nature of currencies. The exchange rate distribution seems to be a concern to the exporter and importer, as the nature of the distribution could help to categorize the level of FOREX risk with a specific currency.

African Asylum Seekers in Europe: The Interplay between Foreign Aid and Governance in Origin Countries

This paper empirically investigates the effects of governance quality on the number of African asylum seekers in Europe over the period 1996–2018 and evaluates the extent to which official development aid acts as a catalyst. With this purpose in mind, different gravity model specifications and estimation approaches have been employed. The obtained results suggest that the asylum flows are strongly determined by governance quality in the country of origin and that this effect does depend on the amount of foreign aid received from developed countries. Moreover, it is also found that development aid is only effective in reducing asylum applications coming from countries with good governance. Moreover, we find no differences in the estimated elasticity of foreign aid on asylum claims for the beneficiaries of the European Union Emergency Trust Fund (EUTF) for Africa, the main aim of which has been to improve living conditions of potential migrants in their countries of origin.

Media and money: a 50-year analysis of international news coverage and U.S. foreign aid

ABSTRACT This study compared 50 years of the New York Times’ international news (N = 20,765) with U.S. foreign aid allocations and country rankings in Freedom House's Freedom in the World report to understand how the amount of foreign aid relates to the amount and content of coverage of nations as well as whether/how political similarity impacts coverage and aid. Nations receiving the highest level of aid received the most news coverage and topics of coverage focused significantly more on politics, conflict and diplomacy. Coverage of nations that receive a high level of aid was largely split between free, partly free and not free, pointing to media attention not necessarily being linked to freedom status.

Determinants of Turkey’s foreign aid behavior

AbstractThis paper analyzes a hundred Turkish aid recipient countries in order to explore the determinants of Turkey’s foreign aid behavior during the period 2005–2016. By estimating the model with the system-GMM estimator, it is demonstrated that Turkey is a regular donor whose amount of foreign aid is positively influenced by the export-based embeddedness of Turkish firms in the recipient countries. Recipients with low levels of per-capita income attract more Turkish aid. However, this income’s effect diminishes in states that were formerly part of Ottoman territory. Recipient countries in an aid relationship with OECD-DAC members also receive more foreign aid from Turkey. In addition, Turkey disburses more foreign aid to recipient countries that can be classified as Turkic republics. Turkish foreign aid behavior is also motivated by Ottomanism, especially in the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Finally, and interestingly, although Islam has a considerable impact on attracting Turkish aid overall, this impact disappears in former Ottoman states and Turkic republics.

AID AND GROWTH IN BANGLADESH: A REASSESSMENT

Although the amount of foreign aid received by Bangladesh as a share of GDP has declined over the years, Bangladesh remains one of the heavily aiddependent countries in Asia. The results of most empirical studies that have examined the effectiveness of foreign aid or other forms of development assistance for economic growth have varied considerably depending on the econometric methodology used and the period of study. As the debate and controversy over aid-effectiveness for economic growth continue to grow, this paper reinvestigates the short-run and long-run effects of foreign aid received on percapita real income of Bangladesh over the period 1972–2015. A vector error correction model is estimated. The results indicate lack of any significant short-run and long-run relation between foreign aid and per-capita real income. Results further indicate short-run unidirectional causalities from per-capita real GDP to domestic investment (in proportion to GDP), from government expenditure (in proportion to GDP) to inflation rate, from inflation rate to domestic investment (in proportion to GDP), and from domestic investment to foreign aid (as percentages of GDP). Short-run bidirectional causality is observed between per-capita electricity consumption and per-capita real GDP, and between per-capita real GDP and government expenditure (in proportion to GDP).

Japan’s Democracy Support to Indonesia

Despite Japan’s increasing emphasis on democracy support, the amount of foreign aid allocated to Indonesia for this purpose remains small. Furthermore, democracy support is mostly provided to state institutions, and little is provided to civil society. This article analyzes the causes of this phenomenon.

Les transferts d'épargne des migrants vers les pays d'origine : un enjeu économique pour le développement

Depuis le milieu des années 1970, les montants transférés par les migrants vers leurs pays d'origine ont progressé de façon constante. Ils représentent plus du double de l'aide publique au développement (APD) et ont dépassé les investissements directs étrangers vers les pays en développement hors BRICs. Cet article dresse un état des lieux des transferts d'épargne des migrants, s'intéresse aux déterminants de ces transferts mais surtout à leurs effets macroéconomiques sur la croissance et leurs effets microéconomiques sur la pauvreté, les inégalités et l'éducation des enfants dans les pays d'origine des migrants. Si les travaux récents font ressortir des effets macroéconomiques ambigus, les effets microéconomiques apparaissent indéniablement positifs. Il apparaît également que la décision des migrants de retourner ou non dans leur pays d'origine joue un rôle déterminant. Enfin, la question des transferts est encore relativement absente dans les débats de politique économique dans les pays d'origine alors qu'elle soulève des problèmes majeurs. Classification JEL : D14, F22, F35, J15, O11, O12.

The Internet, Emotional Contagion, and Foreign Aid

We examine the empirical relationship between Internet subscriptions and foreign aid flows for 22 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members for a 15 year time period employing the median voter model. We find that Internet use is positively related to the amount of foreign aid that donor nations give. This relationship is particularly robust for humanitarian aid. We hypothesize that Internet use is likely making aid giving more altruistic because Internet use increases the empathy people in donor nations feel for people in recipient nations. As Internet use increases in donor nations, the potential for emotional contagion to develop increases and the potential for the decisive voter to demand for an increase in humanitarian aid increases.

Towards the Achievement of Millennium Development Goal One in Africa : The Position of Foreign Aid

Every human being has a right to a secured livelihood which includes basic needs like food, shelter, and other necessities of daily life. However, these basic needs are beyond the reach of millions of people in Africa. The long history of imperialism, lack of economic growth, natural disaster and war, coupled with corruption make most of the states in Africa confront extreme poverty and hunger. A World Bank record shows that about half of African population live on less than World Bank $2 a day poverty line. Similarly , a UNICEF report revealed that millions of Africans live without adequate shelter, access to safe water and good health services while about 5,000 people die of hunger and hunger related causes every day, in the continent. The parlous human conditions in Africa was one of the reasons the United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals in year 2000. The first of the eight goals is eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. Since the adoption of the MDGs, the developed nations has increased significantly, the amount of foreign aid they give to African countries, believing that aid would help to eradicate extreme poverty. However, Poverty and hunger are still prevalent in the continent, so much so that many aid donors have become frustrated and doubtful of the effectiveness of their aid programme. Thus, this paper examined why international aid has not succeed in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and also explored alternative solution to this crisis in Africa. The study was based on secondary sources of investigation, data collection and analysis. Hence, the methodology adopted was basically descriptive.

The role of remittances in currency appreciation in 25 Latin American countries

Remittances are a transfer from mostly developed countries to less developed countries by the workers that have migrated for work. For some countries the magnitude is huge. In the western hemisphere the remittances flow mostly from the USA to Latin countries. Theoretically, the flow of remittances causes a depreciation of foreign currency in the country of origin and an appreciation of currency in the recipient country. The empirical evidence is mixed and depends on the country. The present study provides a panel discussion of the impact of remittances on the currencies of 25 Latin American countries. The objective is to verify the claim that the currencies must appreciate because of the inflow of the remittances. Another objective is to determine the magnitude of the appreciation. Finally, the currencies of the sample countries are compared for signs of difference in magnitude of changes in their currency valuation as the result of remittances. The present paper provides analytical solutions to this complex problem. The size of government fails to be a factor on foreign exchange. The best model is the one that achieves stationarity through differencing using logarithmic data. Remittances, terms of trade, and the amount of foreign aid prove to affect the value of foreign exchange.

On the Substitutability between Foreign Aid and International Credit

We examine the effect of relaxing a binding borrowing constraint for a recipient country on the amount of foreign aid it receives. We do so by developing a two-country, two-period trade-theoretic model. The relaxation of the borrowing constraint reduces the flow of foreign aid, suggesting that the donor views developing nations' access to international credit markets as a substitute for foreign aid.

On the substitutability between foreign aid and international credit

We examine the effect of relaxing a binding borrowing constraint for a recipient country on the amount of foreign aid, in a two-country, two-period, trade-theoretic framework. The relaxation unambiguously reduces the flow of foreign aid.

Foreign Aid and Illegal Immigration

Gaytán-Fregoso and Lahiri (2000) claim that foreign aid may increase the level of illegal immigration. This comment reconsiders their perverse findings under endogenous as well as exogenous income repatriation. Furthermore, modifying Gaytán-Fregoso and Lahiri's model, in which aid is allotted in a lump-sum fashion, it is suggested that the actual amount of foreign aid should depend on the source country's performance, i.e., on the number of illegal immigrants, since such a policy will further reduce the number of illegal immigrants.

Livestock: A Search for Viable Strategic Option for Poverty Alleviation in Nepal

Poverty is an important issue for Nepalese development process. Various plans have been implemented for reducing the poverty. Government received huge amount of foreign aid from donors in the name of the poverty alleviation program. But the result is still less than need and expectations. In reality, poverty alleviation requires resources mobilisation, which is available to poor. Livestock in the rural area is important resource in the Nepalese economy and attached with economy and human life in various ways. Most of the farmers have kept number of domestic animals integrating with the agriculture. It is widely accepted in most of the communities. The climatic variation also provides opportunities to all people of different ecological belts. It is considered as the important resource for producing foods, generating income and employment in all areas. In addition to direct production, livestock sector helps to promote the other economic activities and support of day-to-day life of the people. The development of the livestock sector would be helpful to affect the life of all people so that poverty alleviation would be possible. Economic Journal of Nepal Vol.29(2) 2006 pp.108-124

A Note on Environmental Awareness and Cross-Border Pollution

Considering a Nash equilibrium in which a developed country chooses the amount of foreign aid and a developing country sets the emission tax rate and the proportion of the received aid allocated to public abatement of pollution, it is shown that an increase in the recipient country’s environmental awareness will reduce the level of cross-border pollution and benefits the donor though its foreign aid is increased.

Human Rights Conditionality and Aid Allocation: Case Study of Japanese Foreign Aid Policy

AbstractThis paper examines a new trend in Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) policy that emerged at the end of the Cold War. In 1992, the Japanese government adopted the "Official Development Assistance Charter," which obliged Japan to use its foreign aid to promote human rights, democracy, and freedom. Since the beginning of the 1990s, there have been cases when Japan imposed "human rights conditionalities" by increasing the amount of foreign aid to the recipient countries with good human rights records and reducing economic assistance to the countries with poor human rights practices. However, there remain doubts whether Japan is truly committed to use its aid power as leverage to ensure that democracy and human rights are respected by the governments of its aid recipients. This paper uses panel data analysis to examine whether the condition of human rights in aid-recipient countries has become one of the factors that influence Japan's ODA allocation. The findings reveal the lack of evidence to prove that the human rights condition in aid-recipient countries has influenced the allocation of Japanese aid.

Modelling inter‐temporal aid allocation: a new application with an emphasis on Papua New Guinea

This paper models the inter‐temporal allocation of foreign development aid to Papua New Guinea (PNG). A formal theoretical model of aid allocation is developed, in which aid to any one country is determined jointly with aid to all other recipient countries. This is recognized in the econometric application of this model, which involves simultaneously modelling aid to a number of countries in addition to PNG. Results based on data for the period 1969–99 indicate that both recipient need and donor interest variables determine the amount of foreign aid to PNG and most other countries under consideration.

Altruism, Foreign Aid and Humanitarian Military Intervention

The stated objectives for countries in providing foreign aid have been strategic, economic and humanitarian. The end of the Cold War and the recent disintegration of territorial states has increased the prominence of the humanitarian objective. Therefore, the paper concentrates on the transfer of resources from wealthier and politically stable countries to poorer and politically unstable ones. The amount of foreign aid provided by governments and international relief agencies is determined by the altruistic desires of individuals. Within a median voter framework, it is found that foreign aid is increasing in the degree of altruism of the median voter, their income, the similarity the median voter has with the ethnicity or religion of the recipient group, and the number of civilian casualties resulting from armed conflicts in the recipient nation. Foreign aid is inversely related to the size of the recipient country and the extent that international relief is being pilfered. This latter result explains "foreign aid fatigue." An implication of this analysis is that donor nations may have an incentive to intervene militarily in civil conflicts which reduce the welfare of their altruistic citizens in order to establish order in the relief effort or to stabilize or establish a government capable of controlling the domestic unrest. This option will be chosen if the welfare of the median voter is greater under military intervention than under the status quo of continuing to send only aid. Intervention will occur, the more effective the military option is in reducing the unrest, the greater the degree of altruism of the median voter, the larger the size of the donor country, the lower the cost of intervention, the larger the extent and size of the group being victimized, the lower the relative valuation placed on alternative domestic uses of foreign aid, and the greater the size of the transfer being provided.

Competition for aid and trade policy

This paper considers the optimal allocation of a given amount of foreign aid between two recipient countries. It is shown that, given consumer preferences, a country following a more restrictive trade policy would receive a smaller share of the aid if the donor country maximises its own welfare in allocating aid. If, on the other hand, the donor country allocates aid in order to maximize the sum of the welfare of the two recipient countries, the result is just the opposite. Finally, we analyze the situation where the recipient countries compete with each other for the given amount of aid. It is shown that this competition tends to lower the level of optimal tariffs in the recipient countries.

UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: STANDARDS AND EXPECTATIONS

While I can recall the establishment by the British Government of the first series of “overseas” universities in dependent territories I have close knowledge only of those to which I have been attached and then only for the periods of attachment. Others I have seen, briefly; I have assumed that they have resembled each other sufficiently for one to make certain generalisations. Three factors have to a great extent determined the kind and pace of their development — the intrinsic wealth of a country; the stage of its development; and the amount of foreign aid at its disposal. Some have developed more rapidly than others; some are physically grander than others. All began with a very high complement of expatriate staff, but all aimed at becoming local institutions in every sense as soon as possible. What I have to say concerns the broad terms of development as I see them.