Amount Of Fat Research Articles

Meat qualities of crossbred young pigs

Relevance. Interbreeding and hybridization are important factors in increasing pig productivity. As a result of the heterosis effect, the multiplicity of sows increases, the safety of offspring increases, the growth rate of young animals improves, the quality of meat improves and, as a result, the profitability of the pig industry increases.The paper presents an assessment of the meat qualities of local young pigs obtained as a result of industrial three-breed crossing.Methods. To implement the scientific and economic experience, three groups of sows of pairs of analogues of a large white breed from the Hypor company (KB Hypor) were formed. Sows of the 1st group were crossed with boars of the Landrace breed from the PIC company (Landrace Pic), the 2nd — with boars of the Landrace breed from the Genesus Genetics company (Landrace Genesus), the 3rd — with boars of the Landrace breed from the Hypor company (Landrace Hypor). As a result, two-breed crossbreeds (F1) were obtained. Next, crossbred sows (F1) of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups were crossed with boars of the Duroc breed from Genesus Genetics, as a result, commercial young (F2) were obtained.Results. According to the research results, it was found that the highest pre-slaughter live weight was obtained from animals of the 1st group (125.12 kg), which is more than in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, respectively, by 5.8% and 4.0%. Studies of the chemical composition of the longest back muscle of young pigs showed that the protein content in all meat samples was in the range of 23–24% with a minimum value (23.31%) in the muscle tissue of animals of the 3rd experimental group, and the maximum (23.7%) in the 1st experimental group (the difference was 0.39%). The amount of intramuscular fat in the meat of animals of the 1st (5.57%) and 2nd (6.30%) groups was significantly higher by 1.23% and 1.96%, respectively, compared with analogues of the 3rd group. The minimum pH level of meat was noted in the 1st experimental group (5.51 pH units), the maximum — in the 2nd experimental group (5.56 pH units), the difference was 0.05 pH units. The largest mass fraction of collagen (1.11%) was obtained in the 3rd group, the smallest — in the 1st experimental group (0.66%), the difference was 0.45%.

LncRNA ENSGALG00000021686 regulates fat metabolism in chicken hepatocytes via miR-146b/AGPAT2 pathway.

The liver contributes to lipid metabolism as the hub of fat synthesis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered the regulators of cellular processes. Since LncRNA ENSGALG00000021686 (lncRNA 21 686) has been described as a regulator of lipid metabolism, the present study aimed to clarify the role of lncRNA 21 686 in chicken hepatocytes' lipid metabolism. Thirty-two chickens were divided into four groups and were treated with diets containing different amounts of fat, and the hepatic expression of lncRNA 21 686 and miR-146b along with the levels of proteins involved in the regulation of fat metabolism, lipid indices and oxidative stress were measured. Moreover, primary chicken hepatocytes were transfected with lncRNA 21 686 small interfering RNA or microRNA (miRNA, miR)-146b mimics to measure the consequences of suppressing lncRNA or inducing miRNA expression on the levels of proteins involved in fat metabolism and stress markers. The results showed that the high-fat diet modulated the expression of lncRNA 21 686 and miR-146b (p-value < 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant increase in 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2) gene expression and protein levels and modulated fat-related markers. Furthermore, the results showed that lncRNA 21 686 suppression reduced the expression of AGPAT2 and its downstream proteins (p-value < 0.05). Overexpression of miR-146b regulated fat metabolism indicator expression. Transfection experiments revealed that lncRNA 21 686 suppression increased miR-146b expression. The findings suggested a novel mechanism containing lncRNA 21 686/miR-146b/AGPAT2 in the regulation of fat metabolism in chicken hepatocytes.

The Influence of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) on the Metabolic Profile and Milk Composition of Lactating Murrah Buffalo.

The use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) leads to an increase in variable amounts of milk production in buffalo, but there is a lack of information on the influence of rbST on their metabolism. This study looked at the effects of a single 500 mg dose of rbST on the lipid profile, liver and kidney function, and physical, chemical, and cellular constitution of milk in 14 buffalo over 14 days, from the 100th day of lactation, compared with 14 animals in a control group. From the first day after rbST, there was a rise in beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBO), possibly due to higher dry matter intake or the biotransformation of NEFA into β-HBO. The treatment did not influence blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, AST, GGT, bilirubin, urea, or creatinine levels. In 71.3% of the buffalo, there was a gradual increase in milk production, with the maximal response occurring in the first week followed by a gradual decrease, whilst in 21.4%, the increase in production occurred between 7 and 10 days. Only 7.1% of the animals did not respond. On the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th days after treatment, an increase was found in daily milk production between the two groups equal to 1.04, 1.52, 1.42, and 1.06 L, respectively. In relative terms, this means an increase in milk production, respectively, of 15.1%, 21.0%, 19.8%, and 15.1%. The constitution of the milk showed no difference in the amounts of fat, lactose, total solids, or somatic cell count; however, on the third day after rbST administration, there was a decrease in protein. Notably, from the fifth day, the protein values showed no statistical difference. It can be concluded that the use of rbST in buffalo from the 100th day of lactation is metabolically safe since the treatment neither caused imbalances in fat metabolism nor overloaded the liver or renal function, and the changes in milk composition were transient and limited to a decrease in milk protein.

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and their bioactive lipids: A strategy to improve resistance to respiratory tract infectious diseases in the elderly?

Age-related changes in organ function, immune dysregulation, and the effects of senescence explain in large part the high prevalence of infections, including respiratory tract infections in older persons. Poor nutritional status in many older persons increases susceptibility to infection and worsens prognosis. Interestingly, there is an association between the amount of saturated fats in the diet and the rate of community-acquired pneumonia. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs) including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have well-known anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial effects, which may, in theory, be largely induced by PUFAs-derived lipids such as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). In adults, preliminary results of studies show that ω-3 LC-PUFAs supplementation can lead to SPM generation. SPMs have a crucial role in the resolution of inflammation, a factor relevant to survival from infection independent of the pathogen’s virulence. Moreover, the immune system of older adults appears to be more sensitive to ω-3 PUFAs. This review explores the effects of ω-3 LC-PUFAs, and PUFA bioactive lipid-derived SPMs in respiratory tract infections and the possible relevance of these data to infectious disease outcomes in the older population. The hypothesis that PUFAs have beneficial effects via SPM generation will need to be confirmed by animal experiments and patient-derived data.

Exploring the Complex Interplay: Fatty Liver Severity, Epicardial Fat Volume, and Coronary Artery Calcification

Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are the most common non-communicable diseases in most developed countries, and due to lifestyle changes, their incidence is increasing day by day. The present study aimed to assess the correlation of fatty liver with epicardial fat volume and coronary artery calcium score. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 136 patients referred to Hamadan Farshchian Cardiovascular Hospital for computed tomography (CT) angiography. They were selected using a consecutive sampling method. Using a 128-slice multidetector CT scanner, the coronary artery calcium score based on the Agatston criteria and epicardial fat volume were measured. A liver ultrasound was performed using a GE voluson E6 and a 3-5 MHz depth probe, and the severity of the fatty liver was determined based on the echogenicity of the liver on the ultrasound. Data analysis was conducted using the SPSS software (version 26). Results: The mean age scores of patients were 52.90±12.10 years. Regarding gender, 50.5% and 49.5% of cases were male and female, respectively. In terms of fatty liver grade, 64 (47.1%), 48 (35.3%), 21 (15.4%), and 3 (2.2%) cases had grades zero, I, II, and III, respectively. The mean calcium score was 30.76±35.40, and epicardial fat volume was 86.84±36.56. The severity of fatty liver demonstrated no significant relationship with calcium score and epicardial fat (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, the severity of fatty liver had no relationship with the amount of coronary epicardial fat and coronary artery calcium.

Correlation between subcutaneous adipose tissue of the head and body mass index in children and young adults aged 8-19 years: implications for functional neuroimaging.

High body mass index (BMI) is presumed to signify high amounts of fat (subcutaneous adipose tissue) distributed across the body. High amounts of fat co-occurring with increased BMI has been cited as a potential neuroimaging barrier. Presence of increased fat may result in high electrical impedance and increased light diffusion-resulting in low signal to noise ratios during electroencepholography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) measurements. Examining if subcutaneous fat in the head increases with respect to total body fat percentage and BMI in school-aged children and adolescents is an essential next step in developing possible mathematical corrections for neuroimaging modalities. We hypothesized that percentage of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the head region would increase with respect to both total body fat percentage and BMI. Increased subcutaneous head fat percentage was associated with a positive linear relationship with BMI and a quadratic relationship with total body fat. The data indicate that participant age, sex, and adiposity should be considered in the development of model corrections for neuroimaging signal processing in school-aged children and adolescents. Strength of regression coefficients in our models differed from those in adults, indicating that age-specific models should be utilized.

Lactation traits and reproductive performances of Sahraoui female camel in two breeding systems at Algerian Sahara.

The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of the camel livestock system on individual and herd performances of milk production, lactation curve, fats, and protein concentrations. For this purpose, 13 she-camels of Sahraoui breed from the south eastern Algeria and belonging and semi-intensive system (N = 6) and intensive system (N = 7) were studied. Recording and sampling of milk were carried out at regular intervals during a full lactation. The lactation curve was estimated using Wood's gamma function and the t-test of independent groups was carried out to compare lactation performances, lactation curve, and reproductive parameters. The overall average daily milk (DMY), fat (DFY), and protein (DPY) yield were 6.77 ± 0.82kg/day, 4.15 ± 0.91%, and 4.49 ± 0.20%, respectively. The mean of total milk yield (TMY) was 2696.39 ± 343.86kg during a mean lactation length (LL) of 398.38 ± 20.65days. The peak of milk production (6.79 ± 0.68kg) was reached at 93.9 ± 55.8days after calving. The open day (DO) and inter-calving interval (ICI) recorded in this study were 348.38 ± 30.33 and 723.38 ± 30.33days, respectively. There is no significant difference (p > 0.05) between intensive and semi-intensive breeding systems for TMY (2795.39 ± 261.88kg vs. 2580.89 ± 414.43kg), DMY (6.96 ± 0.66kg vs. 6.55 ± 1.00kg), and LL (402.14 ± 21.18days vs. 394 ± 21.03days). However, the total amount of fat was significantly higher in intensive system (182.02 ± 33.91kg) and the DPY content was significantly higher in semi-intensive system (4.60 ± 0.13%). The parameters α, β, and γ of lactation, fat, and protein curves between the two systems showed a highly significant difference (p < 0.01) for the parameters (α and β) for the milk production curve, significant (p < 0.05) for the time to reach peak yield, and no significance for the other parameters. The corresponding values of the coefficient of determination (R2) were 0.62, 0.35 for milk yield (p > 0.05), 0.12, 0.13 (p > 0.05) for fat, and 0.03, 0.11 (p < 0.05) for protein, in the intensive and semi-intensive systems, respectively. In addition, DO and ICI were not significantly different between the livestock systems, but were higher in the intensive system than the semi-intensive system (337.17 ± 26.26 vs. 712.17 ± 26.26, respectively). The study concluded that the intensive system had a higher milk performance with a more efficient lactation curve. The incomplete gamma model (Wood) used in this study was inappropriate for estimating milk yield, but acceptable for fat and protein.

Restricted carbohydrate diets below 45% energy are not associated with risk of mortality in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2018.

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are the leading causes of death for people living in the United States. Dietary strategies, such as restricting carbohydrate intake, are becoming popular strategies for improving health status. However, there is limited and often contradictory evidence on whether restricting carbohydrate intake is related to all-cause, CMD, or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between restricted carbohydrate diets (<45%en) and mortality from all-causes, CMD, and CVD, stratified by fat amount and class. Data were acquired using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) linked with mortality follow-up until December 31, 2019 from the Public-use Linked Mortality Files. Multivariable survey-weighted Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios for 7,958 adults (≥20 y) that consumed <45%en from carbohydrates and 27,930 adults that consumed 45-65%en from carbohydrates. During the study period a total of 3,780 deaths occurred, including 1,048 from CMD and 1,007 from CVD, during a mean follow-up of 10.2 y. Compared to individuals that met carbohydrate recommendations (45-65%en), those that consumed carbohydrate restricted diets (<45%en) did not have significantly altered risk of mortality from all-causes (HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.11), CMD (1.18; 0.95, 1.46), or CVD (1.20; 0.96, 1.49). These findings were maintained when the restricted carbohydrate diet group was stratified by intake of total fat, saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA). Carbohydrate restriction (<45%en) was not associated with mortality from all-causes, CVD, or CMD. Greater efforts are needed to characterize the risk of mortality associated with varied degrees of carbohydrate restriction, e.g., low (<26%en) and high (>65%en) carbohydrate diets separately.

The relationship of fat and muscle measurements with emphysema and bronchial wall thickening in smokers.

Differences in body composition in patients with COPD may have important prognostic value and may provide opportunities for patient-specific management. We investigated the relation of thoracic fat and muscle with computed tomography (CT)-measured emphysema and bronchial wall thickening. Low-dose baseline chest CT scans from 1031 male lung cancer screening participants from one site were quantified for emphysema, bronchial wall thickening, subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and skeletal muscle. Body composition measurements were performed by segmenting the first slice above the aortic arch using Hounsfield unit thresholds with region growing and manual corrections. COPD presence and severity were evaluated with pre-bronchodilator spirometry testing. Participants had a median age of 61.5 years (58.6-65.6, 25th-75th percentile) and median number of 38.0 pack-years (28.0-49.5); 549 (53.2%) were current smokers. Overall, 396 (38.4%) had COPD (256 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 1, 140 GOLD 2-3). Participants with COPD had less subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and skeletal muscle (p<0.001 for all). With increasing GOLD stages, subcutaneous (p=0.005) and visceral fat values (p=0.004) were higher, and skeletal muscle was lower (p=0.004). With increasing severity of CT-derived emphysema, subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and skeletal muscle values were lower (p<0.001 for all). With increasing CT-derived bronchial wall thickness, subcutaneous and visceral fat values were higher (p<0.001 for both), without difference in skeletal muscle. All statistical relationships remained when adjusted for age, pack-years and smoking status. COPD presence and emphysema severity are associated with smaller amounts of thoracic fat and muscle, whereas bronchial wall thickening is associated with fat accumulation.

Abdominal fat and risk of impaired lung function and asthma in children: A population‐based prospective cohort study

AbstractBackgroundObesity, specifically abdominal adiposity, is associated with increased risks of lung function impairment and asthma in children, but potential adverse effects among adolescents are unknown. We hypothesized that elevated amounts of specific abdominal fat depots during childhood and adolescence may lead to adverse respiratory outcomes in adolescents.MethodsIn a population‐based prospective cohort study among 2877 children at 13 years, we measured specific abdominal fat depots including subcutaneous fat mass and visceral fat mass by magnetic resonance imaging. Lung function was measured by spirometry, and current asthma by a questionnaire. Conditional regression analyses were used to examine the associations of abdominal fat depots with respiratory outcomes in adolescence.ResultsAfter adjustment for confounders and child's body mass index, higher subcutaneous and visceral fat mass index at age 13 years, independent of these measures at earlier age, were associated with lower FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF75 (range Z‐score difference (95% CI): −0.10 (−0.15, −0.06) to −0.06 (−0.11, −0.01)). Also, an increase in subcutaneous and visceral fat between ages 10 and 13 years was associated with a decrease in FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF75 during the same period. No associations of abdominal fat depots with asthma were observed.ConclusionAdolescents with higher amounts of subcutaneous and visceral fat, independent of that at an earlier age and body mass index, have an increased risk of lung function impairment.

Effects of Balsa Fish Skin Gelatin, Lentinula edodes Mushrooms, Soy Protein Isolate, and Starch on the Sensory Quality and Characterization of Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of New Sausage

Sausages are loved by people for their unique texture, satisfying chewiness, and pleasant flavor. However, in the production of sausages, red meat and a large amount of fat are mainly used, and long-term consumption will increase the risk of diseases such as obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and cancer. Our previous studies have shown that the intake of red meat and fat can be reduced through the replacement of lean meat and fat in sausages by Lentinula edodes and Pleaurotus eryngii mushrooms, but this will lead to the deterioration of the gel of sausage products and seriously affect the sensory quality of sausages. In this study, the response surface method was used to optimize the amount of balsa fish skin gelatin, soy protein isolate, and starch added to, and the proportion of Lentinula edodes mushrooms replacing lean meat in, the new sausage, with Pleaurotus eryngii mushrooms replacing fat. The results show that Lentinula edodes mushrooms replaced 36.1% of the lean meat, and the addition of 0.96% balsa fish skin gelatin, 10.61% starch, and 9.94% soy protein isolate resulted in the highest sensory score and the sensory quality being the closest to that of traditional sausages. Compared with the control group, this novel sausage exhibits characteristics such as lower fat and saturated fatty acid content, reduced energy levels, and higher levels of amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, methionine, and proline) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The total phenolic content of the novel sausage is 12.52 times higher than that of the control. In comparison with the control group, the novel sausage demonstrates a 65.58% increase in DPPH radical scavenging activity and a 3.88-fold improvement in ABTS+ radical scavenging activity. These findings highlight the outstanding antioxidant performance of the novel sausage. This study provides new ideas for improving the sensory quality of new sausages, promoting the healthy development of the sausage industry, and promoting the high-value utilization of edible mushrooms.

Changes in the Concentration of fat, Protein and Carbohydrates During the Excretion of Milk by Vacuum Breast Pump and Breast Pump with Compression

Background: The purpose of the work is to investigate the contents of the main nutrients of milk (fat, protein, lactose), as well as the energy value of milk in the process of expression milk using an vacuum electric breast pump and vacuum electric breast pump with compression pulses simultaneously. Method: Surveys were conducted on 9 women 5-8 weeks of lactation. The analysis was carried out in 10 ml samples of milk, which were continuously expression with breast pump «Laktopuls»: only with vacuum stimuli, and simultaneously with vacuum and compression stimuli. The sampling continuity was ensured by a specially developed procedure. Milk analysis in the samples was performed 1-1.5 hours after gland expression on a Miris AB Uppsala, Sweden, human milk analyzer. Finding: The largest changes in milk samples were observed in fat concentration. The fat content in milk increased in each subsequent sample and in the latter samples could exceed its content in the initial samples by 3-4 times. The total amount of fat was about 25% more when milk ejected by breast pump with vacuum and compression stimuli than with vacuum stimulus only. When determining the protein concentration in milk samples, an increase in its concentration was also found during milk ejection, but on 10-20%. In contrast to the dynamics of fat and protein concentrations, the carbohydrate concentration did not change in all women during the milk ejection. Conclusion: A method has been developed that allows analyzing milk nutrients during the continuous removal of milk from the gland. Surveys have shown that ejection of milk with breast pump with vacuum and compression stimuli, increases the amount of fat and protein in breast milk.

N04 Impact of phase angle on nutritional assessment and disease activity in patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract Background An increase in the prevalence of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has been reported, especially in Latin America, malnutrition occurs in up to 70% of patients with active disease. The complete assessment of nutritional status is the best method to make an adequate diagnosis since it considers 4 parameters, anthropometry, biochemistry, clinical, and dietary, however, it is very extensive and there are other methods such as bioelectrical impedance (BIA), which is a non-invasive way to estimate the percentage and amount of fat, muscle, water and phase angle (PhA). Moreover, PhA has been proposed as a marker of cell integrity which may be a substitute for complete nutritional assessment. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PhA in the nutritional diagnosis of patients with UC. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with UC and healthy controls. Body composition was measured in both groups to obtain the PhA. U Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the data. Patients were classified according to their PhA, considering a normal value of &amp;gt;6.1° and a low value of &amp;gt;6.1°. Results The study included 60 UC and 120 controls, 65% were women, and 35% men, the PhA was lower in UC compared to the controls, in addition to the fact that patients with active disease had a lower PhA compared to patients with remission (5.6±0.9 vs 6.06±0.8, p&amp;lt;0.05). In our study, patients with a low PhA had a lower amount of weight (Active: 60.5±13.6 vs 70.3±.8, p=0.018, Remission: 57.1±11.4 vs 69.4±8.7, p=0.006), dry lean mass (Active: 13.8±3.6 vs 18.2±.6, p=0.009; Remission: 13.1±2 vs 19.7±5.3, p&amp;lt;0.001), total body water (Active: 27.4±6.2 vs 32.9±4.6, p=0.028; Remission: 25.3±3.8 vs 34.4±9.2, p=0.003), and intracellular water (Active: 51.9±3.2 vs 55.1±3.3, p=0.042; Remission: 49.3±10.7 vs 55.8±3.6, p=0.025 ) regardless of disease activity. In this population, we can observe that the inflammation markers (ESR, CRP) were increased in accordance with the activity of the disease associated with PhA, which is consistent with what has been reported in the literature. Conclusion The PhA is modified in patients with UC compared to healthy patients, even more so when they have active disease. Women with active UC are those at risk of malnutrition and cardiovascular risk measured by PhA and CCI. PhA is effective in diagnosing malnutrition in patients with UC regardless of conventional parameters for evaluating nutritional status (Figure 1).

Effect of packaging thickness and muscle type on ultrasound-assisted beef quality

High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) can modify muscle structure, leading to improvements in tenderness. However, factors such as packing type and muscle complexity may attenuate the acoustic cavitation. In this research, the effect of packing thickness (40.6–70 μm) on the quality of bovine Gluteus medius and Biceps femoris treated with HIU (37 kHz, 90 W/cm2, 40 min) was evaluated. The hardness of G. medius decreased significantly as the thickness of the packing bag decreased. The wide interfibrillar and intermyofibrillar spaces corroborated the tenderizing effect. These effects are related to damage of cell structure and changes in the collagen content (3.37 ± 0.1 µg/mL). In addition, the HIU decrease the variability in the water holding capacity of the muscle produced by the use of low thickness bags during storage. The trained sensory panel described the sonicated samples in 50.8 μm bags as less hard and juicier. Contrarily, in B. femoris no significant effects were reported in the variables evaluated. B. femoris is a white muscle, with a high amount of collagen (3.59 ± 0.1 µg/mL) and little intramuscular fat. Consequently, the effect of the HIU on muscle quality is associated with the composition of the muscle fibers and the thickness of the packing bag. HIU application is recommended to improve the quality of leg muscles whenever low-thickness bags (50.8 μm or less) are used.

Association of fat distribution differences in infertile women with assisted reproductive outcomes: A prospective cohort study.

To investigate the impacts of fat distribution on assisted reproductive outcomes in infertile women. The study randomly recruited 576 infertile women who underwent assisted reproductive technology treatment at the Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between July and October 2022. Questionnaires and body composition measurements were administered to assess baseline information and fat distribution. The numbers of oocytes, zygotes presenting with two pronuclei (2PN), and available embryos were tracked at the end of the cycle. Multifactorial logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve models were used to explore the relationships between fat distribution and reproductive outcomes while controlling for confounding factors. The study found that the participants had a mean age of 30.82 years. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the amount of leg body fat mass (LBFM) and the distribution of reproductive outcomes. However, there was no significant correlation between the level of visceral fat and reproductive outcomes. After taking confounding factors into account, the multifactorial regression analysis showed that the total body fat mass and the number of oocytes (odds ratio (OR) 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-0.99), 2PN (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84-0.99), and embryos available for transfer (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99) were negatively correlated. RCS modeling revealed a linear dose-response relationship between LBFM and assisted reproductive outcomes. Fat distribution varies among infertile women, and higher amounts of fat are associated with poorer assisted reproductive outcomes.

Corn Grain Fatty Acid Contents in Response to Organic Fertilisers from Meat Industry Waste

Organic waste can provide an alternative to synthetic fertilisers for maintaining productivity with limited environmental impact. Our research evaluates the potential use of processed animal waste in corn fertilisation, which may represent a partially closed nutrient cycle of importance in a sustainable agricultural system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of fat obtained from corn grain fertilised with meat and bone meal (MBM) produced from animal waste. A static field experiment using MBM was conducted at the Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo (53°71′ N, 20°43′ E), Poland. The field experiment was conducted in 2014–2017 with continuous corn cultivation. The course of weather conditions in the years of this study influenced the fat content, with the lowest amount found in 2016. The application of fertilisers in the form of MBM and mineral fertilisation resulted in a slightly lower fat content compared to the variant without fertilisation. The application of mineral fertilisers and MBM influenced an increase in the content of the predominant C18:2 acid compared to the variant without fertilisation, while the opposite was shown for C18:1 cis-9 acid. The fertiliser variants are most correlated with fat yield and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fertiliser variants in their effects on fat yield, fat content, fatty acid profiles, and their ratios can be divided into three groups, which were related to the effects of organic fertilisers during the years of this study. The use of meat and bone meal as fertilisers cannot be regarded as a factor in increasing the fat content of corn grain. Meat and bone meal applied over several years to the same field in the quantities required to achieve optimum yield can be an element that shapes fatty acid profiles.

Association between body composition and cardiometabolic disease risk: role of dietary fat intake and APOLIPOPROTEIN E genotype on this relationship.

Excess body weight is associated with increased mortality and risk of developing CVD. Body fat distribution is now considered a better indicator of disease risk than BMI, with central adiposity associated with dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. Dietary modification is unquestionably important in the prevention of obesity and CVD, with the type but not the amount of dietary fat emerging as an important determinant of both diseases. Although reducing SFA intake via replacement with unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) is a key public health strategy for CVD prevention, variability in the lipid lowering response has been observed. This narrative review aims to investigate the link between adiposity and CVD risk, and the role of dietary fat composition and APOLIPOPROTEIN (APO)E genotype on this relationship. In the absence of weight loss, replacing dietary SFA with UFA reduces central adiposity and anthropometric measures, and is linked with lower total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. However, differences in study populations and body composition techniques need to be taken into consideration. To date, only a limited number of studies have determined the role of APOE on body composition and CVD risk, but findings are inconsistent. Both APOE2 and APOE4 alleles have been correlated with adiposity related markers, and an APOE genotype-BMI interaction has been reported on fasting lipids. However, studies are often performed retrospectively leading to small sample sizes within the genotype groups. Further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between APOE genotype, adiposity and circulating CVD risk markers.

Impact of body fat location and volume on incisional hernia development and its outcomes following repair.

Obesity is known to increase the likelihood of developing abdominal wall hernias, body mass index (BMI) alone does not provide detailed information about the amount and location of body fat. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between various adipose tissue parameters and the incidence of incisional hernias (IHs), as well as the outcomes of hernia repair. We conducted a comprehensive review of the existing literature to examine the relationship between various body fat parameters and the occurrence of IHs after abdominal surgeries, as well as the outcomes of hernia repair. Thirteen studies were included for analysis. Eight trials evaluated the IH development after abdominal surgeries via specific fat parameters, and five studies evaluated the postoperative outcomes after IH repair. The findings of this study suggest that an increase in visceral fat volume (VFA or VFV) and subcutaneous fat (SFA or SFV) are linked to a higher incidence of IHs after abdominal surgeries. Higher levels of VFV or VFA were associated with more challenging fascia closure and greater postoperative recurrence rates following repair. Whereas BMI did not demonstrate a significant association. Measuring visceral and subcutaneous fat composition preoperatively can be a useful tool for assessing the risk of IH, and is more reliable than BMI. Elevated levels of these fat parameters have been linked to increased recurrence of IH following hernia repair, as well as the use of complex surgical techniques during repair.

Rapid authentication of characteristic milk powders by recombinase polymerase amplification assays

The authentication of dairy species has great significance for food safety. This study focused on a more rapid method for identifying major dairy species, and specific recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based assays for cattle, goat, sheep, camel and donkey were developed. Through the developed RPA-based assays, goats and sheep could be simultaneously identified and bovine families could be differentiated. The performances of the RPA assays were validated using 37 milk powder samples, of which 16.2% (6/37) were suspected of being adulterated and 24.3% (9/37) were potentially at risk of being wrongly identified as adulteration. The effectiveness of the developed assays for crude DNA detection was also validated by a rapid nucleic acid extraction kit, and results showed that the presence of large amounts of protein and fat did not affect the qualitative results. Therefore, these assays could combine with the rapid nucleic acids extraction methods for being used in field detection.

Effectiveness evaluation of the infl uence of protein concentrates on the chemical composition of fish meat

Due to the high demand, cost, growing shortage and low quality of fi sh-meal, there is a constant search for affordable alternative feed raw materials in feeding aquaculture fi shing grounds. The use of high-protein products of plant origin is the most effective option for replacing fi sh-meal in fi sh feed. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the eff ectiveness of the infl uence of protein concentrates on the chemical composition of rainbow trout meat. Testing of compound feed for rainbow trout, the formulation of which included high-protein feed concentrates, was carried out on the basis of IP Kalmykova I. O. and under the conditions of the Research Center “Breeding valuable sturgeon breeds” at the Volgograd State Agrarian University. It was found on base of the results obtained that more intensive growth was observed in the groups in which the mustard protein-containing feed concentrate Gorlinka was introduced into the feed formulation with partial or complete replacement of sunfl ower meal. Here, the increase in the total and average daily live weight gain was noted by 2,83–6,93 % and by 1,62–1,68 %. The use of the Agro-Matic concentrate during the period of the experiment had a positive eff ect on the growth dynamics of rainbow trout, increasing productivity indicators. Thus, live weight indicators increased by 1,29–4,15 %, daily gain indicators increased by 1,44–4,46 % relative to individuals receiving compound feed with fi sh-meal. When studying the chemical composition of trout meat with the addition of Gorlinka concentrate to the feed formulation in the experimental groups, the increase in protein content was revealed by 0,13–0,41 abs.%, inorganic matter by 0,04–0,12 abs.%, also the total amount of amino acids increased by 0,18–0,46 abs.%, while the fat content on the contrary decreased by 0,05–0,17 abs.% compared to the control. In the experimental trout groups, when introducing the Agro-Matic protein concentrate into the diet instead of fi shmeal the protein content increased by 0,03–0,40 abs.%, inorganic matter by 0,08–0,24 abs.%, total amino acids increased by 0,11–0,58 abs.%, there was a slight decrease in the amount of fat by 0,10–0,36 abs.% compared to the 1st control group. The use of protein concentrates has a positive eff ect on the qualitative composition of the muscle tissue of rainbow trout by increasing the protein content and the amount of essential amino acids in the muscle tissue of individuals surpassing the 1st control group in key indicators.