Amount Of Emission Reduction Research Articles

REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS THROUGH SOLAR CELL PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANNING AT AL-JIHAD ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL IN SURABAYA

Currently, 80% of conventional energy is used to meet the needs of industry and the general public. Using new, renewable energy from the sun is an effort to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gases (GHG). Al-Jihad Boarding School, an Islamic educational institution with around 1,200 students, is one of the biggest consumers of conventional energy. This study aims to plan photovoltaic solar cells, calculate the amount of power that can be generated, calculate the amount of GHG emission reduction from photovoltaic solar cells and the costs required for installation at Al-Jihad Islamic Boarding School. The planning results were analyzed by adjusting the selection of a 12 KVA inverter, 44 polycrystalline photovoltaic solar cells, and other complementary materials such as cables, MCBs and supports. The amount of power generated from photovoltaic solar cells at the Al-Jihad Islamic Boarding School in Surabaya is 12 kWh. Climate change mitigation efforts by reducing GHG emissions through solar cell photovoltaic planning at the Al-Jihad Islamic Boarding School in Surabaya can reduce CO2 greenhouse gases by 1,200.5 kg, NH4 30.013 kg, and N2O 0.019 kg. The cost required for the installation of photovoltaic solar cells is Rp. 209,850,400.

Buyer-Backed Purchase Order and Advance Payment Discount Financing Under Carbon Trade Revenue-Sharing Contract

The promotion of low-carbon production is a crucial aspect of sustainable development, and carbon trading has proven to be an effective means of achieving this goal. However, the limited capital hinders small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from achieving low-carbon production. Thus, this paper examines a low-carbon supply chain comprising a financially constrained manufacturer and a well-funded retailer. We propose a game-theoretical model that addresses the financial constraints of the manufacturer through buyer-backed purchase order financing (BPOF) or advance payment discount (APD) with carbon trading revenue-sharing contracts. We investigate the determination of pricing and carbon emission reduction strategies by firms utilizing diverse financing models. We find that the total amount of carbon emission reduction increases with the manufacturer’s carbon trade revenue-sharing ratio. The financing rate of BPOF has a negative impact on the amount of carbon emission reduction, while the discount rate of APD will not affect either the carbon emission reduction or the revenue of the supply chain. Among the two financing strategies, APD is optimal for maximizing profit and promoting low-carbon development throughout the supply chain.

Life cycle CO2 emission assessment of an organic Rankine cycle based geothermal power plant

Abstract Geothermal resources are well-recognized as a clean and low-carbon emission energy resource for power generation and heat supply. However, CO2 emissions occur during the construction, operation, and decommission stages of geothermal power plants. In this work, the life cycle CO2 emission characteristics of a geothermal power plant based on the organic Rankine cycle are systematically evaluated. The effect of the organic working medium and the recuperative cycle on CO2 emissions of the whole system are analyzed. Sensitivity analysis is conducted by varying the parameters of output power and the sources of the substituted electricity. Results reveal that a considerable amount of CO2 would be released due to the construction of geothermal wells and plants; however, the production of electricity could offset a much larger amount of CO2 emission. The net CO2 emission of the considered geothermal system during its lifespan reaches approximately −300 thousand tCO2e. In addition, the total amount of CO2 emission reduction relies heavily on the output power and the substituted electricity sources.

Energy, economic, and environmental analysis: A study of operational strategies for combined heat and power system based on PEM fuel cell in the East China region

This study introduces a combined heat and power (CHP) system primarily based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, which can provide electricity and heat for residential buildings in the East China region under two operating strategies. The analysis and discussion focus on the impact of parameters such as current density and gas inlet pressure on the system's output power and efficiency. The results indicate that excessively high current density decreases the system's electricity generation efficiency, while a moderate increase in hydrogen inlet pressure contributes to greater heat generation. Considering energy, economic, and environmental factors, the system operates with the thermal-led strategy in parallel with the grid, resulting in a substantial 73.3 % reduction in fuel costs. The annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the amount of emission reduction are lowered to 6.96 × 107 g and 3.39 × 107 g, respectively.

Industrial Cannabis sativa: Hemp oil for biodiesel production

This review paper highlights the production of biodiesel from hemp seed oil via transesterification reaction. Hemp seeds present a viable feedstock option for biodiesel production. This is demonstrated by the plants high yield, ability to grow on infertile soil, resilience to disease and bugs. Hemp biodiesel performs well in biodiesel blends. Hemp biodiesel yield was calculated at 207 gallons/ha. This is higher than the yield of biodiesel from rapeseed and soybeans oils but lower than that of palm oil. Hemp biodiesel can meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 requirements. Hemp biodiesel exhibit poor kinematic viscosity and oxidation stability. However, this can easily be improved with the use of additives. Dilution/blending, micro-emulsification, pyrolysis, and trans-esterification are the four techniques applied to solve the problems encountered with the high fuel viscosity. Hemp biodiesel provides substantial environmental benefits. The amount of emission reduction corresponds roughly to the biodiesel blend rating of the fuel. Hemp biodiesel may be used an alternative to the highly controversial biodiesel produced from palm oil. Hemp faces many perception and legal challenges that prevent wide-scale production of hemp seed oil. Hemp remains a niche crop in the food supply chains, rendering it prohibitively expensive as a feedstock in biodiesel production. Legalization and increased production of hemp oil may improve the cost of producing hemp oil and subsequently hemp biodiesel.

Carbon emissions marginal abatement cost and its influencing factors from the construction and hygienic ceramics manufacturing industries in China

Reducing China's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions primarily involves efforts from energy-intensive sectors, including the construction and hygienic ceramics manufacturing industries. Although the majority of extant studies have focused on estimating marginal abatement cost (MAC) of CO2 emissions, there are mainly four shortcomings: (i) most of studies have explored this issue at industrial level or provincial level, the evidence at the enterprise level is limited; ii) the selection of emissions abatement measures and strategies is normally arbitrary; iii) the characteristics of MAC changing with the amount of emissions reduction is usually ignored; and iv) the analysis of influencing factors for MACs is not included. Here, this study provided an innovative MAC estimation for China's 913 construction ceramics enterprises and 360 hygienic ceramic enterprises. A quadratic directional distance function method, including multiple emissions abatement measures and all possible directional vectors representing different emission reduction strategies, is applied to calculate the lowest MAC. We further incorporate the abatement level from 1 to 99% into MACs estimation, and investigated its influencing factors. The results mainly illustrated three relevant findings. (i) The average MAC for construction ceramics manufacturing is 2203 CNY/t CO2, which is lower than that for hygienic ceramics manufacturing of about 8416 CNY/t CO2. (ii) Construction ceramics production enterprises would be willing to downscale production to achieve the lowest cost for emissions reduction, whereas hygienic ceramics production enterprises tend to choose increasing the intermediate input. (iii) Energy use efficiency positively influences MACs for both construction and hygienic ceramics production enterprises, while intermediate input rate, energy consumption structure (the proportion of fuel coal consumption in total energy) and profitability are negatively related to MAC. Results and findings can provide references for the formulation of carbon emission reduction policies in China's construction and hygienic ceramics manufacturing industries.

Carbon reduction decision-making in supply chain under the pledge financing of carbon emission rights

Supply chain enterprises can solve the cost problem caused by emission reduction through the pledge financing of carbon emission rights. This paper aims to optimize the pricing and ordering strategy and carbon reduction decision of the supply chain based on the pledge financing of carbon emission rights, establishes the expected revenue model of the manufacturer and the retailer, and analyzes the mechanism of the carbon reduction decision of the supply chain on its pricing and ordering strategy, expected revenue and revenue distribution strategy. The results illustrate that the optimal order quantity and the optimal wholesale price maximize the expected revenue of the retailer and the manufacturer, regardless of whether the pledge financing of carbon emission rights is introduced. With the adoption of the pledge financing of carbon emission rights, there is an optimal amount of carbon emission reduction per unit of the product to maximize the optimal order quantity. When both order quantity and wholesale price are optimal, the present value of expected revenue for the retailer and the manufacturer increases with the amount of carbon reduction per unit of product. The upper and lower limits of the retailer's share of sales revenue rise and fall as the amount of carbon reduction per unit of product increases, respectively.

Evaluation and spatial convergence of carbon emission reduction efficiency in China's power industry: Based on a three-stage DEA model with game cross-efficiency

Reducing carbon emissions is essential for achieving sustainable development in China. In this study, we developed a framework for measuring carbon emission reduction considering both thermal power and clean energy generation perspectives. Subsequently, we constructed a three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with game cross-efficiency to eliminate the influence of external environmental factors, random factors, and regional competition. Thereafter, we calculated the carbon emission reduction efficiencies (CEREs) of the power industries of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2020. Based on this, we conducted temporal and spatial analyses of the carbon emission reduction amount (CERA), evaluated CERE, compared different DEA models, and assessed spatial convergence effects. The evaluation results of CERE across 30 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions in China showed that: (1) although China's CERA increased, substantial regional differences exist in the carbon emission reduction structure. (2) The overall average CERE ranged from 0.485 to 0.737. Since 2016, the highest CERE values have been observed in southwest China, followed by the eastern coastal and central regions, while the northwestern region experienced notable fluctuations. (3) The three-stage DEA model with game cross-efficiency, which eliminates the influence of competition and external environmental factors, can be used to accurately measure CERE. (4) CERE has a spatial convergence effect on China's power industry and is promoted by energy structure, upgrading of industrial structure and government interventions. These findings provide important insights for optimizing the carbon emissions reduction structure and improving CERE.

Investigation of water exposure time as a foundation for improving programs for coastal pollutant emission reduction

For sustainable ocean development, coastal pollutant emission reduction (CPER) has been widely implemented to alleviate coastal environmental problems. CPER programs have primarily focused on determining the total amount of emission reduction; however, methods to determine the optimal time to conduct CPER to further improve the environmental benefits remains unclear. Therefore, this study proposed a method to determine the timing of CPER based on the water exposure time (WET) at the pollutant outlet, which involved conduct CPER when the WET was relatively high. Using numerical modeling of pollutant dispersion in the Subei Coastal Water and scenario simulations with different CPER programs, the reliability and superiority of this WET method was verified. Under the same annual mean 10% emission reduction, the CPER program based on WET obtained an average 14% reduction in coastal pollutant concentrations, which was over 40% more than the reduction by two other CPER programs. This finding suggests that WET is an effective indicator to determine the optimal time of CPER. Because of the high complexity and variability of coastal hydrodynamics, environmental management agencies should obtain the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of WET in coastal oceans before formulating corresponding environmental programs.

Global methane pledge versus carbon dioxide emission reduction

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas whose contribution to anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate system is second only to carbon dioxide (CO2). CH4 emission reduction has become critical to global climate mitigation policy, resulting most notably in the global methane pledge (GMP), pledging a 30% reduction of CH4 emissions by 2030. Methane is, however, much shorter-lived in the atmosphere than CO2, so emissions reductions may have different impacts on global warming over time. We quantify the difference over time in global annual mean surface temperature of the GMP versus the equivalent amount of CO2 emission reduction. The avoidance of CH4 emissions in the 2020s due to the GMP initially results in greater relative cooling than the avoidance of the equivalent amount of CO2 emissions over the same period, but less relative cooling after ∼2060, when almost all CH4 emitted during the 2020s has been removed from the atmosphere but much of the CO2 emitted during the 2020s remains. However, if the GMP places the world on a lower CH4 emissions trajectory after 2030, this results in a persistently and substantially greater reduction to global warming than the equivalent change in the CO2 emissions trajectory, with a maximum difference of 0.22 ± 0.06 ∘C in 2055 and relative cooling for well over a century. This equates to a large difference in avoided climate change damages if momentum in CH4 emission reduction from the GMP can be sustained after the 2020s. While the greatest reduction in warming is obtained by reducing both CH4 and CO2 emissions, our results underscore the striking global societal benefits of sustained reduction in CH4 emissions.

Performance, exergy, and environmental analysis of blast furnace top pressure turbine in an iron-steel factory

The iron-steel industry, which has a large part of its energy consumption, strives to stay at the targeted level in the competition race and to hold on in the field in which it operates. For this purpose, production capacity turned to different energy saving methods due to the effort to reach the relevant standards and high quality low cost strategies. But, energy prices are constantly variable and energy costs are high. In this study, the Blast Furnace Top Pressure Turbine system (TRT), which is one of the important energy saving methods of the iron and steel industry, was examined. Considering the importance of the TRT system, operating condi-tions, operating parameters, and factors affecting energy recovery, the effect of various operating parameters on the operation of the TRT system was evaluated. Considering the annual operating time of 8000 hours, the annual production amount is 42400000 kWh, the value in terms of tons of oil equivalent is 3640 toe, the investment cost of the plant in 2018 is $400000 and the annual savings amount is $2755900. The amount of carbon emission reduction due to this production amount was calculated as 10888 kgCO2/h on average, and this amount of carbon emission was prevented every year with the commissioning of the facility. When the cost and energy calculations related to the system are examined, the payback period of the project is calcu-lated as approximately 0.15 years. The obtained data showed that the TRT system is a suitable method for energy saving in the iron and steel industry.

Emission leakage and the effectiveness of regional environmental regulation in China

This paper examines the emission leakage by the regional environmental regulation applied in Beijing and its surrounding area. Using the unique firm-level daily emission data, we develop a novel model to estimate the size of immediate leakage through the price mechanism. Our empirics find that leakage offsets about 60% of the total amount of emission reduction in the regulated region and the aggregate emission reduction is less than two percent. We also use the iron and steel industry as an example to show how the prices of input and output factors respond to the regulation.

Interactive reinforcement learning innovation to reduce carbon emissions in railway infrastructure maintenance

Carbon emission is one of the primary contributors to global warming. The global community is paying great attention to this negative impact. The goal of this study is to reduce the negative impact of railway maintenance by applying reinforcement learning (RL) by optimizing maintenance activities. Railway maintenance is a complex process that may not be efficient in terms of environmental aspect. This study is the world's first to use the potential of RL to reduce carbon emission from railway maintenance. The data used to create the RL model are gathered from the field data between 2016–019. The study section is 30 km long. Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is applied in the study to develop the RL model. The results demonstrate that using RL reduces carbon emission from railway maintenance by 48%, which generates a considerable amount of carbon emission reduction and reduces railway defects by 68%, which also improves maintenance efficiency significantly.

Development and evaluation of FINEX off-gas capture and utilization processes for sustainable steelmaking industry

FINEX process was proposed as an environmentally friendly option for steelmaking. To further its environmental friendliness, this study proposes and evaluates three options for FINEX off-gas (FOG) capture and utilization: post-combustion CO2 capture (Case 1), pre-combustion CO2 capture (Case 2), and methanol production following the pre-combustion CO2 capture (Case 3). These options are designed through simulation and are comparatively evaluated in terms of their net CO2 emissions and economics by conducting CO2 lifecycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA). In the latter, CO2 avoidance cost is estimated to assess the economic feasibility of each option. Case 1 was observed to give the largest amount of CO2 emission reduction, which is 35% lower than the current FOG utilization method of burning it for electricity generation. Case 2 showed the lowest CO2 avoidance cost of 68 USD/ton. Although Case 3 was estimated to give higher net CO2 emissions than Case 1 and higher CO2 avoidance cost than Case 2, sensitivity analysis revealed that the outcome depends strong on the global warming impact of the mixed electricity, carbon credit price, and methanol price and it can become an attractive option in the future.

Optimal strategies for production plan and carbon emission reduction in a hydrogen supply chain under cap-and-trade policy

Hydrogen is now being seen as one of the most promising carbon-free and abundant energy sources on the path to net-zero emissions. However, high transportation, storage, and carbon emission costs in hydrogen supply chains are critical economic barriers that hinder the development of the hydrogen economy. Consequently, hydrogen refuelling stations have to face a trade-off between self-produced and purchased hydrogen quantities while considering transportation and storage costs. Furthermore, hydrogen manufacturers and refuelling stations have to make a trade-off between their hydrogen outputs and carbon emission reduction quantities under a cap-and-trade policy. We develop a differential game model that draws on and extends the literature on hydrogen supply chain design and operation to address this dual dilemma. Therein, state variables include the hydrogen retail price and carbon emission trading price, and control variables involve the hydrogen outputs and carbon emission reduction amounts of the hydrogen manufacturer and refuelling station. We use the feedback control technique to find optimal solutions and implement numerical simulations to validate solutions and the sensitivity of parameters. The results suggest that carbon emission reduction efficiency, hydrogen wholesale price, and carbon trading reference price significantly impact the optimal decisions of production plans and carbon emission reduction. This study may provide theoretical guidance for promoting hydrogen utilisation, cost reduction and low-carbon development.

Performance analysis and optimization of combined heat and power system based on PEM fuel cell and [formula omitted] type Stirling engine

In this study, a new arrangement of a combined heat and power (CHP) system is proposed, which is designed based on a dual-prime mover of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and β type Stirling engine. By using this CHP system based on Stirling engine and fuel cell in hybrid form, the potential of performance improbvement of the system can be analyzed and the appropriate operation condition compared to using the CHP system based on one prime mover can be achieved.Also, two suitable thermodynamic models have been used for modeling the fuel cell and Stirling engine from energy, environmental and economic issues. In addition, the effects of Stirling engine speed, temperature, and fuel cell current density on power, electrical efficiency, CHP efficiency, fuel cost savings, the amount of annual CO2 emission reduction (ACO2ER) and payback period have been investigated for the CHP system. Then, an optimization method has been performed with the help of a two-objective genetic algorithm and the TOPSIS methods, and several optimal cases from different viewpoints of the CHP system are presented. The modeling results showed that to increase the CHP system's efficiency, the engine speed should be in the range of 1500 rpm and to increase the system's capacity, a higher engine speed should be used. Also, based on the payback period analysis, the system has higher economic performance at a higher rotational speed.I addition, increasing the fuel cell's temperature increases the system's power and electrical efficiency. The system's capacity increases with the current density, but the system's efficiency decreases. The optimization results showed that the engine speed, the fuel cell temperature, and the current density are recommended to be 3000 rpm, 94.5 °C, and 0.67 A cm−2, respectively. Suppose the main goal is to maximize the CHP efficiency and ACO2ER simultaneously, the CHP system should be started with a slightly lower engine speed of around 2126 rpm, a lower temperature of around 70.11 °C and a higher current density of around 0.93 A cm−2.

End-of-life management strategies to mitigate the impacts of building components on climate change: A case study of a supermarket building

The reduction of embodied carbon emissions in buildings has a significant impact on mitigating climate change. Current studies suggest that circular economy principles have the potential to reduce environmental impacts. Recycling and reuse of deconstructed building materials during the end of the useful lifespan of a building can help reduce carbon emissions. A process-based life cycle assessment was performed for the end-of-life phase of a steel frame and precast concrete supermarket building in the UK. The amount of potential carbon emissions reduction through the adoption of a specific end-of-life management strategy was quantified. The results indicate that reusing building components provides the greatest reduction of 72% compared to landfill, whilst recycling achieves a 41% reduction. Additionally, a comparison between reuse and recycling reveals a reduction of about 33%, indicating reuse should be considered a priority in minimising embodied carbon emissions of buildings.

Exploring the impact of “double carbon target” on environmental efficiency of coal cities in China

Chinese government proposed the “Double Carbon Target” (DCT) in 2020 to deal with the increasing global warming crisis. In this regard, the study identifies temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of environmental efficiency through the DEA-SBM model and further explores the impact of DCT on the environmental efficiency of coal cities using scenario analysis method. Empirical results show that: 1) Both economic efficiency and environmental efficiency of China’s coal cities are first rising and then falling during the period 2003–2022, and the gap between coal cities and non-coal cities was very small before 2011, but it begins to be enlarged after 2011. The main reason is environmental regulation has exerted a significant impact on coal cities; 2) the difference in environmental efficiency among coal cities is huge due to their policies for supporting renewable energy. Some cities have broken carbon lock-in by the favorite policy for renewable energy, while others have been trapped into path dependence on the coal-related industry; 3) generally, the more amount of emission reduction required, the lower the environmental efficiency of coal cities in the carbon neutralization scenario. Furthermore, some cities rich of renewable energy resources, such as Erdos, and Xuzhou, still have better environmental performance under different carbon neutralization scenarios, while others will encounter many transformation barriers and even may cause a social crisis. Therefore, it is suggested that some coal cities in northwest China can vigorously develop solar energy to improve environmental efficiency.

Cooling PV panels by free and forced convections: Experiments and comparative study

<abstract> <p>This work concerns a comparative experimental study of cooling PV panels by free and forced convection and using finned plates. To this end, four prototypes are considered: the first one with a PV panel alone without cooling techniques, the second one consists of a PV panel with a rectangular finned plate attached to its rear surface and cooled by free convection, a third prototype consists of a PV panel cooled by forced convection by three axial-flow fans and a fourth prototype consists of a PV panel with a rectangular finned plate attached to its rear surface and cooled by forced convection by three axial-flow fans. Results showed an increase of 3.01% in the efficiency of the PV panel with finned plate under forced convection, an increase of 2.55% in the efficiency of the PV panel with finned plate under free convection and an increase of 2.10% in the efficiency of the PV panel under forced convection. Economic and environmental studies are also conducted and estimations of savings per year and amount of carbon dioxide emission reductions are provided.</p> </abstract>

Differential Game Analysis of Emission Reduction and Preservation in the Tertiary Food Supply Chain under Different Government Subsidy Models

Climate change has brought about huge environmental problems and economic losses worldwide, and low carbon has become a hot topic of research in the context of the climate crisis. The article outlines a three-tier food supply chain consisting of suppliers, manufacturers and retailers, based on a cooperative model in which manufacturers share the cost of emission reduction and retailers share the cost of freshness. The study finds that when the government grants the maximum amount of subsidies to the manufacturer, the government’s decision to reduce emissions, the government’s regulations to preserve freshness, and the government’s profits are not affected. The study found that when the government awarded the largest subsidy coefficient to manufacturers and the smallest subsidy coefficient to retailers, the non-specific one-off government subsidy model could lead to higher profits for suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers, increasing the amount of emission reduction while improving the preservation quality of food. When the government subsidy factor for manufacturers is minimal, the reduction in emissions is greater under the government’s dedicated abatement subsidy model but does not increase the freshness quality of the food; food supply chain players consistently produce higher levels of preservation effort and preservation quality under the government’s non-dedicated one-off subsidy model.