Amount Of Electrical Energy Research Articles

The Angle Adjustment System of The Solar Energy to Electrical Energy Converter Practice Tool

Practical tools need to be created to represent the conditions of a system to support the learning process. In the learning process, especially when studying the utilization of solar energy, a practical tool is required to describe the system of solar panel installation. The practical tool for converting solar energy to electrical energy needs to depict the installation system that occurs during the installation of solar panels.
 This study aims to develop an angle adjustment system in the practical tool for converting solar energy to electrical energy that can represent the changes in angles and the amount of energy that can be obtained. The methodology begins with a literature study and is followed by the design and testing of the tool. The results obtained show that the Angle Adjustment System in the practical tool for converting solar energy to electrical energy has been able to represent the conditions of solar panel installation. The more perpendicular the light source is to the surface of the solar panel, the greater the amount of electrical energy that can be obtained.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF 6–10 KV POWER GRIDS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES THROUGH OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER CONTROL

"The article deals with improving the efficiency of an industrial power system, which is determined by the level of power losses in its elements. One of the most important methods of increasing the efficiency of power supply systems and distribution networks that ensure the transmission and distribution of electricity is to reduce the amount of electrical energy that is expended in this process. Reducing power losses in electrical grids is achieved by reducing the reactive component of the electric current, i.e., by increasing the cos φ. The Electrical Installation Code recommends, first of all, using the synchronous motors available at the enterprise. It is reasonable to solve the problem of minimizing active power losses in the power grid using the method of mathematical modeling and mathematical programming. The article presents the main features of the criterion programming method for solving a class of problems with a positive degree of difficulty, which is quite well-known in the electric power industry for solving optimization problems. We propose the method of criterion programming to solve the problem of improving the efficiency of the power grid by optimal control of the operation of synchronous motors according to the reactive power mode. "

Dielectric Properties and Electrochemical behavior of Graphene Oxide derived from Myanmar Coal Minerals

Graphene Oxide (GO) metal nanocomposites make up an emerging class of advanced materials and enhance material functionality to obtain multifunctional properties and working towards superior performance of energy storage devices. GO was derived from Myanmar coal minerals using Modified Hummer method. The silver and nickel nanoparticles were used as metal ions or metal nanoparticles to form GO nanocomposites. Their characteristics were identified by XRD, SEM and Raman Spectroscopy. The energy gap of GO and GO composites was also investigated by the aid of UV-Vis spectroscopy. The dielectric constant is measures of the amount of electrical energy that can be stored in GO derived from coal mineral. The frequency-dependent dielectric properties and AC conductivity has been explored using GW INSTEK LCR-8110 meter. It was found that the dielectric constant is maximum at low frequencies region and decreases with increasing frequency. The electrochemical performance of this sample was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement. The CV curves of GO have typical rectangular-like shape and no evident oxidation/reduction peak. The prototypes of flat-shaped capacitors were prepared and their capacitive values were also determined. The as-prepared GO on the copper foil can be directly used to fabricate solid-state super capacitor.

Impact of different anode materials on electro-Fenton process and tannery wastewater treatment using sequential electro-Fenton and electrocoagulation

The influence of anode materials on the electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater (TWW) was evaluated using Pt, Ti/RuO2–IrO2 (DSA), Ti/SnO2–Sb, Ti/PbO2, and Ti/SnO2–Sb/PbO2 electrodes. The comparison of the degradation mechanism of these electrodes in the electro-Fenton (EF) treatment was evaluated. The Ti/SnO2–Sb/PbO2 anode was efficient, with high electrocatalytic activity, stability, and reproducibility of the degradation results. Further, the study was extended to define the ability of sequential EF and electrocoagulation (EC) processes to clean TWW. The EC treatment was conducted using Al electrodes, and the performance of the combined treatment was evaluated by the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), sulfide, and Cr removal. The role of chlorides and sulfate salts during both treatments was evaluated by monitoring the concentration changes of these anions during the whole treatment using ion chromatography (IC). A sequential 1.5 h EF and 1 h EC treatment were applied to achieve a satisfactory degradation of (81.2 ± 3.9)% COD, >98% Cr, >99% turbidity, TSS, and sulfide removal. Additionally, the combined treatment was found to be more efficient towards the COD removal, achieving about 22.5% higher COD removal consuming almost the same amount of electrical energy.

MODELLING OF DIFFERENT MOTHER WAVELET TRANSFORMS WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR ESTIMATION OF SOLAR RADIATION

IIn recent years, the interest in renewable energy sources has increased due to environmental damage and, the increasing costs of fossil fuel resources, whose current reserves have decreased. Solar energy, an environmentally friendly, clean and sustainable energy source, is one of the most important renewable energy sources. The amount of electrical energy produced from solar energy largely depends on the intensity of solar radiation. For this reason, it is essential to know and accurately predict the characteristics of the solar radiation intensity of the relevant region for the healthy sustainability of the existing solar energy systems and the systems planned to be installed. For this purpose, a two-stage forecasting model was developed using the hourly solar radiation intensity of 2014 in a region in Turkey. In the first stage of the study, the second month of each season was selected to investigate the seasonal effects of the region and large, medium, and small-scale events in the study area were examined using discrete wavelet transform. The performances of different mother wavelets in the Artificial Neural Network model with Wavelet Transform (W-ANN) are compared in the second stage. July, the most successful estimation result in seasonal solar radiation intensity was obtained. The most successful RMSE values for January, April, July and October were 65,9471W/m^2, 74,3183 W/m^2, 54,3868 W/m^2, 78,4085 W/m^2 respectively, the coiflet mother wavelet measured it.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SOLAR SYSTEMS BASED ON PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AND SOLAR COLLECTORS FOR ENERGY SUPPLY OF BUDGET FACILITIES

This article analyzes the operation of a solar energy system installed in a higher education institution, consisting of four photovoltaic stations connected to the electrical grid for self-consumption, and a solar hot water system with collectors and a storage tank. The operation of the system was modeled using the RETScreen, T*SOL, and PV*SOL software programs, based on averaged climate data obtained from the "Zhuliany" weather station. The solar system is installed on the south-facing roof of the building and consists of 262 monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules of Trina Solar TSM-DE08M (II) type with a power of 370 W, installed at an angle of 30° to the horizon, and 8 Veissmann Vitosol 300-T SP3 vacuum tube collectors with a power of 1.3 kW installed at an angle of 35°. The placement of the solar elements was determined through modeling, considering their dimensions, the features of the roof structure, the placement of ventilation systems, and the shading of the roof surfaces by other elements of the building in Kyiv. As a result of energy modeling, it was determined that the amount of thermal energy obtained is 6.823 MWh/year, and the amount of electrical energy is -109.16 MWh/year, with a total inverter capacity of 95 kW, a traditional fuel replacement coefficient of 50% for the photovoltaic system and 75% for the solar system with collectors, payback periods of 4.3 years for the photovoltaic system, and 13 years for the hot water system when replacing electric boilers and 16 years when obtaining hot water from a district heating network. The reduction in harmful emissions is 45 tons/year of CO2, which is equivalent to 104.3 barrels of crude oil or 19,279 liters of high-octane gasoline or 15.5 tons of recycled waste. Based on the analysis of the data, it is recommended to install such systems in higher education budget institutions to reduce electricity or natural gas consumption and reduce harmful emissions into the environment.

Main challenges (generation and returned energy) in a deep intelligent analysis technique for renewable energy applications.

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for Renewable Energy (RE), which refers to energy generated from natural sources such as solar and wind power. Consequently, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to explore various approaches for controlling this type of energy. This work aims to highlight the main challenges associated with the generation and return of RE by employing intelligent data analysis techniques, specifically deep learning. These challenges are examined from different perspectives, including pre-processing, the methodology and techniques used in deep learning, and the evaluation measures employed. Some of the research in this area is focused on predicting the highest amount of energy that can be generated at a particular time and location, while others aim to predict the largest amount of electrical energy that can be returned to the electricity grid to optimize the use of surplus RE resources and maximize their benefits. These efforts are crucial to ensure the effective and continuous operation of the electrical grid. However, despite the efficiency and high accuracy of these models, they are hindered by complex calculations that require considerable time to produce the desired outcomes. Additionally, numerous measures are employed to evaluate the models' performance, including assessing their completion rate, quality of performance, accuracy of results, efficiency, error rate, feasibility of investing in RE, and the largest amount of surplus energy that can be returned to the electricity generation network.

Investigation of energy, exergy, and economy of co-generation system of solar electricity and cooling using linear parabolic collector for a data center

At present, data centers serve as primary providers of information technology infrastructure, thereby consuming a significant quantity of electrical energy. Considering the growing trend of heightened electricity consumption and heat generation within data centers, leading to increased expenses, coupled with mounting attention to energy preservation and ecological preservation, the deployment of electricity generation systems and solar cooling technologies presents an alluring solution. The present study introduces an integrated system powered by a parabolic collector, an organic Rankine cycle, and a two-effect absorption chiller. A solar parabolic collector system was evaluated as a potential means of providing thermal energy to the power generation and cooling systems. The methodology employed in this study involved the utilization of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) to produce electricity while the cooling generation process was carried out using an absorption cycle. The optimization of both the absorption system and the ORC was performed utilizing the temperature data derived from the parabolic collector. Ultimately, a contrastive analysis was conducted to explore the correlation between cooling storage and electrical power depending on the degree of the parabolic collector. The collective expenditure for electricity and cooling system maintenance within the data center amounts to 1202392 USD. Based on an analysis of the associated expenses for electricity and cooling, the Payback Period (PBP) is determined to be 3.407 years, whereas the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) stands at 0.05815 $ per kilowatt hour. The proposed system underwent an annual assessment encompassing analysis of performance, as well as considerations of the pertinent factors of energy, economics, and the environment. The findings indicate that the utilization of this system can mitigate the release of 1421 metric tons of carbon dioxide annually. The suggested amalgamated framework that couples solar power generation and cooling system holds immense promise in the realm of sustainable development. This optimism stems from the notable advantages of energy conservation, prospective economic benefits, and eco-friendliness that the system embodies.

Functional and Safety Challenges of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems for Application in Electrified Regional Aircraft

This paper identifies potential weaknesses and challenges of hydrogen fuel cell systems as main energy provider for electrified aircraft propulsion and presents potential solutions. The general design, operating principles and main characteristics of hydrogen-fuelled low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems (PEMFCSs) are described. The safety assessment process in aviation according to Aerospace Recommended Practices ARP4754A and selected methods according to ARP4761 are introduced. The functions of fuel cell systems in electrified aircraft powertrains are analysed in functional structure trees on aircraft, powertrain and fuel cell system level. By means of a Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA), potential malfunctions and their effects are investigated and their severity is evaluated. Critical failure modes are identified and requirements for acceptable failure probabilities are stipulated. Solution options to mitigate failure effects are stated. The results of the mentioned analyses reveal design challenges associated with the application of fuel cell systems in electrified aircraft propulsion, for instance, concerning functional independence as well as solutions for cold start conditions, heat transfer and lightweight design. Furthermore, safety challenges arise due to the utilisation of cryogenic hydrogen as fuel and the high amount of electric energy.

The use of wavy vortex generators in the cooling system to reduce the photovoltaic temperature rise

A solar panel will be exposed to sunlight when in use, which causes its temperature to increase. The performance of power production will be impacted if the solar panel's temperature conditions are too hot. High-temperature solar panels can reduce the amount of electrical energy generated. To prevent the temperature of the solar panels from rising too much, a cooling system is required. The proposed solution of this research is a cooling system for solar panels that makes use of heat transfer through water. The solar panels tested in this study have a tilt angle of 20 degrees. The cooling device has dimensions of 400 mm length, 278 mm width, and 20 mm height, with a wavy-type vortex generator positioned in the cooling device mounted on the underside of the solar panel. As a result of the heat flux applied to the top surface of the solar panel, it causes an increase in temperature. The resulting voltage and electric current are reduced. Computational simulations were carried out to determine the performance of the type of vortex generator used. At a cooling water flow rate of 200–600 ml/min, heat transfer with a vortex generator type B works optimally.

An ANFIS-Fuzzy Tree-GA Model for a Hospital’s Electricity Purchasing Decision-Making Process Integrated with Virtual Cost Concept

In deregulated electricity markets, accurate load and price prediction play an essential role in the Demand Response (DR) context. Although electrical load and price demonstrate a strong correlation which is not linear, price prediction may be a task much more challenging than load prediction due to several factors. The volatility of electricity price compared to load makes price prediction a complex procedure. To perform purchasing decisions commercial consumers may rely on short term price and load prediction. A system which combines Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Systems (ANFIS) which predict Load Marginal Prices (LMPs) and electricity consumption is presented in this study. Furthermore, the Virtual Cost (VC) concept, which is the sum of the products between the predicted hourly consumption values and their respective predicted LMPs is introduced. Virtual Cost is assessed with a Fuzzy Decision Tree (FDT) compared to a threshold set by the customer. If needed, the amount of electrical energy that a healthcare facility must purchase at every hour of the day may be scheduled using Genetic Algorithm (GA) to meet the threshold criterion. This hybrid model proved economically beneficial for the facility, which is of great importance since the saved resources may be utilized to improve its infrastructures or for other purposes with social impact. The novelty of the proposed method is the utilization of ANFIS, Fuzzy Decision Trees and Genetic Algorithms combined as tools to improve the hospital’s energy and economic efficiency, achieving a reduction of the electricity costs up to 21.95 percent. The contribution of the study is to provide a reliable decision-making tool to everyone who participates in the electricity market in order to perform profitable energy scheduling automatically and accurately.

Analysis of Maintenance Optimization on Medium Voltage Overhead Lines (SUTM) in Reducing Energy Not Supplied (ENS) at PT. PLN (Persero) ULP Tarakan

The background of this research is an analysis of equipment disturbances that occur in distributing electrical energy. The disturbance is a blackout. Power outages cause a decrease in the continuity of service to customers and result in a lot of loss of electrical energy that is not distributed to customers. The research objectives are to find out the optimization technique of distribution network maintenance, how to reduce the value of energy not supplied (ENS), find out the losses due to ENS, and find out the total electrical energy distributed after preventive maintenance is carried out. This research uses a preventive maintenance method, which is maintenance that can prevent unexpected damage to distribution system networks and equipment. This research optimized preventive maintenance actions by reducing disturbances after preventive maintenance from 7 disturbances in February to 2 disturbances in March. Before preventive maintenance, the loss due to ENS amounted to Rp. 36,192,017.626, and the total electrical energy not distributed was 25,025.76 kWh. After preventive maintenance, there was a significant decrease in the total loss due to ENS of Rp. 953,516,447, and the amount of electrical energy not distributed was 659.28 kWh. This research can increase maintenance efficiency due to electrical energy losses by 97.36% at the time interval when this research data is managed when data collection is carried out in the field.

Hybrid Power System

Abstract: Energy is one of the most important factors in the country's development and advancement. Several developed countries are facing issues in the production of energy. When we come to electricity, it is the most important source for running all kinds of machinery and industries. Across the world thermal power production is the most commonly used method. But it causes a lot of pollution and many resources are consumed. To avoid all these issues, the world is looking for the best renewable energy sources like wind, solar power productions. This project mainly focusses on design of an integrated setup of wind turbine and solar panel to form a hybrid energy source which is installed over the pole. When it's sunny outside, wind energy can be used to illuminate solar panels, and wind energy can also be used at night and on cloudy or rainy days. Together, the two processes produce a significant amount of electric energy, which solar cells store for use as nighttime lighting . We considered the mono crystalline solar panels(The required no. of cells would be based on the application part) such that the capacity lies between 260-280W. We made sure that the solar inverter capacity would be around 200W. We have chosen the wind turbine generator of 60W capacity. Accordingly, we have considered the solar battery of 12V. And finally, a converter which converts DC to AC.

Highly efficient electroextraction of gold and simultaneous iodine regeneration using ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide

The iodination method is a cyanide-free and efficient gold-leaching process, but a large amount of electric energy is consumed for hydrogen evolution during the process of gold recovery by electrodeposition in the iodide/H2O system. Herein, [C2MIM][N(CN)2] ionic liquids were developed as electrolytes to overcome the limitations of water-based solvents for higher current efficiency by extending the electrochemical window. And the three-dimensional carbon felt with a high surface area and abundant active sites was selected as the cathode material to enhance the deposition rate. Cyclic voltammetry test demonstrated that both Au+ reduction and I- oxidation are irreversible processes controlled by diffusion with the diffusion coefficients of 1.48 × 10-7 cm2/s and 2.91 × 10-7 cm2/s at 20 °C, respectively. The optimal current efficiency (88.03%), specific energy consumption (216.37 kWh/t) and recovery of gold (95.77%), and iodine (85.75%) were obtained by regulating the electrodeposition parameters, including applied potential, temperature, and stirring speed. Moreover, the gold leaching and deposition efficiency were stable at approximately 93% and 95% with 0.2% iodine supplement for four cyclic leaching-electrodeposition. SEM-EDS, XRD, and XPS analysis showed the deposits on the carbon fibers had good uniformity, and the deposit composition contained Au0, Cu0, and CuO. [C2MIM][N(CN)2] ionic liquid is an attractive alternative to non-concentrated aqueous electrolytes for high-efficiency and low-power electrodeposition applications.

3D printing of circular materials: Comparative environmental analysis of materials and construction techniques

The use of 3D printing in construction activities can help to reduce waste, lower energy consumption, and minimize the environmental impact of building projects. As technology continues to advance, it has the potential to play a major role in the development of cleaner, more sustainable production processes in the construction industry. For each such innovation, it is essential to ensure its environmental sustainability at an early stage of development. This study aims to assess the potential environmental advantages and disadvantages of newly developed construction and demolition waste (CDW)-based geopolymer materials for 3D printing of built-environment structures. The study identifies potential "hot spots" of the developed process where environmental impact is highest and develops strategies to reduce or mitigate negative impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was carried out for three cases of CDW-based 3D printed structures, Portland cement-based 3D printed structures, and conventional masonry construction methods and materials, to analyze the environmental impact of CDW-based 3D-printed designs and their comparative analysis. The results showed that geopolymer-based 3D printed construction resulted in the lowest global warming potential of 488 [kg CO2 eq] as compared to 595.6 [kg CO2 eq] for ordinary Portland cement-based structure and 533.7 [kg CO2 eq] for conventional masonry construction of the equivalent structure. The main environmental "hot spot" identified for the geopolymer-based 3D printed construction process was the amount of electrical energy required for the mechanical processing of waste materials, which was more than 61% of the total GWP impact. In addition to decreasing solid CDW, the developed approach has significant potential for improvement by using more sustainable energy sources and reducing the amount of solid CDW generated.

Response of axial nitrogen coordination engineering to cobalt based molecular environmental catalysts for selective reduction of CO2

It is of practical significance to use appropriate catalysts to reduce CO2 into useful products by reasonably consuming a certain amount of electrical energy. Heterogeneous cobalt phthalocyanine/carbon nanotube (CoPc/CNT) catalyst can achieve efficient catalytic reduction performance. It has been proved that the introduction of axial coordination N atoms can effectively adjust the electronic structure of CoPc, thus regulating its activity. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the axial coordination bond modulation CO2RR process provided by N sources on the surface of carbon materials. In this work, pydridine with C=N-C (Py), cyanobenzene with C≡N (Cy), and aminobenzene with C-N-H (Am) were grafted onto CNT through diazotization reaction, and CoPc was loaded to form axially coordinated Co-N5 configuration catalysts (i.e., CoPc-Py-CNT, CoPc-Cm-CNT, and CoPc-Am-CNT), and their catalytic activities were compared. CoPc-Am-CNT with Am ligand had the strongest coordination bond energy and achieved outstanding CO2RR activity (the turnover frequency (TOF) value was 5.3 s−1), which was attributed to its impaired CO2RR energy barrier, excellent CO2 affinity, and low mass transfer resistance. While the CO Faraday efficiency of CoPc-Am-CNT at the potential below −0.75 V vs RHE was lower than those of CoPc-Cy-CNT and CoPc-Py-CNT. This was due to the fact that the electron-donating group property of Am moved the CoPc/[CoPc].- couple potential of CoPc-Am-CNT more negative, so the maximum CO Faraday efficiency of CoPc-Am-CNT could only be achieved at higher potentials (＞ −0.75 V vs RHE). This work provides new insights for the design of axial ligand catalysts and their application in eleccatalytic reduction of CO2.

Analisis Produktivitas pada PT XYZ Menggunakan Metode Objective Matrix

PT XYZ is trying to increase its productivity because some of this time it is still considered ineffective. Productivity measurements based on fragrance output and the inputs used are the use of raw materials, the amount of labor, machine hours, and electrical energy used. Based on these problems, Objective Matrix (OMAX) is used as a measurement of productivity on the production line. The data used is data from January 2022 to May 2022. The results of the performance indicators that can be achieved by the company during the period January 2022 to May 2022 experienced productivity fluctuations. The highest productivity increase happened in the April 2022 period, at 146.67, while the lowest decline in productivity occurred in the February 2022 period, at -13.33. The factors that need to be improved are the number of employees, the machine's working hours, and the amount of electrical energy utilized.

Design of a Wireless Sensor Node for Overhead High Voltage Transmission Power Lines

High Voltage (HV) overhead power lines are systems of interconnected elements that deliver massive amounts of electrical energy over long distances. Electrical conductors, used as energy carriers, are designed according voltage, current, and temperature rated value. Monitoring the power line's state variables is emerging as a crucial topic aiming at both determining the optimal real-time capability and defining a suitable model for Health Index assessment. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), consisting of many distributed sensor nodes that communicate with each other, can be a suitable tool to improve line ampacity by maintaining the operating variables in respect of their rated values. This paper investigates the design of an Energy Management System (EMS) for a wireless sensor for HV power line application and proposes a maximum power point tracker (MPPT). The behavior of the MPPT is discussed in terms of electromagnetic field laws and properties of magnetic materials. Ordinary and extraordinary operating conditions are investigated. The theoretical results are validated through a series of experimental tests. A prototype has been realized and tested for real operating currents. The tests are also used to verify the sensor's resilience in the presence of harsh fault conditions.

Instructional Design of Bioinformatics Curriculum for Graduate Student under “Double first-class” Discipline

Development of a closed fly wheel based energy system is a concept for generating energy free that is emission free like the renewable energy sources. It comprises a fly wheel 315kg, 2.5Hp 220volts DC motor,10Hp 250volt Alternator, locally developed hub powered with pump for cooling and hydrodynamic lubrication of the flywheel shaft, charge controller, and smart system. The concept of the design and development of a fossil fuel free generator is driven from the high energy stored in fly wheels. An ecofriendly power generation is needed to reduce emissions that have led to the well-discussed global warming and depletion of ecosystem. The momentary motion of any fly wheel is a function of its mass and its velocity as it affect the duration of its rotation before coming to rest. The interconnectivity among the flywheel, generator, a battery and a DC motor can lead production of a reasonable amount of Electrical Energy. Inertia laws and momentum were used in the design of the flywheel. The use of charging controllers and battery management system (BMS) as well as rectifier are used to maintain steady supply and battery life Generation principles, identification of areas of loses, power stability, energy bank, electronic energy booster (fondly known as electronic gear) and smart system for energy management and sustainability.

Comparison of the practicality of organic solar cells of different materials

In today's world of rapid technological development, huge resource consumption and environmental protection are becoming major issues for human survival. It is generally believed that mankind needs more efficient and environmentally friendly ways of generating energy. Among the many ways to generate electricity, solar power is a very environmentally friendly and resourceful way to generate electricity as by converting a very small amount of solar energy received on earth into electrical energy, we can obtain a considerable amount of electric energy. Among the many materials used to produce solar cells, organic materials are the most popular research subject because of their low price, abundance, and bendability. Among the many materials used in solar cells, organic materials have received attentions because of their low price, abundance and excellent properties such as bendability, non-toxicity, and degradability. As one of the most popular power generation methods, numerous scientists have tried to commercialize it, but there are still some problems that prevent them from doing so, such as the lack of stability of organic materials. This article will collect information on various organic solar cell materials and compare them, trying to find the one with the most commercial potential or feasibility.