Amount Of Dioxide Research Articles

Development of an Efficient Procedure for Sustainable Low Carbon Cement Manufacturing Process

The consumption of Portland cement for the production of concrete is rapidly increasing because of the remarkable growth in the construction worldwide. Cement production is an energy intensive process. The energy consumption by the cement industry is estimated to be about 5% of the total global industrial energy consumption. Manufacturing process of cement consumes enormous quantities of raw materials from limited natural resources at a high rate and leads to their depletion. Due to the dominant use of carbon intensive fuels such as coal, the cement industry is a major emitter of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants. The cement industry contributes about 6 % of global carbon dioxide emissions which is the primary source of global warming. In addition to carbon dioxide emissions, significant amount of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds are emitted during cement manufacturing and causes severe environmental issues. In this regard, effective control techniques for reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from modern cement industry and an efficient procedure to achieve sustainable cement manufacturing process are discussed in this paper.

What is the limit of climate engineering by stratospheric injection of SO<sub>2</sub>?

Abstract. The injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere to form an artificial stratospheric aerosol layer is discussed as an option for solar radiation management. The related reduction of radiative forcing depends upon the injected amount of sulfur dioxide, but aerosol model studies indicate a decrease in forcing efficiency with increasing injection rate. None of these studies, however, consider injection rates greater than 20 Tg(S) yr−1. But this would be necessary to counteract the strong anthropogenic forcing expected if "business as usual" emission conditions continue throughout this century. To understand the effects of the injection of larger amounts of SO2, we have calculated the effects of SO2 injections up to 100 Tg(S) yr−1. We estimate the reliability of our results through consideration of various injection strategies and from comparison with results obtained from other models. Our calculations show that the efficiency of such a geoengineering method, expressed as the ratio between sulfate aerosol forcing and injection rate, decays exponentially. This result implies that the sulfate solar radiation management strategy required to keep temperatures constant at that anticipated for 2020, while maintaining business as usual conditions, would require atmospheric injections of approximately 45 Tg(S) yr−1 (±15 % or 7 Tg(S) yr−1) at a height corresponding to 60 hPa. This emission is equivalent to 5 to 7 times the Mt. Pinatubo eruption each year.

Changes in the organic carbon resources in successive forest development stageson dunes in the Toruń Basin

One way to prevent the growing carbon dioxide amount in the atmosphere consists in afforestation of forest wastelands such as: heaths, peat bogs, swamps. Replacing such ecological systems by planting them with trees allows to increase the afforested area and, at the same time, to increase the accumulation of organic carbon in the plant biomass. The growing contribution of forest stands may lead to natural restoration, mostly by self-seeding. This study determined changes in the organic carbon resources at the following stages of the natural succession occurring on heaths. The changes were compared with values obtained for the pine cultivation developed from artificial afforestation of the inland dune. The study was conducted on the heathland near the southern boundary of Torun. Four plots were established in the gradient of the increasing density of pine. The second object of the study was an artificial pine cultivation established on the suburban inland dune (Zadroze Dune). The heather was preserved in abundant quantities in places where wilding pine trees occurred in small numbers (plot I), whereas in places with older self-sown plants (plots III and IV), the heath covered only a small part of the study area, beneath the canopy gaps allowing greater sunlight penetration. The artificial forest cultivation established on a dry habitat with trees three times older compared to self-sown pines on the heathland accumulates similar amounts of carbon in the biomass. The performed analysis showed that there are no significant differences in the carbon resources accumulated in the artificial and well-developed forest ecosystem (ca. 108.30 t Corg./ha) compared to carbon resources in the naturally developing area (plot IV; 94.61 t Corg./ha).

Reactivity continuum modeling of leaf, root, and wood decomposition across biomes

AbstractLarge carbon dioxide amounts are released to the atmosphere during organic matter decomposition. Yet the large‐scale and long‐term regulation of this critical process in global carbon cycling by litter chemistry and climate remains poorly understood. We used reactivity continuum (RC) modeling to analyze the decadal data set of the “Long‐term Intersite Decomposition Experiment,” in which fine litter and wood decomposition was studied in eight biome types (224 time series). In 32 and 46% of all sites the litter content of the acid‐unhydrolyzable residue (AUR, formerly referred to as lignin) and the AUR/nitrogen ratio, respectively, retarded initial decomposition rates. This initial rate‐retarding effect generally disappeared within the first year of decomposition, and rate‐stimulating effects of nutrients and a rate‐retarding effect of the carbon/nitrogen ratio became more prevalent. For needles and leaves/grasses, the influence of climate on decomposition decreased over time. For fine roots, the climatic influence was initially smaller but increased toward later‐stage decomposition. The climate decomposition index was the strongest climatic predictor of decomposition. The similar variability in initial decomposition rates across litter categories as across biome types suggested that future changes in decomposition may be dominated by warming‐induced changes in plant community composition. In general, the RC model parameters successfully predicted independent decomposition data for the different litter‐biome combinations (196 time series). We argue that parameterization of large‐scale decomposition models with RC model parameters, as opposed to the currently common discrete multiexponential models, could significantly improve their mechanistic foundation and predictive accuracy across climate zones and litter categories.

광 간섭 펄 안료의 신규 제조 공정 개발

In general, the pearlescent pigment is a pigment which was used for optical characteristics like pearl, rainbow and metallic luster. Titanium dioxide coated mica plate developed by DuPont in 1965 is currently being used as a main part of pearlescent pigment for cosmetics. Although the smooth and clear surface substrate laminated with 2 ~ 3 ingredients is thicker than a previous monolayer coated substrate, it has been applied for cosmetics as the optical interference powder to realize stronger shine and brighter interference color than monolayer one. In this study, we developed a new optical interference powder with thinner and higher chroma than a current pearlescent pigment for the strong luster and bright interference color. It was prepared from the manufacturing process, in which the coated titanium dioxide precursor was changed and crystallized by coating and heat treatment process with a half of dividing the coated amount of titanium dioxide. We confirmed the dense coating of titanium dioxide grain with Scanning Electron Microscope and measured superior crystallization degree compared with a monolayer coated pearlescent pigment by X-ray Diffraction. It is concluded that our new pearlescent pigment had higher reflectivity of light and stronger interference color than previous products.

Quality Assessment during Storage of Young White Wine var. Sauvignon Blanc

Chemical composition of white wine Sauvignon blanc var. was assessed during storage from January until August. Common analytical methods were applied for alcohol content, total reducing sugar, sulphur dioxide and total acidity analysis. The value for total reducing sugar of 1,8 g/L, could include the Suvignon blanc wine as dry wine. There was observed a loss in alcohol content with 5% in the stored white wine. In order to ensurre the wine stabilization, the amount of sulphur dioxide increased gradually from cold to warm season, in August reaching the highest value of 130 mg/L total SO 2 .

Effect of catalytic oxidation for removal of PAHs from aqueous solution

The aim of the study was to determine the removal efficiency of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) (Σ 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs) from aqueous solution using dihydrogen dioxide in the presence of cobalt, platinum, and titanium catalysts. The research was based on the determination of the COD (Total Organic Carbon) in aqueous solution (distilled water with a standard mixture of 16 PAHs). On the basis of the determined value of COD, the oxidant dose—30% solution of dihydrogen dioxide—was calculated. Adequate amounts of dihydrogen dioxide and catalyst were added to the samples. The samples were mixed and left in laboratory conditions for 12 h. Then, PAHs were determined in duplicate. The analysis of PAHs included sample preparation and quantitative and qualitative chromatographic determination, which was performed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The use of a cobalt catalyst resulted in the removal of 16 PAHs in 25%. A dose of an oxidant in the amount of 0.818 mL per liter of the analyzed sample was used. An increase in the amount of dihydrogen dioxide led to higher oxidation efficiency—31% and it gave the final concentration of 1,978 ng/L. Platinum catalyst caused the removal of 16 PAHs by 32%, reaching the final concentration of 1,940 ng/L. The best result for the removal of PAHs was achieved using a titanium catalyst. The amount of oxidant equal to 0.818 mL per liter of the analyzed sample caused a 91% decrease in the summary concentration of 16 PAHs.

Performance and emission of diesel engine fuelled by waste cooking oil methyl ester derived from palm olein using hydrodynamic cavitation

The depleting of fossil fuel reserves and increasing environmental concerns have continued to stimulate research into biodiesel as a greener fuel alternative produced from renewable resources. In this study, the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends of 10, 30 and 50 % from waste cooking oil based on hydrodynamic cavitation were compared to diesel fuel, and found to be acceptable according to the EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. The tests have been performed using an in-line vertical six-cylinder diesel engine at different engine speeds, ranging from 1000 to 2000 rpm under full throttle load. During engine performance tests, biodiesel blends showed higher brake specific fuel consumption (2.1–9.0 %) and exhaust gas temperature (1.0–6.8 %), while lower brake power (1.6–6.7 %), torque (0.6–5.2 %) and brake thermal efficiency (1.9–8.4 %) than diesel fuel. Engine emissions showed higher carbon dioxide (8.7–38.5 %) and nitrogen oxide (4.7–19.0 %) releases, but surprisingly decreased amount of carbon monoxide (3.3–26.3 %) for biodiesel blends compared to diesel fuel. Although higher carbon dioxide amounts were emitted, the use of biodiesel greatly reduced the life cycle circulation of carbon dioxide. Waste cooking methyl ester produced by using hydrodynamic cavitation seems to be relatively easy to scale up to higher production values, is energy efficient, time saving and eco-friendly, which results in biodiesel being a viable fuel for industrial production. The waste cooking oil-based biodiesel can also be used without any engine modifications.

Improved steady-state models for chlorine dioxide delignification sequences that include washer carryover effects

In previous studies, generalized steady-state models were proposed to approximate the chlorine dioxide demand needed for the delignification of softwood and hardwood pulps, where the kappa number entering the bleach plant can fluctuate. However, these expressions neglect the effect of dissolved solids with the stock that originate from incomplete pulp washing. In this study, the original elemental chlorine-free (ECF) models are modified to include the effects of carryover from brownstock or post-oxygen washing. The stoichiometric bleach consumption from carryover, based on its composition, was calculated from various literature sources. The majority of the bleach demand (about 70%) results from the dissolved lignin contained in the brownstock carryover, with the remainder resulting from the inorganic sulfur constituents (e.g., sulfide and thiosulfate). When the effect of brownstock carryover was taken into account, the modified models accurately predicted the amount of chlorine dioxide consumed for a given delignification level (about ±0.1% chlorine dioxide) vs. actual bleach plant data. The improved models can be used to gauge the level of washer carryover entering the bleach plant if this parameter is not regularly monitored by the mill. Additionally, these modified expressions could be integrated into advanced process control strategies for ECF bleaching where the washer carryover or dissolved lignin entrainment is measured with online sensors.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐(Cyclohexylamino)‐2‐(aryl)pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline‐3‐carbonitrile Derivatives Using a Mild, Four‐Component Reaction.

1-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-(aryl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized in an efficient method from four-component condensation reaction between cyclohexyl isocyanide, quinoline, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of a catalytic amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature in good yields. Silica gel column chromatography was employed for HCN elimination and then 1, 3 hydrogen shift was led to form final products 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e.

Determination of Nitrogen and Sulphur Oxides Produced During Combustion of the Jatropha Cake as a Measure of the Level of Pollution When the Cake is Used as a Fuel

Jatropha cake is a promising renewable energy source after proving difficult to be used as feedstock. Its possible use as a combustible fuel makes the Jatropha cake pellet important as a source of potentially harmful gases to the users and the environment. This makes it imperative to determine the level of pollution caused by the Jatropha cake bio-pellet so as to take the necessary precautions to prevent the hazards that may be associated with its use as fuel if necessary. Jatropha cake samples were burned in a furnace to determine the amount of nitrogen oxides (NO x) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2) produced during complete combustion. The effect of temperature on the production of these gases was investigated by altering the furnace temperature from 300°C to 1200°C. NO x and SO 2 were collected in a mixture of aqueous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide

Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Amounts and Fluxes between the Atmosphere, the Ocean, and the Biosphere

Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Amounts and Fluxes between the Atmosphere, the Ocean, and the Biosphere

Application of molecular markers to detect DNA damage caused by environmental pollutants in lichen species.

Pseudevernia furfuracea L. (Zopf), Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf, Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., and Usnea longissima Ach. lichen species were used as bioindicators to assess the genotoxicity of air pollutants. In the present study, we examined significant environmetal pollutants and investigate how changes may lead to damage in DNA structure using RAPD markers. In the study area (Erzurum, Turkey), poor-quality lignite, which generates a large amount of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle matter, is used for domestic heating, and vehicles also contribute to air pollution. Control lichen samples were collected far from large urban and industrial settlements and transplanted to four polluted sites for 4, 8, or 12 months. The total soluble protein content of the examined four lichen species did not significantly change with exposure time (P < 0.05). The four lichen samples exposed to the pollutants for 8 months had the highest ratio of DNA changes. The ratio of band differences in P. praetextata was higher than that in the other three lichen species, possibly because it has broad leaves that accumulated more pollutants. The average incidences of polymorphism were 64.14, 54.58, 65.76, and 43.06% for P. furfuracea, P. praetextata, L. pulmonaria, and U. longissima, respectively. The genomic template stability (GTS) significantly decreased following exposure to pollutants. GTS ratios revealed that the highest value (98.36%) belonged to U. longissima samples from Site 1 (10 m) after 4 months of exposure, and the lowest values belonged to P. praetextata (73.58%) from Site 3 (100 m) after 8 months of exposure. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of P. praetextata as an indicator of genotoxicity.

APPLICATION OF GREEN ENERGY FOR EV BATTERY CHARGING STATION

The Well-to-Wheel (WtW) CO2 emission of the electric vehicle (EV) strictly depends on amount of a carbon dioxide (including transmission and conversion losses) required to produce an electric energy used to charge EV batteries. Value of the WtW emission may be lowered by increasing a share of low-pollutant power plants i.e. using renewable energy or nuclear power, however it needs a large financial investments and it is very long process, taking over a dozen years. Even in the case of countries having a large share of low-emission power plants (Germany), a smart grids must be applied in order to optimize a value of WtW CO2 emission. Usually batteries are charged during night, where energy demands are relatively low and at the same time wind turbines supplies majority of electric energy to the grid. Presented idea of the battery charging station described in this article has a local character. It uses photovoltaic panels as a source of “green” electric energy. As a consequence the value of WtW emission for an EV batteries charged in this station equals to 0 g/km. The charging station uses EV battery swap thus the time of staying in the station is shorter in comparison with normal or even fast charging. The battery swapping technology uses replacing of the discharged units mounted in EV by fully charged ones. The batteries are placed in special try, which enables a quick mechanical and electrical connecting and disconnecting. Moreover, batteries stored in the station may be used as an energy storage devices and makes charging process optimization easier; moreover, they can be used as an element of a smart grid system. The article describes model of charging station using both photovoltaic and quick EV battery swap.

매립지가스(LFG)로부터 합성가스 제조를 위한 개질반응 연구

Abstract >> LFG (Land-Fill Gas) includes components of CH 4 , CO 2 , O 2 , N 2 , and water. The preparation of synthesisgas from LFG as a DME (Dimethyl Ether) feedstock was studied by methane reforming of CO 2 , O 2 and steamover NiO-MgO-CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Our experiments were performed to investigate the effects of methane conversionand syngas ratio on the amount of LFG components over NiO-MgO-CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Results were obtainedthrough the activity reaction experiments at the temperature of 900°C and GHSV of 4,000. The results were asfollowing; it has generally shown that methane conversion rate increased with the increase of oxygen and carbon dioxide amounts. Highly methane conversion of 92~93% and syngas ratio of approximately 1.0 were obtainedin the feed of gas composition flow-rate of 243ml/min of CH 4 , 241ml/min of CO 2 , 195ml/min of O 2 , 48ml/minof N 2 , and 360ml/min of water, respectively, under reactor pressure of 15 bar for 50 hrs of reaction time. Also, it was shown that catalyst deactivation by coke formation was reduced by excessively adding oxygen and steamas an oxidizer of the methane reforming.

An appropriate one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrano[c]chromenes and 6-amino-5-cyano-4-aryl-2-methyl-4H-pyrans with thiourea dioxide as an efficient, reusable organic catalyst in aqueous medium

An efficient, convenient method for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives by one-pot, three-component reaction of aldehydes, malononitrile/cyanoacetate, and 4-hydroxycoumarin in the presence of a catalytic amount of thiourea dioxide, an efficient, reusable organic catalyst, is described. A variety of 3,4-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives were obtained, and 6-amino-5-cyano-4-phenyl-2-methyl-4H-pyran-3-carboxylic acid ethyl esters were obtained by condensation of aldehydes, malononitrile and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of thiourea dioxide in aqueous medium. The salient features of the protocol are mild reaction conditions, high yields, short reaction time, safety, high atom-economy, eco-friendly standards, easy isolation of products, no column chromatographic separation and reusability of the catalyst.

Demystifying the air quality health index.

Demystifying the air quality health index.

Titanium Dioxide-Supported Sulfonated Low Rank Coal as Catalysts in the Oxidation of Styrene with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide

Titanium dioxide supported sulfonated low rank coal catalyst possesses high catalytic activity in liquid phase oxidation of styrene with aqueous hydrogen peroxide at room temperature. The catalysts were prepared by sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid and impregnation of titanium dioxide (500-2500 µmol). The effect of titanium dioxide impregnation and calcinations on the catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, BET surface area, field emission scanning electron microscopy and hydrophobicity measurement. The catalytic activity of the catalysts in the oxidation of styrene by aqueous H2O2 without calcination increased when the amount of titanium dioxide increased. Meanwhile, the catalytic activity of the catalyst calcined at 500oC for 2 h was lower than before calcination. It is suggested that the agglomeration of titanium dioxide and hydrophobicity play important role in the catalytic activity of titanium dioxide-supported sulfonated low rank coal in the oxidation of styrene with aqueous H2O2.

Explosives Vapors–Concentrating and Optoelectronic Detection

Abstract Detection of explosives vapors is an extremely difficult task. The sensitivity of currently constructed detectors is often insufficient. The paper presents a description of an explosive vapors concentrator that improves the detection limit of some explosives detectors. These detectors have been developed at the Institute of Optoelectronics. The concentrator is especially dedicated to operate with nitrogen oxide detectors. Preliminary measurements show that using the concentrator, the recorded amount of nitrogen dioxide released from a 0.5 ng sample of TNT increases by a factor of approx. 20. In the concentrator an induction heater is applied. Thanks to this and because of the miniaturization of the container with an adsorbing material (approx. 1 cm3), an extremely high rate of temperature growth is achieved (up to 500 °C within approx. 25 s). The concentration process is controlled by a microcontroller. Compact construction and battery power supply provide a possibility of using the concentrator as a portable device.

Synthesis of 1‐(Cyclohexylamino)‐2‐(aryl)pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline‐3‐carbonitrile Derivatives Using a Mild, Four‐Component Reaction

1‐(Cyclohexylamino)‐2‐(aryl)pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline‐3‐carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized in an efficient method from four‐component condensation reaction between cyclohexyl isocyanide, quinoline, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of a catalytic amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature in good yields. Silica gel column chromatography was employed for HCN elimination and then 1, 3 hydrogen shift was led to form final products 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e.