Amount Of Defecation Research Articles

Drinking and feeding behavior of Ongole Crossbred Heifer with water-free access at MergoAndhini Makmur Farmer Group, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This study was aimed to determine the effect of the water-free access on drinking and feeding behavior of Ongole Crossbreed (OC) heifer in the Mergo Andhini Makmur farmer group in Bolu Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Ten OC heifers with an average body weight of 280 kg divided into two treatment groups. The first treatment (P0) gave water according to the farmer used to give (control group), while the second group (P1) with water-free access. The feed given was forage and concentrate. Feeding and drinking behavior which were feeding duration, frequency of eating, drinking, urination, and defecation during 7 consecutive days were collected then analyzed by One Way ANOVA to see if there were differences between two group of water accessed. The results showed that the frequency of drinking of free access water group was higher (P<0.05) compared to the control group (5.9 ± 2.6 vs 1.00 ± 0.00 times/day), while duration and frequency of eating, frequency of urination, defecation and amount of defecation and urination were not significantly different (P>0.05). The results of this study concluded that Ongole Crossbred heifer needs water-free access than those restricted ones for better performances.

The Effect of Probiotic Yogurt on Constipation in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

BackgroundProbiotics can alter the colonic microbiota and might improve bowel function.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of yogurt, enriched with Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus 4.8 × 1010 (CFU) on the symptoms of constipated pregnant women.Materials and MethodsThis triple-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 constipated pregnant women who were diagnosed by the ROME III criteria in Tabriz, Iran from December 2014 to July 2015. Participants were randomly put into two groups including the treatment and the control group through block randomization. The treatment group received 300 g of yogurt enriched with Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus 4.8 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU) (n = 30) while the control group received conventional yogurt (n = 30) for 4 weeks. The defecation frequency, stool consistency, straining during defecation, sensation of anorectal obstruction, sensation of incomplete evacuation and manual manoeuvres to facilitate defecation were primary outcomes while the amount of defecation, stool colure, and quality of life were secondary outcomes.ResultsThe frequency of defecation was increased from 2.1 (0.8) at baseline to 8.3 (4.4) in the probiotic yogurt group vs. 2.3 (0.7) at baseline to 8.1 (4.3) in the conventional yogurt group at the end of 4th week. These results were based on the repeated measure ANOVA test and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (mean difference: 0.1; Confidence Interval 95%: -1.4 to 1.7; P = 0.872). Constipation symptoms including straining, anorectal obstruction, manipulation to facilitate defecation, consistency of stool and color of stool were improved significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups. In addition, the amount of defecation was significantly increased in both groups (P < 0.05), while incomplete evacuation was significantly reduced in the treatment group (P = 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the mean scores of physical (P = 0.726) and mental (P = 0.678) aspects of quality of life after the intervention with the adjusting of baseline scores.ConclusionsConsumption of 300 g/day probiotic and conventional yogurt can play a role in improving the symptoms of constipation during pregnancy.

자원봉사자에 의한 아로마 복부경락마사지 제공이 입원 뇌 병변 장애환자의 변비완화에 미치는 효과

본 연구는 배변 문제가 있는 뇌 병변 장애 입원 환자에게 자원봉사자들이 주 3회의 아로마 복부경락마사지 중재(7분/1회)를 4주간 적용하여 변비완화에 미치는 효과를 검정하고자 시도되었다. 연구 설계는 단일군 전후설계의 원시실험연구이며, 연구대상은 5개월 이상 입원중이며 배변문제가 있는 뇌 병변 장애환자 38명이었다. 연구기간은 2011년 5월 9일부터 6월 19일까지 총 6주간 이었다. 변비완화 효과는 좌약 또는 관장 적용 횟수, 배변 횟수, 배변 양으로 측정 하였으며, 수집된 자료를 SPSS 19.0을 이용하여 기술통계와 Repeated Measures ANOVA로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 시간의 경과에 따라 좌약 또는 관장횟수가 감소한 것으로 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(F=1.03, p=.361). 둘째, 시간의 경과에 따라 배변 횟수가 증가한 것으로 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(F=2.14, p=.133). 셋째, 시간의 경과에 따라 배변 양이 유의하게 증가한 것으로 나타났다(F=3.56, p=.033). 시점 간을 비교 분석한 결과 사전시기 보다 중재 1-2주(p<.05)와 중재 3-4주(p<.01)에 배변 양이 증가하여 유의한 차이가 있었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 자원봉사자에 의한 주 3회의 아로마 복부경락마사지는 입원 뇌 병변 장애 환자의 변비완화에 효과가 있는 비 침습적인 간호중재라고 결론지을 수 있으며, 간호실무 현장에서 아로마 복부경락마사지 중재를 적용할 수 있는 경험적 근거와 지침을 제공한 점에서 그 의의가 있다. 추후 본 연구결과의 확산을 위해 다양한 대상자에게 반복 연구를 실시하여 경험적 증거를 축적할 것을 제언한다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 7 minutes a day, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks of abdominal meridian massage with aroma oils (AMMAO) by Volunteers on the relief of constipation among hospitalized disability patients with brain lesions. One group pretest-posttest quasi experimental research design was used. Subjects were 38 hospitalized disability patients with brain lesions. Data were collected from May 9 to June 19, 2011. Frequencies, mean, standard deviation and Repeated Measures ANOVA with SPSS 19.0 were used to evaluate the effects of AMMAO. The results were as follows; 1. There were significant difference noted in the amount of defecation(F=3.56, p=.033) by time. 2. There were no significant difference was noted in the frequency of defecation, the frequency of suppository or enema application by time. Accordingly, it is concluded that AMMAO would be an effective nursing intervention in relief of constipation among hospitalized disability patients with brain lesions. Therefore it is recommended that AMMAO be used in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention for hospitalized disability patients with brain lesions.

Laxative effects of partially defatted flaxseed meal on normal and experimental constipated mice

BackgroundConstipation is a very common health problem in the world. Intake of sufficient amount of dietary fibers is a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of constipation. As a traditional medicine, flaxseed has been used to treat constipation for centuries, but the controlled trials are rare. The purpose of the present study was to assess that whether partially defatted flaxseed meal (PDFM) has the potential role to facilitate fecal output in normal and experimental constipated mice.MethodsAfter supplemented with 2.5%, 5% and 10% (w/w) PDFM (L-, M- and H -PDFM) for 14 days, the constipation models of mice were induced by atropine-diphenoxylate. The small intestinal transit rates, start time of defecation, amount of defecation and wet weight of feces were researched in normal and constipation model mice.ResultsM- and H-PDFM significantly increase small intestinal transit rates in constipation model mice. All dose of PDFM markedly shortened the start time of defecation and M- and H-PDFM significantly increase stool frequency and weight in both normal and constipation model mice.ConclusionsPDFM may be a useful laxative to facilitate fecal output in normal and constipation conditions.

Met-enkephalin, injected during the early phase of stress, attenuates stress-induced increases in noradrenaline release in rat brain regions

By measuring levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO 4), the major metabolite of noradrenaline (NA), we investigated the effects of Met-enkephalin (Met-ENK) ICV injected at three different stages of stress, i.e., 0 min, 5 min, or 10 min after exposure to immobilization stress. Immobilization stress caused significant increases in MHPG-SO 4 levels in all brain regions examined, i.e., the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, midbrain, hippocampus and locus coeruleus (LC), which suggests that stress increases NA release in these regions. Met-ENK at a dose of 50 μg, injected ICV immediately before stress exposure significantly attenuated stress-induced increases in MHPG-SO 4 in the amygdala, thalamus and LC, but did not have such an effect when injected either 5 min or 10 min after exposure to stress. Similarly, Met-ENK at 150 μg, injected at 0 min significantly attenuated these increases in all brain regions examined, however, it did not do so when given at 5 min or 10 min after stress initiation. The amount of defecation and the weight loss caused by stress were also significantly attenuated by Met-ENK injected but only at 0 min. These results suggest that the attenuating effect of Met-ENK on stress-induced increases in NA release is greatly affected by the time of the peptide administration and that Met-ENK might inhibit stress-induced increases in NA release in these regions by affecting the initial changes induced by stress.

Role of the area postrema in three putative measures of motion sickness in the rat

After thermal cauterization of the area postrema in rats the absence of conditioned taste aversion to sucrose paired with lithium chloride (0.15 M, 3.3 ml/kg) was used as a pharmacologic/behavioral index of area postrema damage. In a subsequent experiment the effects of area postrema lesions on three measures proposed as species-relevant measures of motion sickness were studied, using off-vertical rotation at 150 degrees/s for either 30 or 90 min. Lesions of area postrema did not alter postrotational suppression of drinking or amount of defecation during motion. The initial acquisition of conditioned taste aversion to a novel cider vinegar solution paired with motion was not affected by lesioning of the area postrema, but these taste aversions extinguished more slowly in lesioned rats than in sham-operates or intact controls. Results are discussed in terms of proposed humoral factors which may induce motion sickness and in light of recent data on the role of the area postrema in similar measures in species possessing the complete emetic reflex.

Effects of early separation of young rats from the mother on their open-field behavior

Changes were studied in the open-field behavior of young rats prematurely separated from their mothers at different ages. Premature separation from the mother on days 15 and 18 of life increased their fear or emotional behavior, as measured by the amount of defecation and locomotor activity. The changes in rats' open-field behavior were due to the absence of the mother rather than to an inadequate food supply after the day of separation.

The effects of tetraethyl lead on behavior in rats

The effects of 10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally administered triethyl lead on rats were observed through measurement of the following: changes in body weight, passive aggressiveness, wheel running activity, the performance level of Rota-Rod Treadmill, and emotional responses in the open field. The results obtained were as follows: Weight losses of TEL-treated rats were recorded from 2 days after injection to 20 days after injection. Scores of passive aggressiveness were drastically increased following administration of TEL. Maximum passive aggressiveness was observed 4 days after injection and it continued until 13 days after injection. Wheel running activity was decreased for 2 days after injection. It was observed that TEL-treated rats showed extreme reaction on the wheel running activity test for about 30 days after administration. Endurance on the Rota-Rod Treadmill was significantly reduced in the 10 mg/kg group. The amount of defecation, ambulation and rearing of the treated group as measured by covariance analysis did not differ from that of the controls. The whole time course of intoxication and the precise measurement of neurotoxicity due to TEL could be followed using the techniques of behavioral toxicology.

The effect of Pavlovian CS+ and CS- on exploratory behavior

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of Pavlovian conditioned fear (CS+) and safety (CS—) stimuli on open-field behavior. The presence of the CS+ reduced exploration and increased freezing time and the amount of defecation, while the CS— increased exploratory activity and reduced signs of fear. A nonshocked group was used to assess the general effects of preshock on subsequent exploration. In general, shock exposure prior to testing reduced exploration.

RETROGRADE EFFECTS OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK ON A PASSIVE AVOIDANCE RESPONSE AND CONDITIONED EMOTIONALITY (DEFECATION) IN RATS

Effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) were studied with respect to latencies of entering the shocked box and amount of defecation in the same apparatus one day after rats received foot shock (FS) in the box. The effects were inversely related to FS-ECS intervals in contrast to no such gradient in defecation which was, however, evidently increased by FS. Relationships between one-trial avoidance responses and the conditioned emotionality (defecation) were discussed.

The effects of open-field size on activity in the Mongolian gerbil

Locomotor activity of 15 Mongolian gerbils was recorded in five open fields of different sizes. Consistent with previous findings for rats and other rodents, activity increased with field size and decreased with time in the field. Amount of defecation was not related to field size or activity.

Analysis of emotional defecation under severe and mild stress — evidence for genotype-situation interaction

LEVELS of emotionality in mice and rats have been correlated with a number of autonomic responses; one of the most common measures being defecation at the time of the experiment. Hall suggested the use of defecation scores as an index of emotionality and provided the first comprehensive data on heritability of this trait. Since then, a number of reports have appeared on the subject (Broadhurst; Broadhurst and Eysenck; Henderson; Lindzey, Winston and Whitney; Tellegen; Thompson; Tobach and Schneirla. Fuller and Thompson have discussed the complexity of the relation between defecation and different measures of emotionality. They have pointed to discrepancies between the results of Lindzey and of Thompson, concluding that “Although there may be a genetic basis for frequency and amount of defecation in a mildly stressful situation … results point up sharply to the dependence of genetic models on the situation used.” In the study reported here further information is provided on the problem of interactions between situations and genotype as it relates to defecation responsivity, observed in two inbred strains of mice, their hybrid offspring and backcrosses tested in two controlled situations differing in the amount of stress. The purpose of the research was to test whether (1) autonomic responsivity as measured by defecation score, may in a given genotype vary with the test situation, while (2) different genotypes may show differential defecation rates within a given experimental condition. Information was also sought on the question of heritability of the defecation phenotype. Since the defecation scores were measures of the animals' responses in two entirely different situations of stress, heritability need not be the same for both defecation scores.

Relationship of Various Behaviors in the Open-Field Test of Emotionality

Using Hall's open-field test of emotionality, measures of latency, ambulation, rearing, defecation, urination, and squealing were obtained from 126 male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 daily sessions. Defecation correlated significantly only with urination. The hypothesis that defecation and ambulation are inversely related was not confirmed. Emotionality, in the rat, is best defined by amount of defecation in the open field.