Amount Of Catalyst Research Articles

Studies on the Selectivity Between O-Alkylation versus C-Alkylation of Phenol with Cyclohexene Using Nanocrystalline Beta Zeolite

The alkylation of phenol with cyclohexene using acid catalysts results in the generation of both O-alkylated and C-alkylated products, all of which hold significant utility across diverse industries. Cyclohexyl phenyl ether is utilized as a fragrant compound in perfumery applications. Through dehydrogenation, it transforms into diphenyl oxide (DPO), a significant chemical intermediate. In the current research nanocrystalline zeolite Beta was synthesised by vacuum-concentration coupled hydrothermal technique using tetraethyllammonium hydroxide templates and the catalytic performance was analysed for the alkylation of phenol with cyclohexene. Various parameters like reactant mole ratio, catalyst amount and temperature were assessed for better conversion of cyclohexene and desired product selectivity. The findings demonstrate that the catalyst effectively improves the conversion of cyclohexene while enhancing the selectivity of desired products. High efficiency of the catalyst is attributed due to its favourable structural characteristics, including its nano sized particles with open pore structure. The catalyst displayed up to ~96% conversion of cyclohexene ~55% selectivity towards the major product, cyclohexyl phenyl ether at optimal reaction conditions. Activation energy of the phenol alkylation with cyclohexene was calculated from the measured rate constant at various temperatures and was found to be 22.9 kJ/mol. There is negligible decline in percent conversion after reusing the catalyst for up to five runs.

Role of catalyst oxidation states in the selective detection of reducing gases: A comparative study of nanocomposites based on Au and chemically/thermally reduced graphene oxide

Catalyst-loaded reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a promising material for developing high-performance gas sensors. In this work, surface functionalization is achieved by loading different quantities of nanogold (Au) on chemically and thermally reduced graphene oxide (CRGO and TRGO). These materials showed selective gas response toward reducing gases such as hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4) in the temperature range RT to 150 °C. The quantity of Au catalysts and their oxidation states in the films influenced the selectivity attributes of the studied sensors. The surface oxidation states of the Au catalyst are different for CRGO-Au and TRGO-Au films. It is apparent from the results that the difference in the Au oxidation states is due to the variation in surface oxygen functionalities of the base matrix CRGO and TRGO. The experimental results are tallied with the proposed gas selectivity mechanism of CRGO-Au and TRGO-Au films.Novelty of the Work:In reduced graphene oxide based gas sensors, the combined influence of the graphene oxide reduction method, gold (Au) catalyst quantity, and valence oxidation states (in the Au catalyst) on the gas selectivity is rarely reported. The available reports only focus on examining the metallic gold (Au0) phase of the catalyst. However, it is necessary to note that Au can also exist in various higher oxidation states (Au+1, Au+2, Au+3, etc.), which provide selective gas adsorption sites. Therefore, this work addresses the above issue by employing chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) and thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) decorated with Au nanoparticles (Au wt% = 1 %, 50 % & 90 %) for the selective sensing of reducing gases.

Preparation of Ni0.6Cu0.4O/NC catalyst and its catalytic performance for hydrogen production from hydrolysis of ammonia borane

Ammonia borane (NH3BH3, AB) is an ideal feedstock with high hydrogen storage capacity. In this paper, nitrogen-containing carbon material (Ni0.6Cu0.4O/NC) catalyst was prepared by high-temperature carbonization of Ni/Cu-ZIF precursor under nitrogen atmosphere. The microstructure as well as the composition of the as-prepared catalyst were characterized. In addition, the catalytic performance of the catalyst was tested under reaction conditions. The results showed that the activation energy (Ea) for hydrolysis of AB over Ni0.6Cu0.4O/NC catalyst was 56.8 kJ/mol with TOF value as high as 1572.2 h–1. The hydrogen production could be approximated as a zero-order reaction with respect to the concentration of AB, and a one-order reaction with respect to the amount of catalyst. The catalyst still maintained good activity after ten cycles, indicating the good stability.

Enhancing CO2 desorption efficiency with Non-Aqueous Catalyst-Enhanced Tri-Blend amines

The substantial energy demand of CO2-loaded solvent regeneration constitutes a significant economic challenge for the industrial applications of CO2 capture and utilization technologies. The nano-catalysts have the capability to improve CO2 desorption while reducing the energy demands for solvent regeneration. This study focuses on examining the absorption–desorption performance of non-aqueous tri-blend amines (monoethanolamine (MEA), methyl diethanol amine (MDEA), and piperazine (PZ)) utilizing different amounts of catalysts including HZSM-5, H-ferrierite (FER), and H-mordenite (MOR), γ-aluminium-oxide (Al2O3), titanium-oxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), indium-oxide (In2O3). The incorporation of solid catalysts leads to a substantial enhancement in the desorption performance of tri-blend amines and reduced energy consumption in comparison to blank tests. Higher desorption efficiency occurred with the presence of lower catalyst amounts. The sequence of CO2 desorption heat duty performance reduction with 0.125 g catalyst, was as follows: MgO (70.9 %) > In2O3 (80.2 %) > HZSM-5 (84.1 %) > Al2O3 (84.2 %) > FER (87.1 %) > MOR (88.4 %) > TiO2 (89.7 %), relative to blank test (100 %). HZSM-5 exhibited the highest desorption factor as 4.25*10-7 mol3/kJmin while increasing the desorption rate to 2.37*10-3 mol/min. This study provides the desorption performance of non-aqueous amine blends with energy-efficient catalysts, highlighting their potential as promising materials for carbon capture and storage applications with improved energy efficiency.

Superior and efficient performance of cost-effective MIP-202 catalyst over UiO-66-(CO2H)2 in epoxide ring opening reactions

This study explored the catalytic performance of two robust zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), MIP-202(Zr) and UiO-66-(CO2H)2 in the ring-opening of epoxides using alcohols and amines as nucleophilic reagents. The MOFs were characterized by techniques such as FT-IR, PXRD, FE-SEM, and EDX. Through systematic optimization of key parameters (catalyst amount, time, temperature, solvent), MIP-202(Zr) achieved 99% styrene oxide conversion in 25 min with methanol at room temperature using 5 mg catalyst. In contrast, UiO-66-(CO2H)2 required drastically harsher conditions of 120 min, 60 °C, and four times the catalyst loading to reach 98% conversion. A similar trend was observed for ring-opening with aniline –MIP-202(Zr) gave 93% conversion in one hour at room temperature, while UiO-66-(CO2H)2 needed two hours at 60 °C for 95% conversion. The superior performance of MIP-202(Zr) likely stems from cooperative Brønsted/Lewis acid sites and higher proton conductivity enabling more efficient epoxide activation. Remarkably, MIP-202(Zr) maintained consistent activity over five recycles in the ring-opening of styrene oxide by methanol and over three recycles in the ring-opening of styrene oxide by aniline. Testing various epoxide substrates and nucleophiles revealed trends in reactivity governed by electronic and steric effects. The results provide useful insights into tuning Zr-MOF-based catalysts and highlight the promise of the cost-effective and sustainable MIP-202(Zr) for diverse epoxide ring-opening reactions on an industrial scale.

Application of Mesoporous Carbon-Based Highly Dispersed K-O2 Strong Lewis Base in the Efficient Catalysis of Methanol and Ethylene Carbonate.

As an atom-economical reaction, the direct generation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethylene glycol (EG) via the transesterification of CH3OH and ethylene carbonate (EC) has several promising applications, but the exploration of carriers with high specific surface areas and novel heterogeneous catalysts with more basic sites remains a long-standing research challenge. For this purpose, herein, a nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC, 439 m2/g) based K-O2 Lewis base catalyst (K-O2/NMC) with well-dispersed strongly basic sites (2.23 mmol/g, 84.5%) was designed and synthesized. The compositions and structures of NMC and K-O2/NMC were comprehensively investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption, CO2 temperature-programmed desorption, and contact angle measurements. The optimal structural configuration and electron cloud distribution of the K-O2/NMC catalyst were simulated using first-principles calculations. The electron transfer predominantly manifested as a flow from K-O to C-O/C-N, and the interatomic interactions between each atom were enhanced and exhibited a tendency for a more stable state after redistribution. Furthermore, the adsorption energies (Eads) of CH3OH at K-O-O and K-O-N sites were -1.4185 eV and -1.3377 eV, respectively, and the O atom in CH3OH exhibited a stronger adsorption tendency for the K atom at the K-O-O site. Under the optimal conditions, the EC conversion, DMC/EG selectivity, and turnover number/frequency were 80.9%, 98.6%/99.4%, and 40.5/60.8 h-1, respectively, with a reaction rate constant (k) of 0.1005 mol/(L·min). Results showed that the heterogeneous K-O2/NMC catalyst prepared herein greatly reduced the reaction cost while guaranteeing the catalytic effect, and the whole system required a lower reaction temperature (65 °C), a shorter reaction time (40 min), and a lower catalyst amount (2.0 wt % of EC). Therefore, K-O2/NMC can be used as a catalyst in different transesterification reactions.

Performance Evaluation of Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide to Benzaldehyde Using the Response Surface Methodology, Artificial Neural Network, and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Model.

The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), central composite experimental design (CCD)-response surface methodology (RSM), and artificial neural network (ANN) are used to model the oxidation of benzyl alcohol using the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) oxidant to selectively yield benzaldehyde over a mesoporous ceria-zirconia catalyst. Characterization reveals that the produced catalyst has hysteresis loops, a sponge-like structure, and structurally induced reactivity. Three independent variables were taken into consideration while analyzing the ANN, RSM, and ANFIS models: the amount of catalyst (A), reaction temperature (B), and reaction time (C). With the application of optimum conditions, along with a constant (45 mmol) TBHP oxidant amount, (30 mmol) benzyl alcohol amount, and rigorous refluxing of 450 rpm, a maximum optimal benzaldehyde yield of 98.4% was obtained. To examine the acceptability of the models, further sensitivity studies including statistical error functions, analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, and the lack-of-fit test, among others, were employed. The obtained results show that the ANFIS model is the most suited to predicting benzaldehyde yield, followed by RSM. Green chemistry matrix calculations for the reaction reveal lower values of the E-factor (1.57), mass intensity (MI, 2.57), and mass productivity (MP, 38%), which are highly desirable for green and sustainable reactions. Therefore, utilizing a ceria-zirconia catalyst synthesized via the inverse micelle method for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol provides a green and sustainable methodology for the synthesis of benzaldehyde under mild conditions.

Improvement of the Oxidative Desulfurization Performance Using MoO3/CuO‐Modified Hierarchical HY Zeolite

AbstractThe presence of sulfur compounds in the chemical industry poses significant environmental and economic problems, including endangering human and animal lives and damaging equipment. For this purpose, hierarchical HY zeolite (Hie‐Y) with a SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio 10 was successfully synthesized through sequential desilication‐dealumination using NH4OH treatment. A weak alkaline media with surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) facilitates mesoporosity formation and preserves the zeolite structure. Metal oxide (CuO, MoO3) ‐ hierarchical HY zeolite nanocomposites have been prepared by one or a combination of 3 methods: 1) ion exchange, 2) precipitation, and 3) calcination. The obtained catalysts were characterized using XRD, FT‐IR, FESEM, UV‐Vis, EDS, and BET techniques. The formation of a hierarchical structure is associated with structure preservation, but partial destruction occurs based on the entering Cu in the zeolite pores. These catalysts have been studied in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction. Several parameters, including temperature, catalyst amount, DBT concentration, and reaction time, were evaluated in ODS using the Taguchi Design of Experiments. Catalytic activity order was obtained as Y<Hie‐Y<Hie‐Y/CuO<Hie‐Y/MoO3<Hie‐Y/MoO3/CuO. Results indicate an activity increase for the Hie‐Y/MoO3/CuO hierarchical structure owing to synergistic effects of secondary mesoporosity and metal oxides. The catalyst was recoverable and reused for five consecutive runs with preservation of catalytic activity.

Conversion of limonene to limonene diol over activated carbon supported Ti catalyst

AbstractA series of activated carbon supported Ti-3,3′-ethylen bis(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine) complex catalysts (denoted Ti-Bz (0.25)/AC, Ti-Bz(0.37)/AC, and Ti-Bz (0.5)/AC) was evaluated in the conversion of limonene to limonene diol using H2O2 as oxidant. The opening of oxazine ring as a step to the titanium complex formation was highlighted, as far as we are aware, for the first time, by NMR analysis. A range of characterization methods, including SEM–EDS, nitrogen physisorption, ATR-FTIR, and XRD, showed that the procedure used in the preparation of these materials was reproducible. Parameters affecting the catalytic performances in the production of limonene diol, such as reaction temperature, amount of catalyst tested, and its catalytic stability, were studied. Ti-Bz (0.5)/AC was the most performant catalyst leading to limonene diol yield of 36.7%. The recyclability of the catalyst was evaluated along three catalytic consecutive tests that showed no significant difference of performance compared with that of fresh catalyst.

A bifunctional catalyst from waste eggshells and its application in biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil

Improvement in biofuel synthesis technology could facilitate widespread utilization of biodiesel, and an efficient operation in terms of cost. Catalyst enhancement through mineralization of waste biogenic material is vital for biodiesel production. In this study, biodiesel production was from waste cooking oil (WCO) using a bifunctional catalyst synthesized from waste eggshells and ferric sulfate. The CaO precursor developed from calcined eggshell at 800 °C for 3 h was impregnated with ferric sulfate at a ratio of 1:1. The Bifunctional catalyst synthesized was characterized using an X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The bifunctional catalyst was applied in a one-pot reaction of WCO and methanol to produce biodiesel. The reaction was modeled using the Taguchi orthogonal array design to maximize biodiesel production. The heterogeneous catalyst contained Ca (20.7 %), Fe (18.5 %), S (4.5 %), and O (54.8 %). The identified crystalline phases are CaSO4/Fe2O3 and CaSO4.0.5H2O/Fe2O3. A maximum biodiesel yield of 89.94 wt% was observed under the operating conditions of methanol/oil molar of 5:1, time of 45 min, temperature of 70 °C, and catalyst amount of 4 wt%. The reusability of the catalyst was established for (four) 4 cycles without further treatment. The synthesized biodiesel met the standard specifications. Hence, the synthesized catalyst proved effective in the transesterification of oil with a moderately high free fatty acid, thereby the bifunctional catalyst could expedite biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, and this biofuel could serve as fuel in powering diesel engines.

Preparation and characterization of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for catalytic reduction of CO2 to formic acid in the presence of hydrazine hydrate as a hydrogen source

Abstract In this study, the catalytic reduction of CO2 into formic acid was investigated over a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst synthesized by wet-impregnation technique. The CO2 hydrogenation reaction was performed in a slurry reactor in the temperature range of 100–300 °C and at an autogenerated pressure. The Na2CO3 was used as a CO2 source, and hydrazine hydrate was used as a hydrogen source. The effect of reaction temperature, catalyst metal loading (5–15 wt%), and catalyst amount were optimized for the higher yield of formic acid. The catalyst was very selective to formic acid, and a very high formic acid selectivity of ∼99 % was achieved in the presence of 10 wt% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst at a much lower reaction temperature of 250 °C. The obtained formic acid yield was ∼53.5 %. The result demonstrated that the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst developed was very promising for the selective hydrogenation of CO2 molecules to formic acid via the in situ hydrogenation from hydrazine hydrate.

Synthesis of azo polymers and their catalytic performance in hydrogen production via NaBH4 methanolysis

The extensive use of fossil fuels has a profound impact on ecosystems and contributes to global warming through the emission of greenhouse gases. To mitigate these effects, alternative energy sources such as hydrogen are crucial. In this study, a green synthesis approach was used to prepare an azo cross-linked polymer containing 4-aminophenyl ether and resorcinol. The synthesized polymer was thoroughly characterized by FT-IR, BET, TGA, Zeta Potential and SEM-EDS analyses. The catalytic performance of the polymer in hydrogen production from NaBH4 via methanolysis was then investigated. Various parameters affecting hydrogen production, including catalyst and NaBH4 amounts, methanol volume and temperature, were systematically investigated to identify the optimum conditions. The polymer exhibited maximum hydrogen generation rate (HGR) of 12,619 mL H2 min⁻¹ gcat⁻¹ at 60 °C, respectively, with an activation energy of 24.22 kJ mol⁻¹. After optimization, the reusability of the polymer was evaluated over five cycles and the theoretical hydrogen generation rates were consistently achieved; however, the hydrogen generation time increased with each subsequent cycle. The primary objective of this research was to highlight novel azo linked polymers with potent catalytic activity in hydrogen generation, demonstrating the significant potential of the polymer to advance hydrogen generation. Ultimately, this study highlights the promising role of azo cross-linked polymers as effective catalysts for hydrogen production, offering new avenues and perspectives towards sustainable energy solutions.

Efficient allylic oxidation of cyclohexene catalyzed by Ti-MCM-41 using H2O2 as oxidant

2-cyclohexen-1-ol and 2-cyclohexen-1-one are very important chemical raw materials, and it is a challenge to develop an environmental and efficient synthesis route with titanium-containing catalyst to obtain high yield of allylic oxidation product. Herein, we present an intensive study on the allylic oxidation of cyclohexene over titanosilicates/H2O2 system. Ti-MCM-41 is found as an efficient catalyst. The reaction parameters, including cyclohexene/H2O2 molar ratios, solvent, catalyst amount, titanium content, reaction temperature and reaction time, were studied in detail. And a high cyclohexene conversion (∼20.2 %) and total selectivity of 2-cyclohexen-1-one and 2-cyclohexen-1-ol (∼90.0 %) was achieved under optimized reaction conditions. Further the allylic oxidation of cyclohexene proceeds a radical mechanism as demonstrated by the addition of radical scavenger BHT. This will make it possible for the highly selective green generation of enols and ketenes.

Packed‐Bed Microreactor Under Taylor Flow for MOFs Catalyst Testing Demonstrated on Phenylacetylene Hydrogenation

AbstractMetal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) represent a highly promising class of materials with diverse applications, particularly as catalytic materials. However, their synthesis typically yields powders available only at laboratory‐scale quantities, usually in the gram range or less. This study addresses the challenge of testing limited amounts of MOF catalysts for demanding applications, such as multiphase gas‐liquid‐solid reactions in flow, utilizing a packed‐bed microreactor. Specifically, we investigate the performance of a nanoparticle (NP) ‐immobilized Pd@UiO‐66 MOF catalyst in the selective semi‐hydrogenation of phenylacetylene to styrene, serving as a model reaction. Maintaining the Taylor flow regime upstream of the catalyst bed was crucial to ensure reproducible and reliable experimental results. We conducted 88 experiments at varying liquid flow rates, temperatures ranging from 15 to 45 °C, and relative pressures spanning 0.28 to 8 bar. Styrene selectivity within the range of 80–92.3 % was achieved at phenylacetylene conversions below 20 %. Notably, the optimal condition for styrene selectivity (70 %) was attained at 98.9 % phenylacetylene conversion under the lowest H2 pressure and highest temperature, demonstrating the significance of low H2 concentration for achieving optimal styrene selectivity. Remarkably, the catalyst exhibited stable activity and selectivity over a 20 h testing period, indicating its robust performance under prolonged reaction conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of the proposed catalyst testing system as a rapid and efficient approach for early‐stage exploration studies, particularly when limited quantities of catalyst, typically in the gram scale or less, are available.

Fluorescence Quenching for Determination of Catalyst Concentration in the Parahydrogen‐Induced Polarization Method SABRE

AbstractIn recent years, parahydrogen‐induced hyperpolarization has become a focus for future medical applications. Similar to the established dynamic nuclear polarization method, a biocompatible bolus from a hyperpolarized sample can be produced for in vivo studies. However, this requires removing toxic hydrogenation catalysts, which inevitably must be used. Additionally, the ratio between the substrate to be hyperpolarized (e. g. pyruvate) and a mandatory catalyst must also be maintained. Even the smallest differences can lead to a reduction in generated signal amplification. In particular, weighing small amounts of catalysts leads to inaccuracies in sample preparations. Fluorescence spectroscopy provides a rapid and sensitive enough approach to determine catalyst concentration. The Ir‐IMes metal complexes used in SABRE lead to a quenching of the fluorescence of the solvent, dependent on its concentration. This can be used to quickly estimate the actual concentration in a solution with very small quantities of catalysts. Hence, fluorescence spectroscopy offers a rapid and reliable quality control method for the preparation of samples to be hyperpolarized. In addition, it can also be used as a quality control method to assess filtration efficacy before administration of hyperpolarized samples.

Preparation of Oil Palm Leaves Ash-Supported Titania for the Elimination of Safranin-O Dye in Water

ABSTACT. The objective of this study was to develop an approach for incorporating titanium oxide or titania into oil palm leaves ash (OPLA) using a simple procedure. The study process comprised the mixing of oil palm leaves (OPL) powder and titanium tetraisopropoxide in chloroform solvent, followed by the elimination of the solvent to obtain a solid residue. Subsequently, the residue obtained was calcined at 500 °C for 5 hours, leading to the production of a yellow-light powder. The results of product characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of titanium oxide in OPLA. In addition, the wide diffractogram detected in XRD analysis revealed the presence of a silica peak. The un-sharp peaks in the regions of 25.6°, 38.2°, 47.9°, 54.5°, and 62.9° showed that the TiO2 particles were pure anatase, and no peaks of other TiO2-anatase phases were detected. Analysis using SEM showed that the surface of the material obtained was irregular and tended to have a hollow shape, while energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed a SiO2 content of approximately 73%. However, the titanium element or titania was not detected possibly due to its small concentration. The material obtained also had a good catalytic activity for safranin-O dye elimination under sunlight irradiation, which served as the activation energy source. Based on these findings, the use of OPLA (a side product of oil palm plantations) could be evaluated economically due to its effective role in the catalytic process despite the addition of a small amount of titania catalyst. Keywords: Oil palm leaves ash, titania, safranin-O, sunlight irradiation.

Lignocellulosic biomass to glycols: Simultaneous conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin using an organic solvent

This study investigates the simultaneous conversion of holocellulose and lignin fractions during the catalytic hydrogenolysis of biomass to glycols, focusing on how different organic solvents, necessary to keep the lignin soluble, impact the conversion of non-delignified and deashed biomass, as well as the ethylene glycol production and lignin behavior. Although the catalyst amounts used were low, the cellulose and hemicellulose were converted into ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sugar alcohols, and glycerol, yielding about 40 wt%. This is slightly lower than the benchmark process (acidified water and de-ashed biomass), which had a total yield of around 50 wt%. A noticeable difference between using organic solvents and water was found in the behavior of depolymerized lignin. When using an organic solvent, up to 63 % of the lignin could be extracted from the biomass and kept soluble, compared to only 15 % when using acidified water. The molecular weight distribution of solubilized lignin was similar for all organic solvents (Mw = 833–1190 g/mol), but it was significantly different from the benchmark experiment with acidified water (Mw = 423 g/mol).

Marine predators algorithm with deep learning based solar photovoltaic system modelling and optimization of green hydrogen production

Green hydrogen production depends on solar energy contains employing renewable solar power to purpose the electrolysis of water, causing the separation of hydrogen and oxygen molecules. This method contains a high potential to address the energy transition challenges caused by weather changes and vital carbon-neutral alternatives. Photovoltaic (PV) based combined energy systems performance as a potential new technological solution for clean and affordable green hydrogen production. Optimizing solar PV systems for the effectual generation of green hydrogen includes maximizing the energy output of solar panels and increasing the entire hydrogen production method. Several researchers and scientists are paid attention to the optimizer and modelling of many blocks developing the PV electrolysis method to acquire the optimum solution. With this motivation, the study presents a new Marine Predator Algorithm with Deep Learning-based Modelling and Optimization of the Green Hydrogen Production (MPADL-MOGHP) technique. The MPADL-MOGHP technique can be employed for determining the optimum operational variables of the water electrolysis procedure relevant to hydrogen (H2) production. Catalyst amount (μg), electrolysis time (min), and electric voltage (V) are the three controlling factors that should be properly detected to increase hydrogen production. The MPADL-MOGHP technique comprises two major stages of operations such as modelling and optimization. Primarily, the DBN model is applied for simulating the water electrolysis procedure designed based on electric voltage, quantity of catalyst, and electrolysis time. Next, the MPA is applied for determining the optimum parameters of the water electrolysis process to maximize the generation rate of the hydrogen. The quantity of catalyst, the electrolysis time, and the electric voltage are applied as decision parameters during the optimization process. The performances of the MPADL-MOGHP system are tested on different aspects. The experimental values highlighted the promising results of the MPADL-MOGHP method over other existing techniques.

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and methyl violet dyes by UV/Cu2+/PDS process

ABSTRACT This research is focused on the application of the UV/Cu2+/peroxydisulfate (PDS) system for the successful decolorization of methyl orange (MO) and methyl violet (MV) dyes in aqueous media. The effects of different parameters such as the equilibrium time, initial catalyst amount, PDS concentration and pH of the media in terms of MO and MV degradation were studied. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance of the UV/Cu2+/PDS system was also investigated by performing the degradation of MO and MV in different water systems including distilled water, synthetic wastewater and industrial wastewater samples. The results revealed 94 and 89% degradation for MO and MV dyes in the UV/Cu2+/PDS system, respectively. The radical quenching experiments showed sulfate radicals (SO4·-) as the prominent species involved in the degradation of MO and MV dyes. Overall, it was concluded that the UV/Cu2+/PDS process has the ability to be adopted for the effective elimination of contaminants from the aquatic system.

LaFeO3 supported by ionic liquid on Bi7O9I3 for the degradation of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline

The introduction of LaFeO3 nanoparticles into the nanospaces of the Bi7O9I3 filamentary structure was achieved through the utilization of an ionic liquid (IL). The juxtaposition of these two types of nanoparticles resulted in the formation of a bifunctional nanocatalyst known as Bi7O9I3/IL/LaFeO3 NFs. The contamination of antibiotics presents serious ecological and human health risks. Therefore, the development of innovative approaches is imperative to effectively eliminate these harmful contaminants. To mitigate these adverse effects, a cost-effective and innovative three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous material, namely Bi7O9I3 modified IL/LaFeO3 (Bi7O9I3/IL/LaFeO3), was successfully synthesized. The analyses of FESEM, BET, TEM, XRD, XPS, TGA, and FTIR are used for characterizing the catalyst. This material exhibited enhanced catalytic performance in the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tetracycline (TC) under exposure to light. Remarkably, this entire process is carried out at short time and minimal amount of catalyst and at low temperatures, ensuring energy conservation and minimizing any potential adverse effects.