Amount Of Carotene Research Articles

Extraction technique for maximum yield of carotene from crops (carrot)

Carotene from plant could be utilized as the raw material for aromatic compounds synthesis. Since the amount of carotene is limited in plant, the effective technique to obtain as much carotene is need for practical uses. The aim of this study was to obtain an effective method in extracting carotene from carrot. The carotenes obtained will then be used as raw material for the synthesis of aromatic compounds such as ß-ionone and dihydroactinidiolide. The extraction of carotene was conducted by general maceration technique with a non-polar solvent i.e hexane until there was no carotene remains in the sample. As the result, it concludes that the maceration process with ultrasonic assisted extraction could be used to obtain the maximum carotene from carrots. It took 12 times extraction process to extract the maximum yield of carotene from carrots. The maximum carotene extraction is indicated by the loss of the orange color and only leaving a white color in the samples. The result of this study will provide the information about the method on obtaining the carotene from carrot and red sweet potato with maximum yield that could be further utilization.

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations on the Growth and Lipid Accumulation of Microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus

In the study, Scenedesmus obliquus green algae was cultivated under laboratory conditions at 21±2°C, 16:8 (light:dark) photoperiod and continuous aeration in different nitrogen and phosphorus ratio nutrient medium and its growth was determined. Dry weight, cell density (optical density) and chlorophyll a and b were used to determine the growth of the algae. The best growth was determined in the group consisting of 30 ml NaNO3+10 ml PO4. The amount of biomass obtained was determined as 1.549 gL-1 in this group. The lowest values were the group containing 5 ml NaNO3+5 ml PO4. With the decrease in the amount of nitrogen in the medium, an increase in the amount of carotene and a decrease in the amount of chl a and b were detected. The highest lipid values were determined as 36.7% in the group containing 5 ml NaNO3+5 ml PO4 and 36.2% in the group containing 5 ml NaNO3+10 ml PO4.

Orange fleshed sweet potato a nutrition sensitive functional food for possible dietary approach to vitamin A deficiency and undernutrition

Orange Fleshed Sweet Potatoes (OFSPs) is an excellent nutrition sensitive function food. It contains dense amount of carotene and is also rich in proximate nutrients. A wide number of cultivars of OFSPs has been developed worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In Bangladesh, sixteen cultivars have been developed. Carotene content in the OFSPs surpasses all of the plant food carotene. OFSPs also contains good content of energy yielding nutrients. The Orange Fleshed Sweet Potatoes could, therefore, be a potential dietary approach to address the vitamin A deficiency for undernourished indigent people.

Study of the effect of vegetable raw materials on the rheological parameters and vitamin composition of pasta

In this article, the rheological and vitamin composition of the dough prepared by adding nettle flour and corn flour as non-traditional raw materials to the composition of pasta under laboratory conditions is studied. The results of previous studies of dioecious nettle have shown that the plant contains a certain amount of carotene, calcium, formic acid and panthenonic acid. These indicators indicate an improvement in the vitamin composition of pasta prepared according to the new recipe. The rheological quality of the dough, the vitamin composition of the finished product prepared according to the first sample, including 20% corn flour and 2% nettle flour (Urtica dioca L) in the recipe, show that the quality of this sample is better than that of the control and second sample, and is approved as an effective sample for the preparation of new types of pasta.

Browning Prevention of Flour from Freshly Harvested Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Tubers through Immersion in Sodium Metabisulfite at Various Times

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophillus) tubers contain multifunctional water-soluble heteropolysaccharides, called glucomannan. Therefore, the quality of porang tuber chips is highly depending on its glucomannan content and physical appearance. The presence of considerable amount of carotene, polyphenoloxidases and tannins in these tubers may cause browning of flour during processing. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of enzymatic anti-browning agent (sodium metabisulfite) concentrations (2, 5 and 7.5%) w/w) and immersion times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes) on the degree of whiteness. An increase in the concentration of anti-browning agent solution up to 5% w/w caused significant increase the degree of whiteness of porang flour and quality of porang flour. However, further increase in the concentration of anti-browning agent solution exhibited reduction in the degree of whiteness and quality of porang flour. In addition, a longer immersion time also resulted in a higher degree of whiteness of porang tuber chips. The best browning prevention conditions were through immersion of porang tuber chips in 7.5% w/w sodium metabisulfite solution for 150 minutes, from which a highest degree of whiteness was achieved (81.99).

Browning Prevention of Chips from Freshly Harvested Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Tubers through Immersion in Ascorbic Acid Solutions at Various Times

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophillus) tubers contain multifunctional water-soluble heteropolysaccharides, called glucomannan. Therefore, the quality of porang tuber chips is highly depending on its glucomannan content and physical appearance. The presence of considerable amount of carotene, polyphenoloxidases and tannins in these tubers may cause browning of chips and flour during processing. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of anti-browning agent (ascorbic acid) concentrations (2, 5 and 7.5%) w/w) and immersion times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes) on the degree of whiteness of porang tuber chips. An increase in the concentration of anti-browning agent solution up to 5% w/w caused significant increase the degree of whiteness of porang tuber chips. However, further increase in the concentration of anti-browning agent solution exhibited reduction in the degree of whiteness of porang tuber chips. In addition, a longer immersion time also resulted in a higher degree of whiteness of porang tuber chips. The best browning prevention conditions were through immersion of porang tuber chips in 5% w/w ascorbic acid solution for 120 minutes, from which a highest degree of whiteness was achieved (79.41).

Vitamin A concentrations in dairy cows of Thessaloniki 's county

Avitaminosis A is stilla serius metabolic problem for cattle in Greece. The purpose of this research work was to investigate the blood vitamin A concentrations in dairy cows of Thessaloniki 's area. The research was conducted in 51 dairy cow farms; whole blood samples from 10 female adult animals per farm, as well as samples from the feedstuffs in use, were collected. Of the total 510 examined cows, 38% showed lower than normal vitamin A concentration in blood plasma (<0,20 μ^ηιΐ), 15% marginal (0,20-0,24 μg/ml) and 47% normal concentration values (>0,25 μg/ml). It should be noted that, of the total 510 examined cows only 7% showed extremely deficient concentration of vitamin A in blood plasma (<0,05 μg/ml). The determination of total carotene concentration in feedstuffs from those farms, indicated that only the corn ensilage and the fresh grass contained the appropriate amount of carotene. The above results, in correlation with corresponding results from previous researches, indicate that there is a decrease in the percentage of cows with subnormal vitamin A concentration. This may be attributed to more frequent use of corn silage, and more systematic addition of vitamin A in concentrate feeds. This research provides evidence that some dairy cow genotypes, with high milk yields, may balance their needs only by vitamin A supplementation, it means that maybe the ration carotenes alone are no sufficient vitamin A source for these cows. Furthermore, the results of this research suggest that the absence of a regulator mechanism for the carotene concentration in the cattle blood plasma may be possible.

Investigation of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Compositions of Celtis Tournefortii

Context: Phytochemicals are non-nutritive plant chemicals that have protective or disease preventive properties. Because they have antioxidant property and protect our cells against oxidative damage. Aim: This work aimed to determination of phytochemical composition which total phenol content(TPC), total flavonoid content(TFC), total flavones content, alkaloid, acidity, pH, total carotenoid content, amount of carotene, β-carotene concentration, anthocyanin, amount of saponin and tannin, ascorbic acid levels, mineral profile and antioxidant activity of fresh Celtis tournefortii due to the importance of secondary metabolites. Material and method: Celtis tournefortii was used for this study Phytochemical compositions were determined by spectrometric methods excluding phenolic acid and mineral profile. Antioxidant activity were determined by different antioxidant method. Consequently: Celtis tournefortii may be an antioxidant source.

Sources of Vitamin A in the Diets of Pre-School Children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)

Vitamin A is essential for growth and development. We investigated whether high consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods in the diets of pre-school children is detrimental to diet quality with respect to vitamin A. Data were collected from 755 children at 18-months and 3½-years, from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, using 3-day unweighed dietary records completed by parents in 1994 and 1996, respectively. Energy, carotene and retinol intakes were calculated. The quality of the diet declined from 18-months to 3½-years with respect to vitamin A. Preformed retinol intakes decreased by −54 μg/day on average (p = 0.003). Carotene intakes were similar at each age although there was a 23% increase in energy intake by 3½-years. Longitudinally those in the highest quartile of intake at 18-months were twice as likely to remain in the highest quartile at 3½-years for retinol (OR 2.21 (95% CI 1.48–3.28)) and carotene (OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.11–2.50)) than to change quartiles. Nutrient-rich core foods provided decreasing amounts of carotene and preformed retinol over time (both p < 0.001). Vegetables and milk contributed the highest proportion of carotene at both ages, but milk’s contribution decreased over time. Milk and liver were the largest sources of retinol. Nutrient-poor foods provided an increased proportion of energy (p < 0.001) with low proportions of both nutrients; however fat spreads made an important contribution. It is recommended that pre-school children should take vitamin supplements; only 19% at 18-months did this, falling to 11% at 3½-years. Care should be taken to choose nutrient-rich foods and avoid energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods when feeding pre-school children.

The influence of carotene and bacteriopheophytin c addition on paths of nonradiative and radiative deexcitation of the oil from Amarantus seeds

The absorption, fluorescence emission and excitation as well as steady state photoacoustic spectra (PAS) of the oil from Amarantus seeds, without and with carotene and bacteriopheophytin c (BPhe c) addition, have been measured. The oil investigated originally contains only some amount of carotene but no admixtures of chlorophyll-like pigments. As follows from the dependence of the photoacoustic signal multiplied by the frequency of light modulation on this frequency, the kinetics of thermal deactivation (TD) of oil depends on the pigment contents. The relative values of thermal deactivation calculated for the samples with pigments added to that of the original oil depend on the type of the pigment added. The relative yields of fluorescence have been also calculated. The results suggest that also the photochemical reactions taking place in various illuminated samples could be different. This suggestion has been experimentally confirmed. The photochemical stability of the oil sample increases when carotene is added. The information about the oil stability is important in order to establish proper conditions for oil storage and transportation.

Effect of Various Pretreatments on the Quality of Vacuum-Fried Carrot Chips

Carrot slices were subjected to the following four different pretreatments prior to vacuum frying: (1) blanching, (2) blanching and air drying, (3) blanching and osmotic dehydration, (4) blanching, osmotic dehydration, followed by freezing. The effects of these pretreatments on the physicochemical properties and fat distribution in vacuum-fried carrot chips were also investigated. There were significant differences in the total yield, amounts of carotenes, vitamin C, and the color values of carrot chips following different pretreatments (P < 0.05). Pretreatment significantly affected the water content, fat content, and water activity of carrot chips (P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences in the breaking force of carrot chips treated with different pretreatments (P > 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed a high positive correlation between the fat content of carrot chips and the initial water content of carrot slices. The fat distribution pattern depended on the initial water content and the structure of the material left by water evaporation.

OPTIMIZATION OF CAROTENE RECOVERY FROM HYDROLYZED PALM OLEIN IN ADSORPTION COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

ABSTRACTResponse Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimization of carotene recovery from hydrolyzed palm olein (HCPOlein) in adsorption chromatography was carried out. The level and interaction of three independent variables was investigated: column temperature (50 to 60C), oil loading (25 to 200 g), and mobile phase flow rate (6 to 60 mL/min). Based on the response as percentage of carotene recovery from 50 g of HP‐20 adsorbent, the optimum conditions were achieved at 200 g of oil loading, column temperature at 55C, and flow rate at 33 mL/min. Up to 98% of carotene recovery was obtained under these conditions. Interaction of oil‐oil, oil‐flow rate and flow rate‐flow rate could enhance the percentage of carotene recovery. However, oil and flow rate as single factors could significantly reduce percentage of carotene recovery. Oil loading as a single factor could positively influence the amount of carotene adsorbed. However, flow rate as a single factor and oil‐oil interaction could negatively influence the amount of carotene adsorbed. The mean of difference (MD) of the experimental and predicted data for percentage of carotene recovery and the amount of carotene adsorbed were very small, −0.0067 and 0.0133, respectively. The probability (P) value showed no significant lack‐of‐fit for both equations in this model.

Pigment composition and photosynthetic activity of pea chlorophyll mutants

Pea chlorophyll mutants chlorotica 2004 and 2014 have been studied. The mutants differ from the initial form (pea cultivar Torsdag) in stem and leaf color (light green in the mutant 2004 and yellow-green in the mutant 2014), relative chlorophyll content (approximately 80 and 50%, respectively), and the composition of carotenoids: the mutant 2004 contains a significantly smaller amount of carotene but accumulates more lutein and violaxanthine; in the mutant 2014, the contents of all carotenoids are decreased proportionally to the decrease in chlorophyll content. It is shown that the rates of CO2 assimilation and oxygen production in the mutant chlorotica 2004 and 2014 plants are reduced. The quantum efficiency of photosynthesis in the mutants is 29-30% lower than in the control plants; in their hybrids, however, it is 1.5-2 higher. It is proposed that both the greater role of dark respiration in gas exchange and the reduced photosynthetic activity in chlorotica mutants are responsible for the decreased phytomass increment in these plants. On the basis of these results, the conclusion is drawn that the mutations chlorotica 2004 and 2014 affect the genes controlling the formation and functioning of various components of the photosynthetic apparatus.

Studies on pigments, proteins and photosynthetic rates in some mangroves and mangrove associates from Bhitarkanika, Orissa

Pigment contents, proteins and net photosynthesis were investigated in fully developed leaf of 1-year-old seedlings of six mangroves (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora apiculata) and mangrove associates (Caesalpinia bonduc, Cerbera manghas, Derris heterophylla, Thespesia populnea), collected from Bhitarkanika, located on the east coast of India. Large variations in the photosynthetic rates (P N) among the six species were observed, ranging from 10.16 µmol CO2 m–2 s–1 in C. bonduc to 15.28 µmol CO2 m–2 s–1 in R. apiculata. The total leaf protein content ranged from 12.09 mg g–1 dry wt in T. populnea to 51.89 mg g–1 dry wt in B. gymnorrhiza. The chlorophyll a/b ratio was typically about 3.0 in all the studied species, except C. bonduc (2.8). Photosynthetic rates and chl a/b ratio in the leaves were found to be correlated. Analysis of chlorophyll and xanthophyll spectra suggested: (1) variations in different forms and amounts of carotenes as well as xanthophylls and (2) the presence of high amounts of near-UV-absorbing substances in leaves, particularly in the two mangroves (B. gymnorrhiza, R. apiculata) and a mangrove associate (T. populnea), which appears to be an adaptive feature. Estimation of the chl a/b ratios in isolated thylakoids yielded a low value of 1.8 for R. apiculata and >2.6 for other species. The total protein/chlorophyll ratios in thylakoids varied considerably from 3.14 (D. heterophylla) to 10.88 (T. populnea) among the mangrove associates and from 16.09 to 18.88 between the members of the Rhizophoraceae. The chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios in thylakoids of the six species were more or less similar. The absorption spectra for washed thylakoids of C. manghas and D. heterophylla exhibited absorption characteristics typical for C3-plant thylakoids. However, thylakoids isolated from R. apiculata, B. gymnorrhiza, C. bonduc and T. populnea exhibited an unusual increase in absorption in the blue region (380–410 nm) of the absorption spectrum. The presence of high-absorbing (in the short-wavelength, near-UV region) pigments appears to be closely associated with the thylakoids in R. apiculata and T. populnea. Our results, therefore, suggest a wide range of variation, not only in protein and pigment contents of photosynthetic tissues, but also in the spectral characteristics and composition of the pigments in mangrove species. An understanding of the nature of these pigments in mangroves and their associates, under their natural conditions and especially in relation to eco-physiological adaptations, is necessary, not only in relation to conservation, but also to allow propagation under different salinity conditions.

Metabolic response of the halotolerant green algaDunaliella bardawil to nitrogen: Phosphorus ratios in batch culture

The effect of N/P ratios and salinity on the growth as well as some metabolic activities by the halotolerant green algaDunaliella bardawil were followed. In nutrient-deficient media (N0 or P0) growth was retarded and cells accumulated large amounts of carotene, glycerol and saccharides while the contents of protein and amino acids were significantly decreased. In contrast, in nutrient-enriched media (N5 and/or P5), the growth and protein content in addition to the oxygen evolution were significantly increased at the expense of glycerol and saccharide content.

Large-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Countercurrent Extraction of Cloudberry Seed Oil

Dried press residue of cloudberry [Rubus chamaemorus (Rosaceae)] was extracted with carbon dioxide at pressures of 90−300 bar and at a temperature of 40 or 60 °C using a pilot-scale or a production-scale plant. The yield of the extract at the highest pressure was approximately 15% less than that obtained with Soxhlet extraction using diethyl ether as solvent. The extracts were either solids or viscous oils depending on the amount of neutral lipids, which increased with increasing pressure. No significant differences in the composition of the major constituent fatty acids in any of the extracts were found. The color of the extracts was clearly dependent on the amount of carotenes, which consisted mainly of β-carotene. The content of carotenes in the extracts did not increase at pressures higher than 150 bar. The amount of tocopherols in the extracts obtained at highest pressure was found to be approximately 3 times less than that at lower pressures. Countercurrent CO2 extraction of the cloudberry oil extra...

Influence of beta-carotene supplementation on carotene content of ovaries of heifers.

Carotene is stored as a tissue reserve in the corpus luteum. With different carotene supplementations in heifers (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/animal and day) it could be clearly seen that the carotene concentration in the corpus luteum (2.3, 27, 50 and 81 micrograms/g) was directly dependent on it. On the other hand, the weight of corpus luteum (3.8 to 4.6 g) was not influenced (P greater than 0.05) by carotene supplementation. Apart from corpus luteum carotene was also stored in orange coloured pigment corpuscles of ovary. The carotene concentration of the pigments was 6 to 70 times higher (158, 150, 334 and 487 micrograms/g) than in the corpus luteum. Weights of the pigments rose with increased carotene doses. However, the weights amounted to merely 4 to 11% of the corpus luteum's mass. The amount of carotene in corpus lutea of animals added with carotene contained was higher than that of pigments. Further investigations are necessary to characterize the physiological importance of the pigment corpuscles.

A study on the effects of salt and pepper on palm oil used as a frying medium

Chips of yam ( Dioscorea rotunda) were fried in palm oil heated to 150°C prior to frying as follows: (a) palm oil without ingredients as control, (b) palm oil with 1% pepper ( Capsicum annum), and (c) palm oil with 1% salt. The qualities of the oil in the frying medium and the oil absorbed by the fried yam were investigated for 10 fryings. The amount of carotenes in the oil/ingredient mixtures, both in the frying medium and the yam extract, was less than in the control. The peroxide values of samples in the frying media did not indicate either a pro-oxidant or antioxidant role for the ingredients. In samples of oil absorbed by the yam, the salt gave exceedingly high peroxide values but in the pepper samples, peroxides were not detected in six out of 10 fryings. However, high p-anisidine values of samples in the medium and yam extract have put into question the reported role of pepper as an antioxidant. Thus, pepper encouraged the accumulation of secondary rather than primary oxidation products in the oil.

Effects of Pyridazinone Herbicides during Chloroplast Development in Detached Barley Leaves I. Effects on Pigment Accumulation and Fluorescence Properties

The effects of three differently substituted pyridazinone herbicides on the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and on the fluorescence properties of greening barley leaves were studied. The two trifluoro-methyl derivatives, SAN 6706 and 9789 caused inhibition in the accumulation of carotenes only after the first 24 h of greening. By the 48th hour of greening no detectable amounts of carotenes were present in the treated leaves. Considerable amounts of xanthophylls however remained present, and no bleaching of the leaves was observed. It is suggested that SAN 6706 and 9789 prevent the formation of the enzyme(s) catalyzing the desaturation of phytoene and phytofluene. Fluorescence spectra indicate that the organization of pigment forms altered seriously in the treated leaves. This experimental system may be useful to study the action of pyridazinone herbicides without causing complete photobleaching of the photosynthetic apparatus. SAN 9785 had only minor effects on pigment accumulation and also on the organization of pigment forms. The possible explanations of the effects observed are dis­cussed.

Dark Conversion of Protochlorophyllide to Chlorophyllide following Brief Illumination and Temperature Dependence of Photo-Induced Carotenoid Synthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

Summary Conversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide occurred both in light and darkness in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings.The optimum temperatures for dark conversion during 1 and 2 h incubation were 37 and 27°C, respectively.The amount of carotene which subsequently accumulated in the dark was improved by light pretreatment, whereas xanthophyll levels were less dependent on pre illumination.Both carotene and xanthophyll formation was strongly dependent on the temperature during dark incubation and low temperatures were increasingly effective.