Amount Of Ash Research Articles

Comparative study of physicochemical and functional properties of different buckwheat varieties and their milling fractions

The present work evaluated the physicochemical and functional characteristics of different indigenous buckwheat varieties grown in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan, using grains and milled flour (fine flour, coarse flour, bran, and husk). Results showed that the thousand grain weight, length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean diameter were found to be highest in common buckwheat. In contrast, the highest mean values for sphericity were observed in Tartary buckwheat. The water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity, foaming, and foaming stability were high in common buckwheat as compared to Tartary buckwheat. Results regarding chemical properties revealed that common buckwheat contained higher quantity of protein (14.67%), fat (3.86%), fibre (1.38%), ash (2.24%), and total carbohydrate (65.8%); while Tartary buckwheat contained moisture (13.31%), protein (11.9%), fibre (1.38%), fat (3.57%), ash (2.69%), and total carbohydrate (68.8%). Furthermore, during the comparison of milling factions, it was found that buckwheat husk contained the highest quantity of copper (6.78 mg/100 g) and manganese (32.79 mg/100 g), while fine flour proved to be a rich source of magnesium. The present work identified variability among buckwheat varieties and milling fractions for physicochemical and nutritional traits that could be used to supplement various food products as functional ingredients.

Separation and recovery of arsenic, germanium and tungsten from toxic coal ash from lignite by sequential vacuum distillation with disulphide

Large amount of coal ash is produced as industrial waste during the electricity generation through the combustion of lignite. Toxic elements arsenic exists in the coal ash, which hinders the subsequent recycling processes. Moreover, coal ash could be recycled further to retrieve scattered metals germanium and tungsten. It is believed that traditional recycling methods present barriers to scaled application, especially serious secondary pollution, such as toxic residue and waste liquid. In this work, a novel sequential vacuum distillation with disulphide method is proposed to separate arsenic, germanium and tungsten from coal ash. First, arsenic can be volatilized completely out of the reaction system at temperatures below 550 °C. Subsequently, Ge and W volatilized in the form of sulfide in the presence of Na2S2O3. The optimal condition was 1050 °C, the mass ratio of 0.6 with reaction a pressure of 1 Pa and a time duration of 120 min demonstrated the best evaporation ratio. For coal fly ash, chemical species As2S3, GeS, and WOx (x < 3)/WS2 were the main condensed products. For coal bottom ash, As2S3, GeS, and WO3/WS2 were dominant chemical components. Mechanisms for the process of release and evaporation of As, Ge, and W from coal ash, vacuum reaction, evaporation, and condensation were analyzed. In summary, the vacuum distillation method deserves to be further developed as it provides an eco-friendly method to recycle coal ash.

Study of flexural strength of concrete containing mineral admixtures based on machine learning

In this paper, the prediction of flexural strength was investigated using machine learning methods for concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials such as silica fume. First, based on a database of suitable characteristic parameters, the flexural strength prediction was carried out using linear (LR) model, random forest (RF) model, and extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model. Subsequently, the influence of each input parameter on the flexural strength was analyzed using the SHAP model based on the optimal prediction model. The results showed that LR, RF, and XGB enhanced the accuracy of forecasting sequentially. Among the characteristic parameters, the most significant effect on the flexural strength of concrete is the water-binder ratio, and the water-binder ratio shows a negative correlation with flexural strength. The effect of maintenance age on flexural strength is second only to the water-binder ratio, and it shows a positive trend. When the amount of fly ash is less than 40% and the amount of slag or silica fume is less than 30%, the correlation between the amount of supplementary cementitious materials and flexural strength fluctuates and a positive peak in flexural strength is observed. However, at a dosage greater than the above, the supplementary cementitious materials all reduce flexural strength. The interaction interval and the degree of interaction between the supplementary cementitious materials and the cement content also differ in predicting flexural strength.

Use of Flyash and Plastic Waste as a Constituent in Concrete

Cement production gives rise to CO2 emissions generated by calculations of CaCO3 and by fossil, being responsible for about 5% of the CO2 emissions in the world. This can be substantially reduced if cement replacement materials, either partial or complete such as fly ash are used. Presently large amounts of fly ash are generated in thermal industries with an important impact on the environment and humans. In recent years many researchers have established the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) like flyash (FA) not only improves the various properties of concrete both in its fresh and hardened states but also can contribute to economic construction costs. Plastic bags which are commonly used for packing, carrying vegetables, etc create a serious environmental problem. The safe disposal of plastic bags in the environment is the most challenging issue for solid waste management across the globe. These are non-biodegradable and toxic. Every year at least 15% of total plastic waste remains untreated. Concrete is one of the best choices for construction in many countries today. Waste plastic is being tried in the field of construction as a spatial replacement in fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, or as an additive the concrete. In the present study fly ash (FA) is taken as the partial replacement in cement and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is used as an additive in the concrete. FA was partially replaced in cement at percentages of 10, 20, and 30. Along with the variation of FA, LDPE was also added from 0.2% to 1% in the concrete by volume. Ample number of samples in M20 grade was prepared with a w/c ratio of 0.55 It was found from the result that the optimum compressive strength for 7 days and 28 days were 28.44 N/mm2 and 33.77N/mm2 obtained at 20% percent replacement of FA with 0.4% addition of LDPE Similarly the optimum split tensile strength for 28 days was 2.49 N/mm2 obtained at 20% replacement of FA with 0.8% addition of LDPE. Thus 20% FA with up to 0.4% LDPE can be adopted so that the disposal of waste plastic and fly ash can be done well as well and the efficiency of the concrete can be managed effectively.

Comparative Analysis of the Use of Nanosilica and Fly Ash in Hydraulic Concrete

Context: Nowadays, nanomaterials constitute an innovative alternative for the construction sector. This study evaluates the benefits of adding nanosilica and fly ash to Portland cement concrete in terms of its mechanical strength properties. Methodology: 45 specimens were used to compare the compressive strength and durability of concrete mixtures with nanosilica and fly ash. The specimens were studied after 7, 14, and 21 days to determine their maximum resistance. Results: The addition of small amounts of nanosilica (up to 1%) significantly improved the compressive strength of the concrete. In contrast, a large amount of fly ash (up to 8%) was required for a noticeable effect. Conclusions: Concrete with nanosilica yielded the best results in terms of mechanical strength. The key to improving concrete through nanosilica and fly ash is to reduce the water-to-cement ratio using chemical agents that reduce porosity and increase resistance.

Stabilization of Clay Using Groundnut Shell Ash and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

In the specialty of civil engineering, soil is the most often utilized material. It is employed in building foundations, bricks, and pavements. It offers a lot of strength to keep the construction stable. Throughout the ground, there are several types of soil. It is dependent on the material's size, texture, and other characteristics. It is required to stabilize the soil using various stabilizers in order to improve its qualities. With a view to lowering the cost of construction, the emphasis is obviously on the correct use of waste residues like groundnut shell ash and bagasse ash. One method of processing the available resources for the creation of help minimize design and construction is stabilization. In this work, we investigate the possibilities of using groundnut ash and sugarcane bagasse ash as stabilization additions to boost the expanding soil's characteristics. Groundnut shell ash ranging from 0 to 20% and sugarcane bagasse ash amounts ranging from 0 to 10% were added to improve the materials' strength and suitability for application. It also investigated the temporal evolution of many soil parameters, such as the plastic limit, liquid limit, shrinkage limit, maximum dry density, ideal moisture content, and unconfined compression strength. The optimal amount to stabilize the clayey soil is 10% GSA and 5% BA.

Development and Quality Evaluation of Garden Cress (Lepidium Sativum L.) Seeds Supplemented Panjiri for Lactating Mothers

Lepidium sativum also referred to as garden cress, is a fast-growing annual herb that originated in West Asia and Egypt but is now grown all over the world. Its seeds are a great source of iron, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fibre, protein, and other vital nutrients and phytochemicals. Garden cress seed- an unexplored health grain, is a rich source of nutrients, nutraceuticals, and possess numerous health benefits including its galactagogue properties. Despite having significant medicinal potential, garden cress seeds has not received the attention it deserves and has often been underutilised. Galactagogue properties of garden cress seeds promote lactation and prevent postnatal complications. Considering this property nutritious, convenience ready-to-eat panjiri (sund) was prepared for the lactating mothers. Incorporation of garden cress powder significantly and proportionately affected the sensory attributes of panjiri formulations. There was significant and proportionate increase in macronutrients of panjiri with increase in levels of supplementation. 20 per cent incorporated recipe had higher amount of ash, crude fat, crude fibre and crude protein (2.89, 37.65, 3.34 and 9.44 % respectively) as compared to control and 5, 10, 15 per cent incorporated panjiri.

Ceramic Materials Containing Volcanic Ash and Characterized by Photoluminescent Activity

The present work was aimed at investigating the possibility to produce bricks using volcanic ash from the Etna volcano and with photoluminescent properties. The volcanic ash was analyzed using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron and energy dispersive X-ray microscopy. Mixtures with 0%, 10% and 30% of volcanic ash were prepared and fired at 950 °C for 14 h. Their mechanical properties, dynamic modulus of elasticity, drying linear retraction, capillary water absorption and water absorption were measured. The obtained results show that increasing the percentage of volcanic ash in the initial mixture results in a decrease in the measured dynamic modulus of elasticity, in a greater dimensional stability and in a lower weight loss upon firing. Mechanical properties are negatively affected by volcanic ash, with a compressive strength of 11 MPa obtained with mixtures with 30% of it. A decrease in the absorption of water was also observed upon increasing the amount of volcanic ash in the mixes. Brick surfaces with intense photoluminescent activity were obtained. The produced bricks meet the criteria required by the for bricks that can be used in normal weathering and absorption criteria for second-class brick.

Modification and characterization of Mordenite zeolite derived from waste coal fly ash and its application as a heterogeneous catalyst for the n-butyl levulinate synthesis

The thermal power plants produce huge quantity of fly ash as waste materials, and dumped in to the ash dykes, which occupies several acres of land and ultimately, spoil it. Researchers are looking for the reasonable treatment process to convert the fly ash into useful materials like zeolites. In this work, fly ash derived Mordenite zeolite has been synthesized with improved catalytic activity. The utility of this material is demonstrated as a solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate from biomass derived levulinic acid. This study demonstrates successful cost effective transformation of fly ash into environmentally benign catalyst.

Impact of recycled coal bottom ash as mixing ingredient on fresh and mechanical properties of concrete: A review

The expanding use of concrete in the global construction sector requires the exploitation of more main ingredients from nature, such as limestone, stone, sand, and rocks, which leads to an additional degradation of the state of the environment. Recognizing that this approach has negative impacts on plants, animals, and humans, a technique to use industrial byproducts as partial substitutes for concrete mix ingredients would reduce consumption of key resources and make the environment more sustainable. As a result, the huge amounts of coal bottom ash (CBA) produced annually in thermal power plants and their improper management have led to major ecological problems, as the waste has negative effects on the environment and human welfare. This review summarizes the results to date on the use of CBA as an alternative to sand and cement in concrete production. This review also examines the effects of CBA on fresh concrete properties and the mechanical properties of concrete. This paper is intended to help newcomers understand the scope and development of the use of CBA as a mix ingredient in the production of concrete. Overall, the use of CBA in appropriate proportions can improve the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete at replacement ratio up to 30% in the mechanical properties. However, further research is needed to investigate the possibility of using CBA in large quantities to achieve high-performance and durable concrete. Therefore, the inclusion of CBA as a mix ingredient in concrete production is the most effective way to reduce dependence on key ingredients and potentially minimize the negative environmental impacts caused by landfills.

Studying the properties of ash and slag waste for use in the manufacture of construction products

Purpose. The research purpose is to study the physical-chemical properties of ash and slag waste generated during the coal combustion at the Ekibastuz field in Kazakhstan, to determine the possibility of using waste as a secondary resource to reduce the negative human impact on the environment. Methods. The research uses the methods of X-ray phase and differential thermal analysis, as well as chemical analysis. The X-ray phase analysis makes it possible to determine the phase composition and structure of ash and slag wastes, while differential thermal analysis is used to study their behavior with temperature changes. A chemical analysis is performed to determine the composition of ash and slag. Findings. The chemical and granulometric composition of ash and slag waste from the Ekibastuz field coal combustion has been determined. Analysis of the ash chemical composition showed that its main components are silicon and aluminum oxides, as well as a significant amount of iron oxide. The results obtained confirm the possibility of using ash and slag waste as a secondary raw material to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Originality. It has been revealed that the thermal conductivity, ultimate strength and water-absorption of ceramic brick samples depend on the amount of ash added and the firing temperature. The possibility of obtaining building materials with minimum cement content has also been substantiated, which is a new and promising approach, given the high cost of cement as the main building material. Practical implications. The practical value of the research is in solving environmental problems associated with the use of ash and slag waste. Using these wastes as a secondary raw material, it is possible to reduce the anthropogenic burden on the environment, as well as the volume of ash dumps. In addition, vacant land previously occupied by ash and slag mixtures can be used for economic purposes.

Incorporation of High Loss-on-ignition Fly Ash in Producing High-strength Flowable Mortar

A large amount of fly ash with a high loss on ignition (over the maximum allowance value stipulated by ASTM C618) is being released and increasing daily in Vietnam. The recycling of this fly ash is still limited, while a big remaining part is disposed of in storage yards, causing environmental pollution. On the other hand, the demand for high-strength mortar as a repair material is increasing for high-rise buildings and important projects, gradually depleting natural resources. However, the application of this fly ash in the production of mortar is restricted in the literature. In this study, local fly ash with a high loss on ignition is used to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% cement content in producing high-flowability and high-strength mortar. Changes in the fresh and hardened mortar properties were systematically investigated using samples produced with various fly ash contents. Test results indicate that the effect of impurities in fly ash on the mortar’s workability can be neglected due to the spherical shape of fly ash. The unit weight, thermal conductivity, and drying shrinkage of mortars decreased with increasing fly ash content. Although some other properties of mortar are reduced due to the use of high loss-on-ignition fly ash, all mortars produced in this study still showed good quality with the presence of silica fume. In addition, the relationships between compressive strength and flexural strength with ultrasonic pulse velocity were established to predict the strength of mortar in a non-destructive method.

Effectiveness of Silica Fume Eggshell Ash and Lime Use on the Properties of Kaolinitic Clay

The study aims to investigate the properties of kaolinitic clay using silica fume, eggshell ash, and lime. The experiment employs varying amounts of silica fume (2%, 4%, and 6%), eggshell ash, lime (3%, 6%, and 9%), and combinations of silica fume, eggshell ash, and lime, which are cured for 1, 7, 14, and 30 days. The investigated properties of the soils include the improvement of Atterberg limits, maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), specific gravity, compressive strength, morphology characteristics, and chemical compositions. The results reveal that the optimal application of these materials can be achieved at 6% silica fume, 6% eggshell ash, and 9% lime mixture into the soils and increase the shear strength by as much as 88.74% at 30 days of curing.

Undifferentiated Cells of Tessaria absinthioides with High Nutritional Value and Health-Promoting Phytochemicals. An Approach Based on Plant Cellular Agriculture.

In vitro cultures of undifferentiated plant cells of Tessaria absinthioides, a native herb popularly recognized and used for its health benefits, were studied as potential food supplements. These tissues were incubated under two light conditions, and the biomass obtained was freeze-dried and oven-dried. To evaluate their nutritional value, their physicochemical and functional properties were determined. Although in some cases there were significant differences in the results according to the drying methodology applied, all these tissues presented a high proportion of proteins (23.6-28.3%), a low percentage of fats (< 2%) constituted mainly by phytosterols, and a significant amount of crude fibers (6.9-9.0%) and ashes (> 10%). In addition, the freeze-dried calli resulted in a product with better functional properties. On the other hand, their phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacity were studied and compared with tissues from wild specimens and with green tea and chamomile as reference extracts.

Effect of ash on temperature and particulate emission characteristics of diesel particulate filter during active regeneration

As one of the most effective devices to reduce particulate emission from diesel engines, the diesel particulate filter (DPF) has been widely used. However, long-term use of the DPF can cause a large amount of ash to deposit in it, which can significantly affect its performance. In this study, a burner was utilized to deposit ash, derived from four different lubricating oil additives (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (Zn-based), calcium sulfonate (Ca-based), magnesium sulfonate (Mg-based), and composite), into four DPFs with the same specification. The four ash-loaded DPFs and a fresh ashless DPF were subsequently tested for active regeneration on an engine bench at the same soot load. The temperature and particulate emission characteristics of the DPFs were measured using thermocouples and a particulate analyzer. The peak regeneration temperature of ash-loaded DPFs moved forward when compared to the fresh DPF, and the peak regeneration temperature of Mg-based DPF reached 694 °C and moved forward to the axial position of 71.5 mm. A low temperature zone appeared at the rear end of edge channels, forming a large temperature gradient up to 75.5 °C/cm. The emission of nucleation-mode particulates at each DPF outlet increased to different degrees during active regeneration, especially for the Zn-based DPF, whose particulate concentration even approached 108 #/cm3. The X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) images of ash-loaded DPFs showed that the distribution of ash in each DPF was quite different, and ash plugs or bridges appeared in the middle and front of some channels, forming a strong blocking effect. It is due to the presence of ash that the soot deposition position moved forward and the wall-flow velocity rose, which increased the local soot density, causing the peak regeneration temperature to rise and move forward. The increase in wall-flow velocity reduced the diffusion filtration efficiency of ash-loaded DPFs, so escaped particulates that were broken up from soot agglomerate burning increased.

Investigating the feasibility of producing sustainable and compatible binder using marble waste, fly ash, and rice husk ash: A comprehensive research for material characteristics and production

This research aims to develop a new marble-based binding material for evaluating its strength blended with rise husk ash and fly ash. Newly developed marble-based cement was prepared by burning waste marble powder and clay. The marble cement was then blended separately with varying amounts of fly ash (20, 30, and 40% by mass of marble cement) and rice husk ash (20, 30, and 40% by mass of marble cement) to find the most suitable combination for mortar in terms of strength gain. The mortar specimens were subjected to various load tests, including compressive and flexural strength, and also to various morphology and microstructural tests including X-Ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. According to the results, the compressive strength of the marble cement mortar was less than ordinary Portland cement mortar but greater than the M1 mortar (5 MPa, minimum compressive strength of mortar for brick masonry) as per the Building Code of Pakistan 2007 (BCP:2007) and Indian Standards (IS:1905). Blended marble cement mortars displayed improved strengths, yet the early strength of blended mortars was lower than Portland cement mortar due to higher di-calcium silicate content and slow pozzolanic activity, but the later-age strength of mortar prepared with the marble cement blended with 30% rice husk ash was found marginally higher than the ordinary Portland cement mortar. Moreover, incorporating marble waste, rice husk ash, and fly ash as binding materials to manufacture building materials will encourage sustainable growth by reducing environmental issues associated with their disposal.

A Locally Available Natural Pozzolan as a Supplementary Cementitious Material in Portland Cement Concrete

For several decades, class F fly ash has been an attractive supplementary cementitious material, at least in part, due to its ability to reduce Portland cement consumption and mitigate alkali-silica reactions in concrete. However, fly ash availability is becoming uncertain as the energy industry decommissions coal burning power plants as it transitions to renewable energy production. This situation creates a need to identify viable and sustainable alternative supplementary cementitious materials. There are several types of supplementary cementitious materials, such as natural pozzolans, metakaolin, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag, which appear to be potential alternatives to fly ash in concrete. In this research, a locally available natural pozzolan (pumicite) was selected to replace fly ash in concrete. After conducting alkali-silica reaction tests on mortar mixtures, rheological and strength properties, shrinkage, resistance to freezing and thawing, and chloride ion permeability of concrete mixtures containing different amounts of fly ash and natural pozzolan were evaluated. The results showed that pumicite was more effective than fly ash at mitigating the alkali-silica reaction, and a pumicite content of 20% was necessary to mitigate the alkali-silica reaction. Ternary mixtures containing both pumicite and fly ash were the most effective cementitious materials combinations for mitigating the alkali-silica reaction expansion. Additionally, pumicite provided acceptable compressive strength and modulus of rupture values (greater than 4.0 MPa) that exceeded the flexural strengths provided by established mixtures containing only fly ash. Shrinkage and durability factor values for all mixtures were less than 710 μstrain and greater than 75, which are generally considered acceptable. Additionally, all mixtures with acceptable alkali-silica reaction expansions had very low chloride permeability. These results indicate that pumicite can be a reliable alternative for fly ash.

Nutritional Study of Various Cow Breeds from Bhatta Chowk Lahore (Punjab), Pakistan

The present study was conducted to investigate the nutritional study of cow's milk of various breeds from Bhatta Chowk Lahore. Different cow breeds were found to possess variable amounts of nutritional contents, i.e., highest moisture and ash in the Cholistani cow, highest fat in the Sahiwal cow, highest calcium and specific gravity in the Holstein cow and highest contents of protein, solid-not-fat and total solid in Red Sindhi. Red Sindhi cow’s milk was found to be more nutritious in terms of its richness in proteins, solid-not-fat and total solids whereas Holstein cow was rich in calcium. Calcium was found to be in a range of 550 to 630 ppm with the decrease of concentration in the following order: Sahiwal&gt;Holstein Frisian= Red Sindhi&gt;Cholistani. The Cholistani cow milk showed the presence of 3.126 % protein, 3.5 % fat, 88.2 % moisture, 8.3 % solids-not fat, 11.8 % total solids, 0.791 % ash, 30.5o lactometer reading and 1.0305 kg/m3 specific gravity. Sahiwal cow milk showed 3.318 % of protein, 4.1 % fat, 87.5 % moisture, 30.1o lactometer reading, 1.03 kg/m3 specific gravity, 8.4 % solids-not-fat, 12.5 % total solids and 0.79 % ash. Holstein Frisian’s milk demonstrated the presence of 3.33 % protein, 3.8 % fat, 87.35% moisture, 31o lactometer reading, 1.03 kg/m3 specific gravity, 8.85 % solids-not-fat, 12.65 % total solids and 0.77 % ash. Red Sindhi’s milk revealed the presence of 3.38 % protein, 3.95 % fat, 85.65 % moisture, 28o Lactometer reading, 1.028 kg/m3 specific gravity, 10.4% solids-not-fat, 14.35% total solids and 0.705% ash.

Development of engineered cementitious composite with moderate tensile properties using polyester fibers

In recent years, the use of reinforced cementitious composites has increased manifold for structural rehabilitation purposes. The present study concerns the development of a special variant of ECC, which is low-cost but has moderate tensile strength and ductility. Widely available polyester fiber was chosen, which was about ten times cheaper but about four times weaker than the preferred but expensive PVA fibers. Micromechanics-based mathematical model was used for fiber optimization to attain the multiple and strain hardening phenomena of the ECC. Different ECC mixes were prepared to investigate the effect of the matrix toughness on the tensile properties of ECC. ECC, with a strong matrix, failed to attain multiple cracking after 28-days of tensile testing because the fracture toughness exceeded the fiber bridging energy. The matrix was made weaker by increasing the amount of fly ash, and the desired strain hardening phenomena was achieved after 28-days of tensile testing. A low-cost ECC was developed, which used 3% polyester fiber by volume; the tensile strength and strain capacity of ECC was 2.17 MPa and 1.88%, respectively.

The early hydration and rheological characteristics of cement paste containing co-combustion fly ash

In this study, the early hydration and rheological characteristics of cement paste containing co-combustion fly ash (CCFA) were studied by using isothermal calorimetry, low-field NMR (LF-NMR), and rheological tests, and the differences between CCFA/cement system and the traditional binding system made with coal fly ash (CFA) were analyzed. The results indicate that co-combustion fly ash has a retarding effect on the early hydration of the cement. This effect becomes more pronounced as the dosage of fly ash increases from 10% to 30%. Additionally, the early hydration rate of samples containing CCFA was found to be faster compared to samples with CFA, even when the same admixture was used. The T2 spectrum analysis reveals that fly ashes primarily influence the early hydration characteristics by affecting the consumption of capillary water. As the admixture of fly ash increases, there is a reduction in moisture loss. The pattern of moisture evolution exhibits a strong correlation with the heat of hydration. At 72 h, the relaxation characteristics of both CCFA and CFA samples were found to be similar. Moreover, the rheological properties of the cement paste are influenced by factors such as the type and admixture amount of fly ash, as well as the degree of hydration. With an increase in the amount of fly ash blending, the rheological properties exhibit an increase as well. Specifically, CCFA samples display higher plasticity compared to CFA samples, even when the same admixture amount is used. The results of different analytical methods in the study were consistent.