Amount Of Arable Land Research Articles

‘The Iron Duke’: land reclamation and public relations in Sutherland, 1868-95*

This article examines the little known episode of land reclamation carried out by the third duke of Sutherland on his highland estates from 1868 to 1895. The land reclamations were an attempt to increase the amount of arable land, and therefore the rental value, of an otherwise financially troubled landed estate – unfortunately for the duke, they failed in both technical and financial aspects. This article also looks at the impact of the reclamation works on the reputation of the ducal family and estate of Sutherland, in the light of later political unrest in the highlands and the family's reputation as great clearance landlords.

Dynamic Changes and Optimal Allocation of Arable Land Conversion in Transition of Jiangsu province

With the rapid development of economy and urbanization, there is more need for land, and that the arable land faces the paradox of allocation in the agricultural sector and nonagricultural sector. How to optimally allocate land in the agricultural sector and nonagricultural sector has become an important issue. This article tries to analyze the change of arable land in Jiangsu, and then uses the MAC model to get the optimal amount of arable land that can be changed, so that we can make a deadline for protecting the arable land and come up with a method for optimal allocation.

A review of the detection and fate of novel plant molecules derived from biotechnology in livestock production

Since the commercialization of the first genetically modified (GM) crop in 1996, the amount of arable land dedicated to the production of GM feed has increased significantly. Despite widespread adoption of GM foods and feeds, public perception of their safety remains mixed. To provide consumers the opportunity for choice, some countries have adopted mandatory labeling of GM foods and feeds when their adventitious presence exceeds a defined threshold percentage. Methods for detecting and quantifying GM plants in feeds include protein- and DNA-based assays, but their sensitivity may be influenced by the techniques used in feed processing. Interest in the consumption of transgenic protein and DNA has prompted investigations of their fate within the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and the potential to which transgenes or their products may be incorporated into tissues. Transgenic protein has not been detected in any animal tissues or products. Fragments of DNA from endogenous, high-copy number chloroplast genes from plants have been detected in poultry, pig and ruminant tissues. Low-copy endogenous and transgenic DNA in animal tissues have been detected but to a lesser extent than high-copy genes. Current research suggests that the passage of dietary DNA fragments across the intestinal wall is a natural physiological event, the likelihood of which is dependent on their concentration in the feed. To date, the transgenic traits approved for expression in crops used as feeds have not posed a safety concern for livestock.

Current and future benefits from the use of GM technology in food production

For the current generation of genetically modified (GM) crops the improvement of agronomic traits (e.g. herbicide tolerance, insect resistance) has been a major objective. The lack of obvious and direct benefits for the consumer has been a main point of criticism. Future trends will increasingly encompass the modification of quality traits, such as the improvement of sensory and especially nutritional properties. Some of the ongoing developments try to meet the desire of consumers for ‘healthy’ or ‘high-tech’ foods in developed countries. Others are intended to assist in adjusting the nutritional status of foods to the needs of consumers in developing countries. Considering the increasing world population and the limited amount of arable land, GM technology may also become a valuable tool to ensure food security. The major prerequisite for the applicability of the technique is the safety of the resulting products. The increasing complexity of modifications intended might require adjustments and improvements of the strategies applied to the safety assessment of GM foods. Present research activities try to meet these new challenges.

Water quality of Scottish rivers: spatial and temporal trends

The Harmonised Monitoring Scheme (HMS) was initiated in 1974 and represents the best-organised source of temporal and spatial data describing water quality for the major mainland rivers of Scotland, England and Wales. This paper presents the first detailed analysis of HMS data for Scotland, and identifies temporal changes in water quality from 1974 to 1995. From a concomitant analysis of catchment land cover characteristics, water quality indices have been linked with potential ‘drivers’ of change, influencing both point and diffuse sources. Nitrate concentrations between rivers are highly correlated with the amount of arable land, and relationships exist between grassland cover, orthphosphate-P and suspended solids concentrations. Similarly, urban catchments are highly correlated with ammonium-N, orthophosphate-P and suspended solids. Spatial and temporal trends in water quality for the rivers of Scotland are discussed.

Ponds in the twenty-first century

Because they are economical reactors, properly designed ponds for waste management will grow in importance in the 21st Century. They will also be important for water and nutrient recycling and for animal feed production. Paddle wheel mixed algal growth ponds are not only a cost effective choice for wastewater oxidation but also are most efficient in fixing solar energy and in reclaiming water, nutrients, and energy from organic wastes. As the human population increases the amount of arable land will soon be less than one hectare per person and, at current world crop productivities of much less than 0.1 g/m2/d, one hectare of arable land per person will be insufficient to sustain a projected population of more than six billion by the year 2000. Because the amount of land is finite, the apparent solutions are to increase productivity and, ultimately, to attain a constant population. Microalgae in ponds can produce high protein biomass at a rate of 10 to 20 g/m2/d, productivities an order of magnitude greater than land crops. Algae can be combined with grains to produce valuable feed, which through poultry, animals, and fish can improve human nutrition. With improved human nutrition, financial security should increase and birth rates should decline; therefore, algaculture in ponds, together with conventional agriculture, can help reach a stable population and improve the quality of human life.

PEST CONTROL IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Review by Kenneth L. Carriveau, Jr. Government Documents/Agriculture Librarian, Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Library, University of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU 96923. USA. TEL: 671-734-9144/9403. Ahmed, Saleem, ed.. PEST CONTROL IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC. Report of the APO Seminar on Pest Control held in Japan from 24th September to 4th October, 1991. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization, 1993. 409 pp. US $15.00. paper ISBN: 92-833-2131-6. For the majority of the Asian Productivity Organization's (APO) member countries, agricultural production continues to be the most significant factor in both social and economic development. The food needs of a continually growing population, the desire for self-sufficient food security, and the allure of potentially high profits to be gained through agro-industries have all influenced farmers and agricultural scientists to determine ways in which high crop yields may be generated at a low cost using declining amounts of arable land. Pest control is just one of the many factors to be studied in this effort. Pest control is a complex process with many concerns to be addressed before control methods may be implemented. Some of the issues considered in pest control studies include, but are not limited to, the following: number and types of pests to be controlled, types of crops to be protected, potential impacts on human health, potential impacts on secondary plant and animal populations in treated areas, impact of climate and weather on pest control method, legal limitations and implications, and general environmental impacts. The book PEST CONTROL is just as daunting as its topic and may not be the best resource for the novice reader. It is a report from a professional conference held in Japan. Thus, for the advanced reader or professional practitioner, this report holds a wealth of information on Asian pest control research for agricultural applications. This report begins with an executive summary which may be as much as the novice may wish or need to read. Concise summaries of each of the papers included in the report are included in this section and significant findings of each are adequately described. Part II contains the full text of all the resource papers presented at the APO Seminar. Topics covered in these papers include an overview of pest control in Asia, the influence of agrochemicals on agricultural productivity, education methods used to teach safe application and use of pesticides, pesticide safety evaluations systems, the evaluation of pathogenic microbial use in integrated pest management (IPM) methods, potential use of chemicals extracted from the seeds and leaves of neem trees in pesticide production, and the future of pesticide development and research. The third section is comprised of country reports given by representatives from each of the APO member countries attending the conference, namely, Rep. of China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. While Part II emphasized the theoretical aspect of pest control, the country reports provide information pertaining to the use and practical applications of these theories in real-world situations. The Seminar coordinators did not require a uniform reporting style in the preparation of these country reports so the amount of detail and types of information included varies from country to country. However, in general, the reports include some discussion on (1) the importance of agricultural

Ponds in the twenty-first century

Because they are economical reactors, property designed ponds for waste management will grow in importance in the 21st Century. They will also be important for water and nutrient recycling and for animal feed production. Paddle wheel mixed algal growth ponds are not only a cost effective choice for wastewater oxidation but also are most efficient in fixing solar energy and in reclaiming water, nutrients, and energy from organic wastes. As the human population increases the amount of arable land will soon be less than one hectare per person and, at current world crop productivities of much less than 0.1 g/m2/d, one hectare of arable land per person will be insufficient to sustain a projected population of more than six billion by the year 2000. Because the amount of land is finite, the apparent solutions are to increase productivity and ultimately, to attain a constant population. Microalgae in ponds can produce high protein biomass at a rate of 10 to 20 g/m2/d, productiviues an order of magnitude greater than land crops. Algae can be combined with grains to produce valuable feed, which through poultry, animals, and fish can improve human nutrition. With improved human nutrition, financial security should increase and birth rates should decline; therefore, algaculture in ponds, together with conventional agriculture, can help reach a stable population and improve the quality of human life.

Germany: The Baltic Sea and its agricultural environmental status

The contribution of diffuse (mainly agricultural) nutrient inputs into surface waters and then into the Northern and Baltic Seas has been estimated for nitrogen as approximately 60% and for phosphorus as approximately 47% of the total inputs for Germany (reference year 1989). The most important diffuse pathways are the input via groundwater and drainwater for nitrogen and via soil erosion for phosphorus. In both cases, about two-thirds of the total diffuse inputs are caused by these single sources. Only 8% of the total area of the former Federal Republic of Germany is within the catchment of the Baltic Sea. In using an area-proportional calculation, the absolute nutrient input into the Baltic Sea from agriculture could be estimated as 52.6 kt of nitrogen and 4 kt of phosphorus for 1989. The present situation in Germany indicates some improvements in the environmental status of agriculture as far as the potential for nutrient pollution of surface waters is concerned. The changes of the agricultural structure in the former German Democratic Republic after the reunification resulted particularly in a large scale reduction in livestock density, as well as a large amount of arable land being taken out of production. Therefore, the present situation is characterized by a significant reduction in the supply of farmyard and liquid manure, by reduced application rates of mineral fertilizers and, for land no longer in production, by a lower susceptibility for soil erosion. This reduced pollution potential should also result, with an unknown time-lag, in a lower nutrient input into the surface waters. Furthermore, the dramatic decrease of livestock density by more than 60% within the last 3 years will have a positive impact on the direct nutrient inputs by a careless or even illegal discharge of liquid manure, animal slurries and effluents from stored farmyard manure. It is an important demand that agriculture should increase their efforts to reduce the diffuse nutrient inputs into groundwater and surface water. Consequently, the activity of the official agricultural advisory service is especially focused on water-protection measures. ‘Fertilizer application prescriptions’ within the framework of the German ‘fertilizer regulation’ will limit the fertilizer application and, in particular, the application rates of animal slurry. Furthermore, the future selection of arable land for temporary or permanent removal from production will reinforce the water-protection potential of those measures.

Vegetation effects on phosphorus fractions in set-aside soils

As increasing amounts of arable land are being set aside, it is of importance to study the effect of vegetation on soil fertility. The fractionation of soil P under grassland, beech and spruce vegetation was investigated in sites previously fertilized with P by extracting sequentially with Resin, NaHCO3, NaOH, HCl and finally NaOH after ultrasonic pretreatment. Under beech a large part of extractable P was found in inorganic fractions which are considered to be available for plants (Resin P1 and Bicarbonate P1). Under grass, a large part of the extractable P was found in potentially labile organic forms (Bicarbonate Po and Fulvic acid Po). After 25 years of permanent grass vegetation, the extractability of soil P was comparable to that from an adjacent arable plot. On spruce covered soils most of the added fertilizer P was rendered unextractable 20–30 years after application. However the available data does not allow a clear interpretation of this phenomena, as effects of soil parent material as well as vegetation may be taken into consideration. No decrease in P-extractability was found between beech and grass covered soils which had been fertilized for more than 200 years, when compared to less rich soils from the same area. On the basis of the current data it may be concluded that the vegetation affects the distribution of soil phosphorus fractions, and thus soil fertility. In the soils under investigation, grassland and beech vegetation conserved the phosphate availability to a high extent.

Holocene landscape change on the Santa Delta, Peru: impact on archaeological site distributions

Archaeological site distributions on the Santa Delta, Peru, are a result of both the initial settlement pattern and subsequent patterns of erosion and deposition. The appearance of the physical landscape during the time of human occupation has been significantly altered by alluvial deposition and erosion and by littoral ptogradation. Subsistence resources (agricultural and maritime) are concentrated in the floodplain and coastal zone, and their spatial distribution has changed in response to physical landscape evolution. Floodplain and deltaic aggradation have increased the amount of arable land from near zero at the time of the maximum shoreline transgression to roughly 11 000 ha at present. The development of a floodplain physically limits the extent of agriculture through time and also has the potential to remove much of the archaeologic record through burial. The rapid progradation of the shoreline makes the relationship between archaeological sites and the shoreline at the time of their occupation difficult to determine. However, the surface distribution of sites can be used to place inland limits on the possible location of the shoreline during occupation. The most complete record of occupation is preserved on the desert pampas (plains) which have been relatively stable through time but this relationship does not rule out extensive occupation in more active areas of the landscape. When site distributions are compiled on palaeogeographic maps, the relationships between the prehistoric human settlements and the physical landscape can be determined.

Swedish Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Summary of Research and Findings

ABSTRACT During the last decade Swedish agriculture has modernized considerably, as evidenced by increasing crop yields and declines in the amount of arable land and number of farmers. Two results of this agricultural modernization have been declining air and water quality. This paper summarizes what Swedish researchers have learned from long-term measurements of nutrient losses from agriculture and the subsequent effects on the surrounding environment. The results presented here are a collection of important findings from many Swedish research teams, including some work carried out by the authors. The conclusions can be summarized briefly as follows: •Swedish agriculture contributes about one-third of the total nitrogen emissions to air through evaporation of ammonia from the handling of manure, with subsequent effects on vegetation and acidification of soils and waters.•More than half of the ammonia deposited in Sweden originates from other northern European countries.•A complex pattern, including background and human factors, influences the leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus to water. Leaching has increased since the 1950s, although atmospheric conditions also play an important role.•Agricultural activities are only one reason for the pollution of coastal waters and the open sea surrounding Sweden. Other sources of significant pollution are atmospheric deposits, forestry, households, and urban stormwater. International understanding of the environmental problems caused by agriculture is urgently needed to ensure successful management of eutrophication. About 9 percent of the total nitrogen load and 5 percent of the total phosphorus load on the surrounding seas originate from Sweden.•There are many ways to reduce the pollution caused by agriculture. The cost-effective options include tailoring fertilizer application to soil content and crop requirements, redistributing excess manure to manure-deficient farms in other areas, and introducing “wintergreen” plants.•Before pollution from agriculture can be controlled, pollution must be understood. Without that understanding, efforts to prevent pollution may be neither helpful nor cost effective.

Aquaculture in Ancient Hawaii

A combination of food-producing technologies is required to support a large human population where there is a limited amount of arable land. Today integrated farming systems-combining agriculture, aquaculture, animal husbandry, and waste treatment technologiesare in use in South and Southeast Asia and China, as well as in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. In Hungary, for example, a tenyear cycle of land and water use is commonly practiced to convert marginal agricultural and waste lands into productive agricultural lands (Brown 1977, Muller 1978). For five years a combination of duck and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) farming in ponds produces about 4000 kg/ha/year of ducks and fish. During years six and seven, the ponds are drained and alfalfa is planted in the pond bottoms. Yields of alfalfa are approximately 8000kg/ha in the first year and 6000 kg/ha in the second. During years eight, nine, and ten, rice is planted, and harvests average 3000-3500 kg/ha/year. The tenyear cycle then begins anew with combined duck and fish farming.

China: The risks of modernization

China is second only to the Soviet Union and Canada in land area, but its mountains, steep hills, cold plateaus, and deserts greatly limit the amount of arable land. Most of China's natural resources either lie in the interior where no modern transportation is available, or are unexploited because of the lack of capital and technical capability. In recent years the official estimate of oil reserves, both inland and offshore, has been optimistic. Some believe that China's oil reserves almost equal Saudi Arabia's. However, recent explorations involving a number of Western companies in the South China Sea have fallen short of expectations.

Energy and the environment: an approach to teaching modeling that breaks the hearing-impaired student's "limits to growth".

Hearing-impaired students generally have problems in courses that are highly language dependent and which involve abstract conceptualization. The course, "Energy and the Environment," at the Rochester Institute of Technology is such a course. One specifically difficult area of instruction for hearing-impaired students is the interrelated nature of the important variables concerning energy and environment. For example, to make decisions about appropriate national decisions, one must weigh at least the years of available resources left, the amount of pollution being produced, the industrial output per capita, the amount of arable land, the total energy requirements, the food consumed per capita, the birth rate, the death rate, and the total population. Students do not usually understand these relationships. They tend, for example, to feel that one can make arbitrary rules on the amount of pollution that can be emitted without recognizing the effect such rules would have on industrial output or on the energy requirements. From another perspective, students feel that increasing industrial output is necessary for a growing economy (in which they too want jobs) and that we must not restrict energy consumption if it hinders new jobs. There are, of course, many other considerations. Instead of arguing the concepts, a model was developed using the variables mentioned above. Because the model is programmed for an Apple II computer, students can actually make entries in the classroom and get immediate feedback on the validity of their assumptions. Probably the best aspect of this program is the opportunity it provides to teach students about concepts of modeling, the strengths and the weaknesses of modeling techniques, and the usefulness of computer literacy. Foremost among the benefits is the opportunity hearing-impaired students have to work with normal hearing students in study groups to make their assumptions. Because they work in small groups, both kinds of students learn the strengths and weaknesses of the other population of learners. An unanticipated benefit of the microcomputer has been the challenge given to students to build better models. On their own, students have extended the program used in class to include their own ideas about modeling and of uses of graphics.

Pre-Conquest Yorkshire: Fiscal Carucates as an Index of Land Exploitation

Yorkshire was devastated in 1069-70, hence maps based on Domesday Book data relating to population and ploughteams are less informative than usual about normal eleventh-century conditions. Other data from Domesday Book that might be used instead are io66 values, ploughlands and the fiscal assessments. The latter provide the most satisfactory index, for the assessment probably dates from the early eleventh century and it represents an approximate measure of the tax capacity of each township at this time. The assessment units were known as carucates and bovates; the same names were used for medieval agricultural ('real') units comprising a share of arable land together with meadow and common rights. The 'real' units were of standard size within one township, but by the thirteenth century varied greatly from place to place. It is argued that this was due partly to the imposition of similar assessment totals on townships that in the early eleventh century had differing amounts of arable land; the number of'real' units was then made equivalent to the number of fiscal units. This likely equivalence makes it possible to calculate the approximate area of arable land represented by a fiscal carucate, and the map of carucate density gives a general picture of the intensity of land use in the early eleventh century. The pattern of distribution was closely related to soil conditions, and parts of the county were probably amongst the most densely peopled districts of England. IN recent years, our knowledge of regional variations in the economy of eleventh-century England has been considerably extended by the publication of five volumes of The Domesday Geography of England,' each illustrated by maps using carefully selected and standardized cartographic techniques. Amongst the sets of data mapped, two have proved to be particularly suitable for providing 'a general picture of the relative prosperity of different areas';2 these are the numbers of plough-teams and of enumerated population, plotted as densities per square mile. Their aptness derives from three characteristics: numbers clearly relate to the period of the Inquest, I085-86; the information is given for almost all vills, either individually or in groups, so that densities can be fairly accurately calculated; and the interpretation of the terms used involves no serious problems. Maps based on these data are therefore, for most parts of England, reliable indicators of regional differences in the extent of cultivated land and the intensity of settlement during the late eleventh century. For the county of Yorkshire, however, the maps of plough-teams and population in 1086 are less illuminating. One reason is that the unit areas used in the calculation of densities are on average larger than in counties farther south, owing to the many joint entries covering large and sometimes widely dispersed estates. The North Riding, for instance, is mapped in 20 divisions with a mean size of approximately 27 540 ha, compared with Norfolk where 39 divisions were used with a mean size of just under 13 770 ha. Regional distribution patterns are therefore more generalized on the Yorkshire maps. A more serious limitation to the value of the maps arises from the major change i the prosperity ofr the county that took place sixteen years before the Survey. The 'Harrying of the North' by William I's army in the winter of 1069-70 left behind a trail of devastation from which relatively few manors appear to have recovered by the time the Domesday description was made. Since many vills were recorded as waste or partially waste, maps of plough-teams and population in i o86 obviously give a distorted picture, which cannot be used as a guide to 'normal' eleventh-century conditions. An additional map showing conditions before 1069 is therefore required. Ideally, this would not only show internal variations within

Micro Scale Analysis about the Formation of Horticulture in the Eastern Kochi-Plain

Today some kinds of vegetables are produced all the year round. Even in winter they are grown and harvested with the aid of hot houses. Because of the fine winter climate, there are many hot houses on the Pacific coast of Japan. Even though Kochi Prefecture was far from the urban market, truck gardening has been practiced there since about 1907. Today, Kochi Prefecture ranks first in Japan in supplying a winter hot house vegetables.The author studied the areal type of vegetable production, especially in hot houses. The farmer who operates a hot house holds a small amount of arable land, about 0.1 to 1.0ha. 50 years ago, many fishing villages changed to horticulture, and there, today, on the sandy beach, hot houses stand side by side. These villages have ranked first in truck farming in Kochi Prefecture since this type of production began. Where the horticulture began earlier, almost all farmers usually engage in hot house production. The hot houses are not so large; each one of which is 1 to 5 are. The unit of co-operative which has been organized for the shipment of vegetables has been small; each co-operative is based on one hamlet.After 1960, some changes have been observed in truck farming of Kochi Prefecture. Above all, oil rubbed paper was rapidly replaced by vinyl film as house cover material. As a result, the truck gardening region has spaced all over the plains of the prefecture. Even far from the coast numerous vinyl houses have been built. In the district where horticulture was recently began to be carried on, we find some new aspects of production in contrast to the older methods of production. For example, a large sized hot house is equipped with automatic oil heater keeping warmth at night, irrigation pipes, and a fan for ventilation. Such a hot house requires from 10 to 20 are of floor space; thus a large amount of capital and skilled man power is also necessary in a hot house production. Therefore every farmer doesn't always operate a big sized house for vegetable growing. Standing on the hills in spring, we can see that the paddy fields are dotted with the big houses. In the newly developed horticultural districts, the agricultural co-operatives have more extensive areas under their control than in the older horticultural districts. In Japan local administrative units have had the tendency to unite with each other since 1954. This has resulted in the smaller co-operatives being incorporated into the bigger ones. By way of example the author has intensively researched into the areal formation of horticulture in Noichi-cho (town). In that town, while the production of vegetables has recently increased, the number of the farmers engaging in tobacco planting, dairying, chicken raising, as well as biannual harvesting of paddy fields has been decreasing. In the hot house of big size such crops as pimientos or peppers, cucumbers, and eggplants are raised. Moreover we can see new practices of growing vegetables using the easier means of keeping warmth, such as small vinyl honses or vinyl tunnels or hot frames or vinyl mulching only. Thus a gynmigit (Japanese; nira), sweet poteto, taro, garlic, kidney bean, celery, and garden asparagus are available for sale in the season when vegetables are scarce. Farmer who operates the large sized house with the heater differs from the farmer who produces the vegetables by lower cost equipment. The former, mostly young men, engage in farming as a regular occupation, while the latter, being old or female workers in many cases, are part-time farmers.Although the farmers in this district choose various kinds of crops and means of production, the region as a whole appears as a densely concentrated area of vegetable production.

POPULATION TRENDS AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM THE WARWICKSHIRE HUNDRED ROLLS OF 1279

HE significance of the Hundred Rolls of 1279 has been appreciated since the end of the nineteenth century by those historians concerned with the social and economic evolution of England in the early middle ages. The latest, most comprehensive and authoritative treatment of this source is by E. A. Kosminsky;' his chief preoccupation, however, is with the correction of a previously over-simplified or idealized concept of manorial structure, and consequently much of his book is devoted to this central theme, together with the allied topics, of peasant tenure and rent, the evolution of social and economic differences within the peasantry, and the function of the small landowner in medieval England. These studies are based mainly on categories of information which the 1279 Hundred Rolls afford in reasonable detail and accuracy,2 although variably for each manor. Essentially these are: i. A survey of the demesne: arable land, and sometimes meadow, woodland, mills etc. 2. A survey of the land in peasant tenure and of the scattered possessions of the larger landlords, which includes a list of the tenants by name, the size of their holdings and the nature of their rent. These lists are sub-grouped in the folios for land in free tenure, in villeinage, and that held by cottagers. The contention of this paper is that problems outside the scope of Kosminsky's work can be clarified through a regional and comparative analysis of the Hundred Rolls. Accordingly from the unpublished Warwickshire folios 3 two groups of statistics have been abstracted: first, the number of the total landholding population, and secondly, the total of recorded arable land, given in both cases for the manorial unit. It is proposed to employ this information to assess: i. The regional pattern of population change by direct comparison with Domesday figures. 2. The relationship of these changes to agricultural development, specifically as expressed by the amount of arable land recorded in the manor.